1
|
Flory M, Elsayes KM, Kielar A, Harmath C, Dillman JR, Shehata M, Horvat N, Minervini M, Marks R, Kamaya A, Borhani AA. Congestive Hepatopathy: Pathophysiology, Workup, and Imaging Findings with Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2024; 44:e230121. [PMID: 38602867 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Liver congestion is increasingly encountered in clinical practice and presents diagnostic pitfalls of which radiologists must be aware. The complex altered hemodynamics associated with liver congestion leads to diffuse parenchymal changes and the development of benign and malignant nodules. Distinguishing commonly encountered benign hypervascular lesions, such as focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)-like nodules, from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be challenging due to overlapping imaging features. FNH-like lesions enhance during the hepatic arterial phase and remain isoenhancing relative to the background liver parenchyma but infrequently appear to wash out at delayed phase imaging, similar to what might be seen with HCC. Heterogeneity, presence of an enhancing capsule, washout during the portal venous phase, intermediate signal intensity at T2-weighted imaging, restricted diffusion, and lack of uptake at hepatobiliary phase imaging point toward the diagnosis of HCC, although these features are not sensitive individually. It is important to emphasize that the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) algorithm cannot be applied in congested livers since major LI-RADS features lack specificity in distinguishing HCC from benign hypervascular lesions in this population. Also, the morphologic changes and increased liver stiffness caused by congestion make the imaging diagnosis of cirrhosis difficult. The authors discuss the complex liver macro- and microhemodynamics underlying liver congestion; propose a more inclusive approach to and conceptualization of liver congestion; describe the pathophysiology of liver congestion, hepatocellular injury, and the development of benign and malignant nodules; review the imaging findings and mimics of liver congestion and hypervascular lesions; and present a diagnostic algorithm for approaching hypervascular liver lesions. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Flory
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Ania Kielar
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Carla Harmath
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Jonathan R Dillman
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Mostafa Shehata
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Natally Horvat
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Marta Minervini
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Robert Marks
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Aya Kamaya
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| | - Amir A Borhani
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Body Imaging, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, H1307, Stanford, CA 94305 (M.F., A. Kamaya); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.E.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Kielar, M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (C.H.); Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (J.R.D.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (N.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.M.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perini MV, Ischia J, Woon D, Bhaskar J, Starkey G, Qi S, Wetherell D, Ellard L, McCall P, Miles LF, Seevanayagam S. A novel two-stage approach to the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with intra-cardiac tumour extension and Budd-Chiari syndrome. BJU Int 2024; 133:480-486. [PMID: 38102752 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the early results of a new technique for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with intra-cardiac tumour extension and Budd-Chiari syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The first stage involves transdiaphragmatic debulking of the right heart, inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins via median sternotomy, followed by a purse-string suture placed in the IVC below the hepatic veins. The second stage is performed separately and involves en bloc resection of the affected kidney, and IVC and vascular reconstruction via an abdominal incision. RESULTS Three of five patients presented with clinical Budd-Chiari syndrome; two had radiological features only. The median time between surgical procedures was 12 days (IQR 13 days). Four of the five patients had a R0 resection. While all five patients successfully completed both operative stages, one patient died 22 days after the second stage. Of the remaining four, all survive with no disease recurrence. CONCLUSION While we continue to compile longer-term data for a larger follow-up series, these preliminary findings show the feasibility of this technique and support the development of this programme of surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Perini
- Department of Surgery (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Urology Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dixon Woon
- Urology Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayapadman Bhaskar
- Brian F. Buxton Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Surgery Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Starkey
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Qi
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Louise Ellard
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter McCall
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan F Miles
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siven Seevanayagam
