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Cuttler JM, Lamet MS, Calabrese EJ. Treatment of Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease With CT Scans of the Brain: A Case Report. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221078392. [PMID: 35321237 PMCID: PMC8935565 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221078392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a patient in Massachusetts with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease who was treated with low doses of ionizing radiation to the brain. He requested this treatment after reading about a patient with severe Alzheimer’s in Michigan who improved remarkably after receiving 4 CT scans. After his first treatment in April 2016, mental clarity improved. His impaired conversation, reading, and sense of humor were restored, especially his virtuosic clarinet jazz-playing. However, executive function remained deficient. He requested a treatment every 2 weeks, but his neurologist denied this, fearing opposition to this treatment, a diagnostic procedure that used ionizing radiation. Limited recovery was observed after each CT scan, lasting from several weeks to months, depending on the endpoints/behavior and the periodicity. Despite the positive responses, the physician was reluctant to continue beyond 6 due to concerns about adverse effects and disapproval for prescribing them. The patient began hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an alternative. But after 43 treatments, no conclusive benefit was observed. The patient died in September 2020 at age 77. This experience suggests CT scans may have value in treating Alzheimer’s patients and restoring, at least temporarily, important aspects of normal life activities. Such observations need testing and validation.
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Oakley PA. Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Therapy: A Novel Treatment for Post-Concussion Syndrome? Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211044341. [PMID: 34658686 PMCID: PMC8511926 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211044341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of victims who experience concussion suffer from persistent symptoms spanning
months to years post-injury, termed post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Problematically, there
is lack of consensus for the treatment of PCS. Concussion injury involves a neurometabolic
cascade leading to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which parallels the oxidative
stress loading occuring from age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Historical and
recent evidence has emerged showing the efficacy of low-dose radiation therapy for many
human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzhiemer’s disease (AD). Due
to the pathognomonic similarities of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation involved in
PCS and neurodegenerative disease, treatments that prove successful for neurodegenerative
disease may prove successful for PCS. Recently, low-dose ionizing radiation therapy (LDIR)
has been documented to show a reversal of many symptoms in AD, including improved
cognition. LDIR is thought to induce a switching from proinflammatory M1 phenotype to an
anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. In other words, a continual upregulation of the adaptive
protection systems via LDIR induces health enhancement. It is hypothesized LDIR treatment
for PCS would mimic that seen from early evidence of LDIR treatment of AD patients who
suffer from similar oxidative stress loading. We propose the application of LDIR is a
promising, untapped treatment for PCS.
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3
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Tamaddondoust RN, Wang Y, Jafarnejad SM, Graber TE, Alain T. The highs and lows of ionizing radiation and its effects on protein synthesis. Cell Signal 2021; 89:110169. [PMID: 34662715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a constant feature of our environment and one that can dramatically affect organismal health and development. Although the impacts of high-doses of IR on mammalian cells and systems have been broadly explored, there are still challenges in accurately quantifying biological responses to IR, especially in the low-dose range to which most individuals are exposed in their lifetime. The resulting uncertainty has led to the entrenchment of conservative radioprotection policies around the world. Thus, uncovering long-sought molecular mechanisms and tissue responses that are targeted by IR could lead to more informed policymaking and propose new therapeutic avenues for a variety of pathologies. One often overlooked target of IR is mRNA translation, a highly regulated cellular process that consumes more than 40% of the cell's energy. In response to environmental stimuli, regulation of mRNA translation allows for precise and rapid changes to the cellular proteome, and unsurprisingly high-dose of IR was shown to trigger a severe reprogramming of global protein synthesis allowing the cell to conserve energy by preventing the synthesis of unneeded proteins. Nonetheless, under these conditions, certain mRNAs encoding specific proteins are translationally favoured to produce the factors essential to repair the cell or send it down the path of no return through programmed cell death. Understanding the mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in response to varying doses of IR could provide novel insights into how this stress-mediated cellular adaptation is regulated and potentially uncover novel targets for radiosensitization or radioprotection. Here, we review the current literature on the effects of IR at both high- and low-dose on the mRNA translation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette Niloufar Tamaddondoust
