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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Dutta Choudhury S, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife. Viruses 2021; 13:1908. [PMID: 34696338 PMCID: PMC8537103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse coronavirus (CoV) strains can infect both humans and animals and produce various diseases. CoVs have caused three epidemics and pandemics in the last two decades, and caused a severe impact on public health and the global economy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the emergence and evolution of endemic and emerging CoV diversity in humans and animals. For diverse bird species, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a significant one, whereas feline enteric and canine coronavirus, recombined to produce feline infectious peritonitis virus, infects wild cats. Bovine and canine CoVs have ancestral relationships, while porcine CoVs, especially SADS-CoV, can cross species barriers. Bats are considered as the natural host of diverse strains of alpha and beta coronaviruses. Though MERS-CoV is significant for both camels and humans, humans are nonetheless affected more severely. MERS-CoV cases have been reported mainly in the Arabic peninsula since 2012. To date, seven CoV strains have infected humans, all descended from animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are presumed to be originated in Rhinolopoid bats that severely infect humans with spillover to multiple domestic and wild animals. Emerging alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in pets and wild animals. Still, the intermediate hosts and all susceptible animal species remain unknown. SARS-CoV-2 might not be the last CoV to cross the species barrier. Hence, we recommend developing a universal CoV vaccine for humans so that any future outbreak can be prevented effectively. Furthermore, a One Health approach coronavirus surveillance should be implemented at human-animal interfaces to detect novel coronaviruses before emerging to humans and to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Shusmita Dutta Choudhury
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
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Kom FM, Baane MP, Mbody M, Sanda MA, Bilong BN, Ndongo FA, Mben Ii JM. COVID-19 mimics endemic tropical diseases at an early stage: a report of two symptomatic COVID-19 patients treated in a polymerase chain reaction void zone in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 37:212. [PMID: 33520051 PMCID: PMC7821791 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.212.25545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, they emerged a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), triggering a pandemic of an acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19) in humans. We report the relevant features of the first two confirmed cases of COVID-19 recorded from the 29th April 2020 in the Far North Region of Cameroon. We did a review of the files of these two patients who were admitted to the internal medicine ward of a medical Centre in Maroua Town, Far North Region. We present 2 cases of symptomatic COVID-19 patients, both males and health personnel, with an average age of 53 years, with no recent history of travel to a COVID-19 zone at risk and working in a then COVID-19 free region. They presented with extreme fatigue as their main symptom. Both were treated initially for severe malaria with quinine sulfate infusion with initial relief of symptoms. In the first confirmed case, at his re-hospitalization with an acute respiratory syndrome, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in search of SARS-CoV-2 was requested with his results available 7 days into admission. For the second case, he had his results 48 hours on admission while he was prepared to be discharged. Both control PCR tests for COVID-19 came back negative 14 days after hospitalization. Health personnel remains a group at risk for the COVID-19 infection. The clinical manifestation at an early stage may be atypical mimicking endemic tropical infections. Also, the therapeutic potential of quinine salts in the relief of symptoms of COVID-19 is questionable and remains a subject to explore in our context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Mogo Kom
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Science, Catholic University for Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Douala, Cameroon.,Institute of Health Science, Adventist University Cosendai, Nanga-Eboko, Cameroon
| | - Martin Paul Baane
- Institute of Health Science, Adventist University Cosendai, Nanga-Eboko, Cameroon.,Medico-Social Centre of the National Social Insurance Fund, Maroua, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Marius Mbody
- Medico-Social Centre of the National Social Insurance Fund, Maroua, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Moussa Abame Sanda
- Medico-Social Centre of the National Social Insurance Fund, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Bi Ndongo Bilong
- Medico-Social Centre of the National Social Insurance Fund, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Francis Ateba Ndongo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Science, Catholic University for Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Center for Mother and Child, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Marc Mben Ii
- Institute of Health Science, Adventist University Cosendai, Nanga-Eboko, Cameroon.,Medico-Social Centre of the National Social Insurance Fund, Maroua, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
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Zhu CQ, Gao SD, Xu Y, Yang XH, Ye FQ, Ai LL, Lv RC, Zhang B, Li Y, Lv H, Liu YS, Shi CM, Wang CH, Tan WL. A COVID-19 case report from asymptomatic contact: implication for contact isolation and incubation management. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:70. [PMID: 32560671 PMCID: PMC7303942 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As of 2 March, 2020, at least 80 151 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases were reported in China. Most of the patients had a history of visiting Hubei Province or contacting with people who had ever stayed in or passed by Hubei Province or were exposed to symptoms. Some patients got infected through only asymptomatic contact. This study aimed to report the epidemic features and lab identification of a patient confirmed with COVID-19 infection through only asymptomatic contact. Case presentation A 44-year-old man, who lived in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China until 6 March 2020, suffered from cough on 27 January 2020. Fever symptoms appeared on 28 January, with a maximum temperature of 38.8 °C, accompanied by cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, muscle ache, joint ache, and other symptoms. The symptoms continued until he was hospitalized on 30 January. Coronavirus conventional polymerase chain reaction assay was positive for the throat swab sample. The patient, along with his wife and son, drove from Nanchang to back to Honghu City, Hubei Province, on 23 January 2020. After staying with his parents and brother’s family for 3 days, the patient drove back to Nanchang and arrived on 25 January. On the way back home, they stopped by Tongshan service area, Hubei Province, without any close contact with other people. After arriving home in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, none of them left their residence. In addition, his parents stayed at home for 20 days with his younger brother’s family before they got back. His younger brother and one of his brother’s children visited Wuhan on 5 January and came home on 6 January 2020. Conclusions This report suggested that, in the early phase of COVID-19 pneumonia, routine screening could miss patients who were virus carriers. Highlighting travel history is of paramount importance for the early detection and isolation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qiang Zhu
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | | | - Yan Xu
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yang
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Ye
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Le-Le Ai
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Rui-Chen Lv
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yin Li
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Heng Lv
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | | | | | - Chun-Hui Wang
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Wei-Long Tan
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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