- Brian F. Buxton Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Surgery Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-Criado Á, Rimola J, Seijo S, Darnell A, Belmonte E, Sapena V, Moreno-Rojas J, Pérez V, Hernández-Gea V, Ayuso C, Reig M, García-Pagán JC, Bruix J. MRI Using Gadoxetic Acid in the Work-Up of Liver Nodules Not Conclusively Benign in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Prospective Long-Term Follow-Up. Liver Cancer 2024; 13:203-214. [PMID: 38751551 PMCID: PMC11095625 DOI: 10.1159/000533598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is unknown and there is no validated diagnostic work-up to define the liver nodules with arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE), suggesting malignancy. This prospective study evaluates HCC incidence in a Western cohort of patients with BCS and assesses the performance of MRI with hepatobiliary contrast (HB-MRI) for nodule characterization. Methods Patients with BCS followed in our hospital were prospectively evaluated by MRI with extracellular contrast (EC-MRI). Nodules with APHE categorized as non-conclusively benign by 2 radiologists were studied by HB-MRI and reviewed by 2 radiologists blinded to the EC-MRI results. A new EC-MRI 1 year later and clinical, analytical, and sonographic follow-up every 6 months for a median of 10 years was performed. Results A total of 55 non-conclusively benign nodules with APHE were detected at EC-MRI in 41 patients. While 32 of them were suggestive of HCC by EC-MRI, all the 55 nodules showed increased uptake of hepatobiliary contrast. An unequivocal central scar was seen in 12/55 nodules at HB-MRI regardless of it was not detected on the EC-MRI. None of the nodules was hypointense in the hepatobiliary phase (HBP). HCC was not detected during a median of 10 years of follow-up. Conclusions Detection of nodules with APHE is frequent in patients with BCS, but HCC is rare in Western patients with BCS. While EC-MRI may detect nodules suggesting malignancy, the identification of contrast uptake in the HBP at HB-MRI may help categorize them as benign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles García-Criado
- Radiology Department, CDI, BCLC Group, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rimola
- Radiology Department, CDI, BCLC Group, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Seijo
- Liver Unit, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Darnell
- Radiology Department, CDI, BCLC Group, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Belmonte
- Radiology Department, CDI, BCLC Group, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Sapena
- BCLC group, Statistics core, Medical Statistics Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Moreno-Rojas
- Radiology Department, CDI, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Pérez
- Liver Unit, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Liver Unit, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Radiology Department, CDI, BCLC Group, IDIBAPS Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Reig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Barcelona, Spain
- BCLC group, Liver Unit, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Liver Unit, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Barcelona, Spain
- BCLC group, Liver Unit, ICMDM, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu F, Jia S, Lu H, Zhao H, Li Z, Zhuge Y, Romeiro FG, Mendez-Sanchez N, Qi X. Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome versus sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: a review. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:303-313. [PMID: 38006404 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2288909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) are two major vascular disorders of the liver, of which both can cause portal hypertension related complications, but their locations of obstruction are different. BCS refers to the obstruction from the hepatic vein to the junction between the inferior vena cava and right atrium, which is the major etiology of post-sinusoidal portal hypertension; by comparison, SOS is characterized as the obstruction at the level of hepatic sinusoids and terminal venulae, which is a cause of sinusoidal portal hypertension. Both of them can cause hepatic congestion with life-threatening complications, especially acute liver failure and chronic portal hypertension, and share some similar features in terms of imaging and clinical presentations, but they have heterogeneous risk factors, management strategy, and prognosis. Herein, this paper reviews the current evidence and then summarizes the difference between primary BCS and SOS in terms of risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Siqi Jia
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyuan Lu
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haonan Zhao
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Nahum Mendez-Sanchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xingshun Qi
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Camões Neves J, Rodrigues F, Apolinário I, Alves M, Sousa Caetano O. Budd-Chiari Syndrome Caused by Polycythemia Vera: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e45527. [PMID: 37868390 PMCID: PMC10585603 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare condition characterized by the obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. It has various potential etiologies, with myeloproliferative neoplasms representing the most prevalent pathogenic association. Here, we present the case of a 51-year-old male who manifested abdominal pain and ascites. Subsequent clinical investigation revealed the presence of BCS secondary to a myeloproliferative syndrome, specifically polycythemia vera. This case emphasizes the importance of diagnosing BCS and conducting a thorough investigation into its underlying etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Alves
- Internal Medicine, Hospital de Braga, Braga, PRT
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Date S, Phatak S, Ambhore AN, Narwane G, Trimukhe D. Budd Chiari Syndrome: A Case Report on Classic Imaging Findings With Successful Intervention. Cureus 2023; 15:e43626. [PMID: 37719537 PMCID: PMC10504857 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Budd Chiari syndrome is an unusual vascular disease involving the hepatic vasculature and has significant mortality and morbidity if not treated early. Ultrasonography (USG), Doppler, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have classical imaging findings that can help make a reliable and quick diagnosis. Intervention radiology plays an important role in the treatment of these patients, helping avoid various complications and proper patient management. We are presenting a case report with classical imaging spectrum and highlighting successful intervention with hepatic vein stenting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Date
- Radiodiagnosis, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (NKPSIMS) and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, IND
| | - Suresh Phatak
- Radiodiagnosis, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (NKPSIMS) and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, IND
| | - Ashish N Ambhore
- Radiology, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (NKPSIMS) and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, IND
| | - Ganesh Narwane
- Radiodiagnosis, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (NKPSIMS) and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, IND