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Khandelwal M, Manglani K, Gupta S, Tiku AB. Gamma radiation improves AD pathogenesis in APP/PS1 mouse model by potentiating insulin sensitivity. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04499. [PMID: 32775714 PMCID: PMC7399127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the largest unmet medical complication. The devastation caused by the disease can be assumed from the disease symptoms like speech impairment, loss of self-awareness, acute memory loss etc. The individuals suffering from AD completely depend on caregivers and have to bear the high cost of treatment which increases the socio-economic burden on the society. Recent studies have shown that radiation exposure can have therapeutic effects when given in suitable amount for a specific time period. Therefore, we investigated the role of gamma irradiation in AD pathogenesis. The effect of radiation on amelioration of disease progression was studied in AD transgenic mice model (APP/PS1). Our in-vivo studies using APP/PS1 mice demonstrated that a single dose of 4.0 Gy gamma irradiation improves AD associated behavioral impairment. Radiation exposure also increased the level of anti-oxidant enzymes and reduced the astrocyte activation in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. A significant reduction was observed in AD associated proteins (APP, pTau, BACE) and neurofibrillary tangle formations (NFTs). Exposure to a single dose of 4 Gy gamma radiation also increased glucose metabolic functionality in AD transgenic mouse model. The kinases involved in insulin signaling such as GSK, ERK and JNK were also found to be modulated. However, an increased level of GSK3β (ser 9) was observed, which could be responsible for downregulating ERK and JNK phosphorylation. This resulted in a decrease in neurofibrillary tangle formations and amyloid deposition. The reduced hyperphosphorylation of Tau can be attributed to the increased level of GSK3β (ser 9) downregulating ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Thus, a single dose of 4 Gy gamma irradiation was found to have therapeutic benefits in treating AD via potentiating insulin signaling in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Khandelwal
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Radiation and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kapil Manglani
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashu Bhan Tiku
- Radiation and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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5
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Cuttler JM. Application of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Medical Therapies. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325819895739. [PMID: 31933547 PMCID: PMC6945458 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819895739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of X-rays and radioactivity in 1895/1896 triggered a flood of studies and applications of radiation in medicine that continues to this day. They started with imaging fractures/organs and progressed to treating diseases by exposing areas to radiation from external and internal sources. By definition, low-dose treatments stimulate damage control (or adaptive protection) systems that remedy diseases. Publications are identified on low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) therapies for different cancers, infections, inflammations, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. The high rate of endogenous DNA damage, due to leakage of oxygen from aerobic metabolism, and the damage control systems that deal with this are discussed. Their stimulation and inhibition by radiation are described. The radium dial painter studies revealed the radium ingestion threshold for malignancy and the dose threshold for bone sarcoma. The radiation scare that misled the medical profession and the public is a barrier to LDIR therapies. Many studies on nasal radium irradiation demonstrated that children are not unduly radiation sensitive. Omissions in the medical textbooks misinform physicians about the effects of LDIR therapy, which blocks clinical trials to determine optimal doses, efficacy, and thresholds for onset of harm. Information from many recent case reports on LDIR therapies, including successes with radon therapy, is provided.
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6
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Vaiserman A, Koliada A, Zabuga O, Socol Y. Health Impacts of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Current Scientific Debates and Regulatory Issues. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818796331. [PMID: 30263019 PMCID: PMC6149023 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818796331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Health impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation are significant in important fields such as X-ray imaging, radiation therapy, nuclear power, and others. However, all existing and potential applications are currently challenged by public concerns and regulatory restrictions. We aimed to assess the validity of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model of radiation damage, which is the basis of current regulation, and to assess the justification for this regulation. We have conducted an extensive search in PubMed. Special attention has been given to papers cited in comprehensive reviews of the United States (2006) and French (2005) Academies of Sciences and in the United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation 2016 report. Epidemiological data provide essentially no evidence for detrimental health effects below 100 mSv, and several studies suggest beneficial (hormetic) effects. Equally significant, many studies with in vitro and in animal models demonstrate that several mechanisms initiated by low-dose radiation have beneficial effects. Overall, although probably not yet proven to be untrue, LNT has certainly not been proven to be true. At this point, taking into account the high price tag (in both economic and human terms) borne by the LNT-inspired regulation, there is little doubt that the present regulatory burden should be reduced.