| | - Deepali Trimukhe
- Radiodiagnosis, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre (NKPSIMS) and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, IND
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Porrello G, Mamone G, Miraglia R. Budd-Chiari Syndrome Imaging Diagnosis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2256. [PMID: 37443650 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare hepatic vascular disorder defined by the presence of partial or complete impairment of hepatic venous drainage in the absence of right heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. Several conditions can lead to BCS, from hypercoagulable states to malignancies. Primary BCS is the most common subtype, and usually bartends hypercoagulability states, while secondary BCS involves tumor invasion or extrinsic compression. A combination of clinical and imaging features leads to the diagnosis of BCS, including (1) direct signs: occlusion or compression of the hepatic veins and/or inferior vena cava, and the presence of venous collaterals; (2) indirect signs: morphological hepatic changes with caudate lobe enlargement; inhomogeneous enhancement, and hypervascular nodules. From a clinicopathological point of view, two forms of BCS can be distinguished: acute and subacute/chronic BCS, although asymptomatic and fulminant forms are also possible. Acute presentations are rare, and symptoms include hepatomegaly, ascites, and hepatic insufficiency. Subacute/chronic forms are the most common presentation, with dysmorphic liver and variable degrees of fibrosis deposition. Patients with chronic BCS can develop benign regenerative nodules (large regenerative nodules or FNH [Focal Nodular Hyperplasia]-like lesions), but are also at a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The radiologist role is therefore fundamental in both diagnosis and surveillance of BCS. The aim of this review is to present all clinical and imaging signs that can help to reach the diagnosis of BCS, with their clinical significance, providing tips and tricks for the cross-sectional diagnosis of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Porrello
- Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mamone
- Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Miraglia
- Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garcia-Pagán JC, Valla DC. Primary Budd-Chiari Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1307-1316. [PMID: 37018494 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2207738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Garcia-Pagán
- From the Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic (a provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders [ERN-Liver]), Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid - both in Spain (J.C.G.-P.); and Université Paris Cité, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1149, INSERM, Paris, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Service d'Hépatologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon (a provider of the ERN-Liver), Clichy - both in France (D.-C.V.)
| | - Dominique-Charles Valla
- From the Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic (a provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders [ERN-Liver]), Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid - both in Spain (J.C.G.-P.); and Université Paris Cité, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1149, INSERM, Paris, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Service d'Hépatologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon (a provider of the ERN-Liver), Clichy - both in France (D.-C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karaosmanoglu AD, Onder O, Kizilgoz V, Hahn PF, Kantarci M, Ozmen MN, Karcaaltincaba M, Akata D. Infarcts and ischemia in the abdomen: an imaging perspective with an emphasis on cross-sectional imaging findings. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:2167-2195. [PMID: 36933024 PMCID: PMC10024022 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Infarcts and ischemia of abdominal organs may present with acute abdominal pain, and early diagnosis is crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, some of these patients present in poor clinical conditions to the emergency department, and imaging specialists are crucial for optimal outcomes. Although the radiological diagnosis of abdominal infarcts is often straightforward, it is vital to use the appropriate imaging modalities and correct imaging techniques for their detection. Additionally, some non-infarct-related abdominal pathologies may mimic infarcts, cause diagnostic confusion, and result in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. In this article, we aimed to outline the general imaging approach, present cross-sectional imaging findings of infarcts and ischemia in several abdominal organs, including but not limited to, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, omentum, and intestinal segments with relevant vascular anatomy, discuss possible differential diagnoses and emphasize important clinical/radiological clues that may assist radiologists in the diagnostic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Onder
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Volkan Kizilgoz
- Department of Radiology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University School of Medicine, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Peter F Hahn
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mecit Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University School of Medicine, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nasuh Ozmen
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Deniz Akata
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lesion or Pseudolesion? A Comprehensive Description of Perfusion-Based Liver Alterations on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography and Literature Review. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2023; 47:9-23. [PMID: 36584106 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pseudolesions on contrast-enhanced computed tomography represent a diagnostic challenge for radiologists because they could be difficult to distinguish from true space-occupying lesions. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of these entities based on radiological criteria (hyperattenuation or hypoattenuation, localization, morphology), as well as a brief review of the hepatic vascular anatomy and pathophysiological process. Relevant examples from hospital case series are reported as helpful hints to assist radiologists in recognizing and correctly diagnosing these abnormalities.
Collapse
|
11
|
LeGout JD, Bolan CW, Bowman AW, Caserta MP, Chen FK, Cox KL, Sanyal R, Toskich BB, Lewis JT, Alexander LF. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-like Lesions. Radiographics 2022; 42:1043-1061. [PMID: 35687520 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign lesion occurring in a background of normal liver. FNH is seen most commonly in young women and can often be accurately diagnosed at imaging, including CT, MRI, or contrast-enhanced US. In the normal liver, FNH frequently must be differentiated from hepatocellular adenoma, which although benign, is managed differently because of the risks of hemorrhage and malignant transformation. When lesions that are histologically identical to FNH occur in a background of abnormal liver, they are termed FNH-like lesions. These lesions can be a source of diagnostic confusion and must be differentiated from malignancies. Radiologists' familiarity with the imaging appearance of FNH-like lesions and knowledge of the conditions that predispose a patient to their formation are critical to minimizing the risks of unnecessary intervention for these lesions, which are rarely symptomatic and carry no risk for malignant transformation. FNH is thought to form secondary to an underlying vascular disturbance, a theory supported by the predilection for formation of FNH-like lesions in patients with a variety of hepatic vascular abnormalities. These include abnormalities of hepatic outflow such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, abnormalities of hepatic inflow such as congenital absence of the portal vein, and hepatic microvascular disturbances, such as those that occur after exposure to certain chemotherapeutic agents. Familiarity with the imaging appearances of these varied conditions and knowledge of their association with formation of FNH-like lesions allow radiologists to identify with confidence these benign lesions that require no intervention. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D LeGout
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Candice W Bolan
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Andrew W Bowman
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Melanie P Caserta
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Frank K Chen
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Kelly L Cox
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Rupan Sanyal
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Beau B Toskich
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Jason T Lewis
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Lauren F Alexander
- From the Department of Radiology (J.D.L., C.W.B., A.W.B., M.P.C., F.K.C., K.L.C., R.S., B.B.T., L.F.A.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.T.L.), Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Keshav N, Ohliger MA. Imaging Vascular Disorders of the Liver. Radiol Clin North Am 2022; 60:857-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Donato P, Facas J, Alves FC. Hepatic Vascular Disorders: From Diagnosis to Interventional Radiology. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2022; 43:466-475. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Calistri L, Rastrelli V, Nardi C, Maraghelli D, Vidali S, Pietragalla M, Colagrande S. Imaging of the chemotherapy-induced hepatic damage: Yellow liver, blue liver, and pseudocirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7866-7893. [PMID: 35046618 PMCID: PMC8678821 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i46.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the major drug-metabolizing and drug-detoxifying organ. Many drugs can cause liver damage through various mechanisms; however, the liver response to injury includes a relatively narrow spectrum of alterations that, regardless of the cause, are represented by phlogosis, oxidative stress and necrosis. The combination of these alterations mainly results in three radiological findings: vascular alterations, structural changes and metabolic function reduction. Chemotherapy has changed in recent decades in terms of the drugs, protocols and duration, allowing patients a longer life expectancy. As a consequence, we are currently observing an increase in chemotherapy-associated liver injury patterns once considered unusual. Recognizing this form of damage in an early stage is crucial for reconsidering the therapy regimen and thus avoiding severe complications. In this frontier article, we analyze the role of imaging in detecting some of these pathological patterns, such as pseudocirrhosis, “yellow liver” due to chemotherapy-associated steatosis-steatohepatitis, and “blue liver”, including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, veno-occlusive disease and peliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Calistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Vieri Rastrelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Cosimo Nardi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Davide Maraghelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Sofia Vidali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Michele Pietragalla