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Jiang X, Hong Y, Zhao D, Meng X, Zhao L, Du Y, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Cai L, Jiang H. Low dose radiation prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Oncotarget 2017; 9:332-345. [PMID: 29416617 PMCID: PMC5787469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel and non-invasive approach, low-dose radiation (LDR, 75 mGy X-rays), to prevent doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups, Control, LDR (a single exposure), Sham (treated same as LDR group except for irradiation), DOX (a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX at 7.5 mg/kg), and LDR/DOX (received LDR and 72 h later received DOX). Electrocardiogram analysis displayed several kinds of abnormal ECG profiles in DOX-treated mice, but less in LDR/DOX group. Cardiotoxicity indices included histopathological changes, oxidative stress markers, and measurements of mitochondrial membrane permeability. Pretreatment of DOX group with LDR reduced oxidative damages (reactive oxygen species formation, protein nitration, and lipid peroxidation) and increased the activities of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the heart of LDR/DOX mice compared to DOX mice. Pretreatment of DOX-treated mice with LDR also decreased DOX-induced cardiac cell apoptosis (TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase-3) and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (increased p53, Bax, and caspase-9 expression and decreased Bcl2 expression and ΔΨm dissipation). These results suggest that LDR could induce adaptation of the heart to DOX-induced toxicity. Cardiac protection by LDR may attribute to attenuate DOX-induced cell death via suppressing mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yaqiong Hong
- Department of Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xinxin Meng
- Department of Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- The School of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yanwei Du
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Department of Internal Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Gerontology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- Department of Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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8
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Cuttler JM. Response to Commentary: Treating Alzheimer Dementia With CT-Induced Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Problematic, Yet Potential for More Precise Inquiry. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817729248. [PMID: 28932178 PMCID: PMC5598800 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817729248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M. Cuttler
- Cuttler & Associates Inc, Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
- Jerry M. Cuttler, Cuttler & Associates Inc, 1104-11 Townsgate Drive, Vaughan, Ontario, Canada L4J 8G4.
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9
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Jabbari N, Farjah GH, Ghadimi B, Zanjani H, Heshmatian B. Acceleration of skin wound healing by low-dose indirect ionizing radiation in male rats. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:385-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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10
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Raynor S, Giordano J. Treating Alzheimer's Dementia With CT-Induced Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Problematic, Yet Potential for More Precise Inquiry. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817729247. [PMID: 28932177 PMCID: PMC5598803 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817729247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary evaluates a recent single-case study by Cuttler et al that posits that a series of computerized tomographic (CT) scans ameliorated symptoms and signs of advanced Alzheimer's dementia in an elderly female patient. The report proposes that CT scanning delivered low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) that activated adaptive mechanisms in the brain to induce the effects observed and reported. However, the report evidenced methodologic problems that threaten the validity and value of its approach, stated results, and conclusions. We provide discussion of these issues, with view and intent toward developing more precise investigations of the potential mechanisms and utility of LDIR in treating Alzheimer's dementia and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Raynor
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Kojima S, Tsukimoto M, Shimura N, Koga H, Murata A, Takara T. Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation With Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Three Case Reports. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817697531. [PMID: 28539853 PMCID: PMC5433552 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817697531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence from experimental studies in animals, as well as from clinical reports, that low-dose radiation hormesis is effective for the treatment of cancer and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we present 3 case reports that support the clinical efficacy of low-dose radiation hormesis in patients with these diseases. First, a patient with prostate cancer who had undergone surgical resection showed a subsequent increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA). His PSA value started decreasing immediately after the start of repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation treatment and remained low thereafter. Second, a patient with prostate