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Stefano Colagrande
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Utility of Hepatic 2D Shear-Wave Elastography in Monitoring Response to Image-Guided Intervention in Children With Chronic Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Prospective Study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021; 218:534-543. [PMID: 34585610 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.26547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Image-guided interventions for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) reduce hepatic congestion, thereby reducing liver stiffness. Liver stiffness measurements (LSM) by ultrasound may provide a noninvasive marker for assessing treatment response. Objective: To assess the utility of 2D shear-wave elastography (SWE) for monitoring response to image-guided intervention in children with BCS, with attention to changes in LSM in patients with disease recurrence. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included children with chronic BCS and planned image-guided intervention. Color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and 2D SWE were performed at baseline; at 24 hours, one month, and three months after intervention; and thereafter every three months or at the time of clinically suspected recurrence. Eighteen children underwent liver biopsy at the time of intervention for fibrosis staging using METAVIR criteria. Disease recurrence was diagnosed by CDUS. Statistical evaluation was performed using non-parametric tests. Results: A total of 32 children (28 boys, 4 girls; mean age: 9.0 years; range: 3-14 years) were included. Median LSM was at baseline 43.7 kPa [interquartile range (IQR): 33.0-65.4), at 24 hours 22.5 kPa (IQR: 16.8-32.0), at one month 18.7 kPa (IQR: 14.2-32.0), and at three months 16.7 kPa (IQR: 11.5-22.5) (p<.05 for all post-intervention time points vs baseline). Nine (28.1%) patients developed recurrence after intervention at mean of 4.4 months. In one patient with recurrence, LSM was higher at 24 hours (52.3 kPa) than at baseline (44.2 kPa). In the remaining eight patients with recurrence, LSM increased at the time of recurrence compared with the prior post-intervention LSM measurement [median absolute increase of 11.0 kPa (IQR: 6.1-24.4 kPa)]. Fibrosis stage was not significantly correlated with baseline LSM (r=0.11, 95% CI: -0.37, 0.54; p=.51) or 24-hour post-intervention LSM (r=0.39, 95% CI: -0.11, 0.73; p=.11). Conclusion: LSM decreased significantly after image-guided intervention for chronic BCS in children, showing a maximal decrease at 24 hours post-intervention. Disease recurrence was typically associated with an increase in LSM compared with the patient's prior measurement. Clinical Impact: LSM obtained by 2D SWE may serve as a useful quantitative adjunct to CDUS in monitoring children with chronic BCS for disease recurrence after percutaneous interventional treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramanathan S, Raghu V, Virmani V, Sheikh A, Al Heidous M, Tirumani S. Unveiling the unreal: Comprehensive imaging review of hepatic pseudolesions. Clin Imaging 2021; 80:439-453. [PMID: 34560516 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic pseudolesions are defined as non-neoplastic focal abnormalities of the liver which can mimic or conceal true liver lesions. It is particularly common in liver due to its unique dual blood supply and the existence of multilevel anastomosis between them. Because of the recent advances in CT and MRI technology, they are being increasingly encountered in daily practice. Broadly they can be categorised in to (1) Focal parenchymal abnormalities like focal fatty change, focal fat sparing, focal confluent fibrosis, segmental hypertrophy and regenerative nodules, (2) Perfusion abnormalities which include transient hepatic parenchymal enhancement in portal vein obstruction, third inflow, intrahepatic shunts, hepatic arterial occlusion and hepatic venous obstruction, (3) Imaging pitfalls like parenchymal compression, unenhanced vessels and pseudolipoma. It is essential for the radiologists to be familiar with the typical and atypical imaging features of pseudolesions to avoid mistaking them for sinister pathologies and also to avoid overlooking underlying hidden pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Ramanathan
- Department of Clinical imaging, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box: 82228, Doha, Qatar; Department of Radiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Vineetha Raghu
- Department of Radiology, Columbia Asia Referral Hospital, Yeshwanthpur, India
| | - Vivek Virmani
- Department of Radiology, Dr. Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Adnan Sheikh
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Al Heidous
- Department of Clinical imaging, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box: 82228, Doha, Qatar; Department of Radiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - SreeHarsha Tirumani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sharma A, Keshava SN, Eapen A, Elias E, Eapen CE. An Update on the Management of Budd-Chiari Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1780-1790. [PMID: 32691382 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon condition, caused by obstruction to hepatic venous outflow. It is largely underdiagnosed, and a high index of suspicion is required for any patient with unexplained portal hypertension. The understanding of its etiology and pathology is improving with advances in diagnostic techniques. Recent studies reported an identifiable etiology in > 80% of cases. Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is the most common etiology, and genetic studies help in diagnosing latent MPN. Better cross-sectional imaging helps delineate the site of obstruction accurately. The majority of BCS patients are now treated by endovascular intervention and anticoagulation which have improved survival in this disease. Angioplasty of hepatic veins/inferior vena cava remains under-utilized at present. While surgical porto-systemic shunts are no longer done for BCS, liver transplantation is reserved for select indications. Some of the unresolved issues in the current management of BCS are also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S N Keshava
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - A Eapen
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - E Elias
- Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C E Eapen
- Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bi Y, Zhu X, Yi M, Han X, Ren J. Histopathology of inferior vena cava obstruction in Budd-Chiari syndrome by clamp biopsy. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520940438. [PMID: 32706600 PMCID: PMC7383669 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520940438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to analyze the pathological changes of the occlusive area of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) and to explore its possible etiology and pathogenesis. Methods Color Doppler ultrasound and IVC angiography were used to evaluate causes of occlusion. Clamp biopsies were performed in the occlusive area of the IVC in 31 patients with BCS, and the specimens were examined pathologically. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. Results The success rate of clamp biopsy was 100% (31/31) and the sensitivity of pathology was 96.8% (30/31). By microscopic analysis, we found 27 cases of fibrous connective tissue, including 8 cases of thrombosis and 19 cases of inflammatory cell infiltration, vitreous degeneration, or mucinous degeneration of fibrous connective tissue; 3 cases showed thrombus organized with fibrosis. Conclusion The occluding lesion in the IVC of BCS may be caused by local thrombosis, followed gradually by organization and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Bi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfei Yi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianzhuang Ren
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The spider web sign in Covid-19 pneumonia: An interesting case studied to resolution with computed tomography. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:673-677. [PMID: 33488897 PMCID: PMC7809169 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the widespread of acute respiratory syndrome infection caused by Coronavirus-19, unenhanced computed tomography (CT) was considered a useful imaging tool commonly used in early diagnosis and monitoring of patients with complicated Covid-19 pneumonia. Many typical imaging features of this disease were described such as bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacity (GGO) with a prevalent peripheral or posterior distribution, mainly in the lower lobes, and sometimes consolidative opacities superimposed on GGO. As less common findings were mentioned septal thickening, bronchiectasis, pleural thickening, and subpleural involvement. Here we describe the case of a patient, with Covid-19 pneumonia, that had the spider web sign, a triangular or angular GGO in the subpleural lung, documented at CT.