cancer with bone metastasis was treated with repeated low-dose X-ray irradiation. His PSA level decreased to nearly normal within 3 months after starting the treatment and remained at the low level after the end of hormesis treatment. His bone metastasis almost completely disappeared. Third, a patient with ulcerative colitis showed a slow initial response to repeated low-dose irradiation treatment using various modalities, including drinking radon-containing water, but within 8 months, his swelling and bleeding had completely disappeared. After 1 year, the number of bowel movements had become normal. Interest in the use of radiation hormesis in clinical practice is increasing, and we hope that these case reports will encourage further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Noda-Shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Noda-Shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Japan
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12
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Rashed ER, El-Daly MA, Abd-Elhalim SA, El-Ghazaly MA. Anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects of low dose gamma irradiation against diabetes-induced brain injury in rats. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:451-460. [PMID: 27565141 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of different low doses of gamma irradiation on hyperglycemia-induced brain injury. The aim was further extended to investigate the sub-chronic effect of low dose radiation on the neuronal damage induced by diabetes. To induce diabetes, male albino rats were injected with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg/day, for 9 successive days, subcutaneously). Different diabetic groups were irradiated with 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 Gy. The effect of low dose gamma irradiation on the hyperglycemia-induced brain damage based was analyzed at two levels: oxidative stress and apoptosis. The brain contents of glutathione, malondialdhyde and total nitrate/nitrite were measured to assess the oxidative stress. In order to evaluate the extent of the apoptotic changes in brain, tissue caspase-3 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and the degree of DNA fragmentation was estimated. Moreover, brain tissues were examined using light microscopy to evaluate the histological changes in different groups and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was determined as an indicator for the brain tissue damage. Results indicated that exposure to 0.5 Gy ameliorated the hyperglycemia and subsequently inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis. Radiation exposure at this dose level also increased the survival rate of diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy R Rashed
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Menna A El-Daly
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Chien L, Chen WK, Liu ST, Chang CR, Kao MC, Chen KW, Chiu SC, Hsu ML, Hsiang IC, Chen YJ, Chen L. Low-dose ionizing radiation induces mitochondrial fusion and increases expression of mitochondrial complexes I and III in hippocampal neurons. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30628-39. [PMID: 26415228 PMCID: PMC4741557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy ionizing radiation can cause DNA damage and cell death. During clinical radiation therapy, the radiation dose could range from 15 to 60 Gy depending on targets. While 2 Gy radiation has been shown to cause cancer cell death, studies also suggest a protective potential by low dose radiation. In this study, we examined the effect of 0.2-2 Gy radiation on hippocampal neurons. Low dose 0.2 Gy radiation treatment increased the levels of MTT. Since hippocampal neurons are post-mitotic, this result reveals a possibility that 0.2 Gy irradiation may increase mitochondrial activity to cope with stimuli. Maintaining neural plasticity is an energy-demanding process that requires high efficient mitochondrial function. We thus hypothesized that low dose radiation may regulate mitochondrial dynamics and function to ensure survival of neurons. Our results showed that five days after 0.2 Gy irradiation, no obvious changes on neuronal survival, neuronal synapses, membrane potential of mitochondria, reactive oxygen species levels, and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers. Interestingly, 0.2 Gy irradiation promoted the mitochondria fusion, resulting in part from the increased level of a mitochondrial fusion protein, Mfn2, and inhibition of Drp1 fission protein trafficking to the mitochondria. Accompanying with the increased mitochondrial fusion, the expressions of complexes I and III of the electron transport chain were also increased. These findings suggest that, hippocampal neurons undergo increased mitochondrial fusion to modulate cellular activity as an adaptive mechanism in response to low dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chien
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wun-Ke Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Szu-Ting Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuang-Rung Chang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Brain Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Che Chiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Chou Hsiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Brain Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
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14
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system. Redox Biol 2016; 9:144-156. [PMID: 27544883 PMCID: PMC4993858 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses of the central nervous system (CNS) to stressors and injuries, such as ionising radiation, are modulated by the concomitant responses of the brains innate immune effector cells, microglia. Exposure to high doses of ionising radiation in brain tissue leads to the expression and release of biochemical mediators of ‘neuroinflammation’, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tissue destruction. Contrastingly, low dose ionising radiation may reduce vulnerability to subsequent exposure of ionising radiation, largely through the stimulation of adaptive responses, such as antioxidant defences. These disparate responses may be reflective of non-linear differential microglial activation at low and high doses, manifesting as an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functional state. Biomarkers of pathology in the brain, such as the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), have facilitated in vivo characterisation of microglial activation and ‘neuroinflammation’ in many pathological states of the CNS, though the exact function of TSPO in these responses remains elusive. Based on the known responsiveness of TSPO expression to a wide range of noxious stimuli, we discuss TSPO as a potential biomarker of radiation-induced effects. Ionising radiation can modulate responses of microglial cells in the CNS. High doses can induce ROS formation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Low doses can mitigate tissue damage via antioxidant defences. TSPO as a potential biomarker and modulator of radiation induced effects in the CNS. Non-linear differential microglial activation to high and low doses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
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Huang L, Wickramasekara SI, Akinyeke T, Stewart BS, Jiang Y, Raber J, Maier CS. Ion mobility-enhanced MS(E)-based label-free analysis reveals effects of low-dose radiation post contextual fear conditioning training on the mouse hippocampal proteome. J Proteomics 2016; 140:24-36. [PMID: 27020882 PMCID: PMC5029422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent advances in the field of biodosimetry have shown that the response of biological systems to ionizing radiation is complex and depends on the type and dose of radiation, the tissue(s) exposed, and the time lapsed after exposure. The biological effects of low dose radiation on learning and memory are not well understood. An ion mobility-enhanced data-independent acquisition (MS(E)) approach in conjunction with the ISOQuant software tool was utilized for label-free quantification of hippocampal proteins with the goal of determining protein alteration associated with low-dose whole body ionizing radiation (X-rays, 1Gy) of 5.5-month-old male C57BL/6J mice post contextual fear conditioning training. Global proteome analysis revealed deregulation of 73 proteins (out of 399 proteins). Deregulated proteins indicated adverse effects of irradiation on myelination and perturbation of energy metabolism pathways involving a shift from the TCA cycle to glutamate oxidation. Our findings also indicate that proteins associated with synaptic activity, including vesicle recycling and neurotransmission, were altered in the irradiated mice. The elevated LTP and decreased LTD suggest improved synaptic transmission and enhanced efficiency of neurotransmitter release which would be consistent with the observed comparable contextual fear memory performance of the mice following post-training whole body or sham-irradiation. SIGNIFICANCE This study is significant because the biological consequences of low dose radiation on learning and memory are complex and not yet well understood. We conducted a IMS-enhanced MS(E)-based label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of hippocampal tissue with the goal of determining protein alteration associated with low-dose whole body ionizing radiation (X-ray, 1Gy) of 5.5-month-old male C57BL/6J mice post contextual fear conditioning training. The IMS-enhanced MS(E) approach in conjunction with ISOQuant software was robust and accurate with low median CV values of 0.99% for the technical replicates of samples from both the sham and irradiated group. The biological variance was as low as 1.61% for the sham group and 1.31% for the irradiated group. The applied data generation and processing workflow allowed the quantitative evaluation of 399 proteins. The current proteomic analysis indicates that myelination is sensitive to low dose radiation. The observed protein level changes imply modulation of energy metabolism pathways in the radiation exposed group, specifically changes in protein abundance levels suggest a shift from TCA cycle to glutamate oxidation to satisfy energy demands. Most significantly, our study reveals deregulation of proteins involved in processes that govern synaptic activity including enhanced synaptic vesicle cycling, and altered long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). An elevated LTP and decreased LTD suggest improved synaptic transmission and enhanced efficiency of neurotransmitter release which is consistent with the observed comparable contextual fear memory performance of the mice following post-training whole body or sham-irradiation. Overall, our results underscore the importance of low dose radiation experiments for illuminating the sensitivity of biochemical pathways to radiation, and the modulation of potential repair and compensatory response mechanisms. This kind of studies and associated findings may ultimately lead to the design of strategies for ameliorating hippocampal and CNS injury following radiation exposure as part of medical therapies or as a consequence of occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Tunde Akinyeke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Blair S Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.
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Cuttler JM, Moore ER, Hosfeld VD, Nadolski DL. Treatment of Alzheimer Disease With CT Scans: A Case Report. Dose Response 2016; 14:1559325816640073. [PMID: 27103883 PMCID: PMC4826954 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816640073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily affects older adults. This neurodegenerative disorder is the most common cause of dementia and is a leading source of their morbidity and mortality. Patient care costs in the United States are about 200 billion dollars and will more than double by 2040. This case report describes the remarkable improvement in a patient with advanced AD in hospice who received 5 computed tomography scans of the brain, about 40 mGy each, over a period of 3 months. The mechanism appears to be radiation-induced upregulation of the patient's adaptive protection systems against AD, which partially restored cognition, memory, speech, movement, and appetite.
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Abstract
Although there is no doubt that exposure to high doses of radiation (delivered at a high dose-rate) induces harmful effects, the health risks and benefits of exposure to low levels (delivered at a low dose-rate) of toxic agents is still a challenging public health issue. There has been a considerable amount of published data against the linear no-threshold (LNT) model for assessing risk of cancers induced by radiation. The LNT model for risk assessment creates "radiophobia," which is a serious public health issue. It is now time to move forward to a paradigm shift in health risk assessment of low-dose exposure by taking the differences between responses to low and high doses into consideration. Moreover, future research directed toward the identification of mechanisms associated with responses to low-dose radiation is critically needed to fully understand their beneficial effects.
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Doss M. COUNTERPOINT: Should Radiation Dose From CT Scans Be a Factor in Patient Care? No. Chest 2015; 147:874-877. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Doss M. Radiation Dose Justification and Optimization Should Not Be Applied to Medical Imaging in Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 64:332-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Doss M, Little MP, Orton CG. Point/Counterpoint: low-dose radiation is beneficial, not harmful. Med Phys 2014; 41:070601. [PMID: 24989368 PMCID: PMC4109571 DOI: 10.1118/1.4881095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Doss
- Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-2497 (Tel: 215-214-1707; E-mail: )
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778 (Tel: 240-276-7375; E-mail: )
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Abstract
Scientific method is inherently self-correcting. When different hypotheses are proposed, their study would result in the rejection of the invalid ones. If the study of a competing hypothesis is prevented because of the faith in an unverified one, scientific progress is stalled. This has happened in the study of low dose radiation. Though radiation hormesis was hypothesized to reduce cancers in 1980, it could not be studied in humans because of the faith in the unverified linear no-threshold model hypothesis, likely resulting in over 15 million preventable cancer deaths worldwide during the past two decades, since evidence has accumulated supporting the validity of the phenomenon of radiation hormesis. Since our society has been guided by scientific advisory committees that ostensibly follow the scientific method, the long duration of such large casualties is indicative of systemic deficiencies in the infrastructure that has evolved in our society for the application of science. Some of these deficiencies have been identified in a few elements of the scientific infrastructure, and remedial steps suggested. Identifying and correcting such deficiencies may prevent similar tolls in the future.
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22
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Doss M. Adoption of linear no-threshold model violated basic scientific principles and was harmful: Letter from Mohan Doss regarding Edward Calabrese's paper "How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: new findings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response" (Arch Toxicol (2013) 87:2063-2081) and the letter from Ralph J Cicerone (Arch Toxicol (2014) 88:171-172). Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:849-52. [PMID: 24504165 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Doss
- Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA,
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