Collapse
|
20
|
Koyuncu S, Herdem N, Uysal C, Kahriman G, Kocyigit I, Sipahioğlu M, Tokgoz B, Oymak O. A rare complication following internal jugular vein catheterization to malposition: acute Budd Chiari syndrome. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:525. [PMID: 33272229 PMCID: PMC7713328 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tunneled catheters can be used as an alternative vascular access in patients with limited health expectancy,vascular access problems and several comorbidities. We aimed to present a patient with venous stenosis related- reversible acute Budd-Chiari syndrome after catheter malposition. Case presentation After changing of tunneled catheter insertion, 36-year old man was admitted to our hospital with sudden onset of nausea, fever, chills and worsening general condition In computed tomography (CT) imaging, a hypodense thrombus was observed in which the distal end of the catheter is at the level of drainage of the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava and that blocked hepatic vein drainage around the catheter. The catheter was removed and a new catheter was inserted in the same session. Because patient’s general condition was good and without fever, he was discharged with advices on the 9th day of hospitalization. Conclusion Although catheter malposition and thrombosis are not a common complication, clinicians should be alert of these complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyra Koyuncu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Nevzat Herdem
- Department of Radiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cihan Uysal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Guven Kahriman
- Department of Radiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ismail Kocyigit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Sipahioğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bulent Tokgoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oktay Oymak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Budd-Chiari Syndrome: The “inferior vena cava reverse-flow” sign and “jet-blood” sign on CT and MRI. Eur J Radiol 2020; 132:109288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Madhusudhan KS, Sharma S. Ultrasonography in pediatric Budd-Chiari syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1768-1780. [PMID: 32870359 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome is a vascular pathology of the liver, commonly seen in adults and uncommon in children. Most children with Budd-Chiari syndrome present with ascites, and an etiology is found in only about 50%. Ultrasonography (US) with color Doppler is the main modality used in the diagnosis. US imaging additionally guides radiologic interventions and follow-up after recanalization or shunt procedure. In this pictorial review, we illustrate the findings in pediatric Budd-Chiari syndrome as seen on B-mode and color Doppler US and describe the role of US in guiding percutaneous radiologic interventions, with a brief description of the role of US contrast agent and sonoelastography in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vernuccio F, Porrello G, Cannella R, Vernuccio L, Midiri M, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Brancatelli G. Benign and malignant mimickers of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: tips and tricks for differential diagnosis on CT and MRI. Clin Imaging 2020; 70:33-45. [PMID: 33120287 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may have an infiltrative appearance in about 8-20% of cases. Infiltrative HCC can be a challenging diagnosis and it is associated with the worst overall survival among HCC patients. Infiltrative HCC is characterized by the spread of multiple minute nodules throughout the liver, without a dominant one, ultimately resulting into macrovascular invasion. On CT and MRI, infiltrative HCC appears as an ill-defined, large mass, with variable degree of enhancement, and satellite neoplastic nodules in up to 52% of patients. On MRI, it may show restriction on diffusion weighted imaging, hyperintensity on T2- and hypointensity on T1-weighted images, and, if hepatobiliary agent is used, hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase. Infiltrative HCC must be differentiated from other liver diseases, such as focal confluent fibrosis, steatosis, amyloidosis, vascular disorders of the liver, cholangiocarcinoma, and diffuse metastatic disease. In cirrhotic patients, the identification of vascular tumor invasion of the portal vein and its differentiation from bland thrombosis is of utmost importance for patient management. On contrast enhanced CT and MRI, portal vein tumor thrombosis appears as an enhancing thrombus within the portal vein, close to the main tumor and results into vein enlargement. The aim of this pictorial review is to show CT and MRI features that allow the diagnosis of infiltrative HCC and portal vein tumor thrombosis. A particular point of interest includes the tips and tricks for differential diagnosis with potential mimickers of infiltrative HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vernuccio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; I.R.C.C.S. Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Contrada Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Porrello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- U.O.C. Geriatria e Lungodegenza, AOUP University Hospital Palermo, CDCD Geriatria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Midiri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brancatelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shalimar, Sharma S, Gamanagatti SR, Chauhan A, Vuyyuru SK, Elhence A, Rout G, Saraya A, Gunjan D, Nayak B, Kumar R, Acharya SK. Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Profile and Predictors of Outcome. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2719-2729. [PMID: 31897895 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is a paucity of data on the clinical presentations and outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) patients presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure (BCS-ACLF). We aimed to describe the profile and outcomes of endovascular interventions in patients with BCS-ACLF. METHODS All BCS-ACLF patients presenting between October 2007 and April 2019 satisfying the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) definition were studied. We compared 30- , 90- and, 180-day survival among BCS-ACLF patients who underwent endovascular intervention with those who did not, and with a historical cohort of Child-C BCS patients without ACLF who underwent endovascular intervention. RESULTS Twenty-eight (5%) of 553 BCS patients presented as ACLF as per APASL definition. The majority (60.7%) were males, and mean age was 29.6 ± 11.2 years. The most common site of the block was isolated involvement of hepatic veins-HV (68%), followed by combined inferior vena cava (IVC) and HV block (25%) and isolated IVC block (7%). The acute precipitants were stent thrombosis (17.9%), acute HV thrombosis (10.7%), acute viral hepatitis (7.1%), and antituberculosis drug with hepatitis B virus reactivation (3.6%). In 60.7% patients, no acute precipitant could be identified. The 30- , 90- , and 180-day survival in BCS-ACLF post-endovascular intervention (n = 15), BCS-ACLF without endovascular intervention (n = 13), and Child-C BCS without ACLF who underwent endovascular intervention (n = 25) were (93%, 87%, and 87%), (46%, 28%, and 0%) and (96%, 92%, and 88%), respectively (log-rank test, p value < 0.001). On multivariate Cox proportional analysis, endovascular intervention and the presence of hepatic encephalopathy were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION Budd-Chiari syndrome can present as acute-on-chronic liver failure. Endovascular intervention is associated with an improved outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Sanchit Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Ashish Chauhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar Vuyyuru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anshuman Elhence
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Gyanranjan Rout
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Deepak Gunjan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), or hepatic venous outflow obstruction, is a rare cause of liver disease that should not be missed. Variable clinical presentation among patients with BCS necessitates a high index of suspicion to avoid missing this life-threatening diagnosis. BCS is characterized as primary or secondary, depending on etiology of venous obstruction. Most patients with primary BCS have several contributing risk factors leading to a prothrombotic state. A multidisciplinary stepwise approach is integral in treating BCS. Lifelong anticoagulation is recommended. Long-term monitoring of patients for development of cirrhosis, complications of portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, and progression of underlying diseases is important.
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Wettere M, Paulatto L, Raynaud L, Bruno O, Payancé A, Plessier A, Rautou PE, Paradis V, Cazals-Hatem D, Valla D, Vilgrain V, Ronot M. Hepatobiliary MR contrast agents are useful to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100097. [PMID: 32435753 PMCID: PMC7232085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatobiliary phase (HBP) images can discriminate between benign and malignant liver lesions, but it is unclear if this approach can be used in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Thus, we aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of HBP images in patients with BCS. METHODS This retrospective study included all patients admitted to our institution with a diagnosis of BCS and focal liver lesions on hepatobiliary contrast agent-enhanced MR imaging (HBCA-MRI) from 2000 to 2019. MR images were reviewed by 2 radiologists blinded to the diagnosis of the lesions. Patient and lesion characteristics were recorded, focusing on HBP imaging features. RESULTS Twenty-six patients (mean 35 ± 11 years old [13-65]; 21 women [81%] 35 ± 12 years old [13-65]; 5 men [19%] 36 ± 10 years old [19-44]) with 99 benign liver lesions and 12 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) were analyzed. Patients with HCC were significantly older than those with benign lesions (mean 50 ± 10 vs. 33 ± 9 years old, p = 0.003), with higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels (3/4 [75%] vs. 1/22 [5%] with AFP >15 ng/ml, p <0.001). Homogeneous hypointense signals were identified on HBP in 14 lesions, including 12/12 (100%) HCCs, and 2/99 (2%) benign lesions (p <0.001). Most benign liver lesions showed either peripheral (n = 52/99 [53%]) or homogeneous hyperintensity (n = 23/99 [23%]) on HBP. Lesions with signal hypointensity on HBP in patients with AFP serum levels >15 ng/ml were all HCCs. CONCLUSION Most benign lesions showed homogeneous or peripheral hyperintensity on HBP images while all HCCs were homogeneously hypointense. HBP images are helpful to differentiate between benign lesions and HCCs and outperform other sequences. They should be systematically acquired for the characterization of focal lesions in patients with BCS. LAY SUMMARY Hepatobiliary phase imaging is an approach that has recently been shown to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions in the liver. However, it was not known whether this imaging approach could be used effectively in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Herein, we have shown that hepatobiliary phase imaging appears to be useful for differentiating between benign and malignant liver lesions in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Collapse
Key Words
- AFP, alpha-fetoprotein
- APHE, arterial phase hyperenhancement
- BCS, Budd-Chiari syndrome
- FNH, focal nodular hyperplasia-like
- HBP, hepatobiliary phase
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Imaging
- LR, likelihood ratio
- MRI
- OATP, organic anionic transporting polypeptides
- T1-w, T1-weighted imaging
- TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- WO, washout
- liver cancer
- non-invasive
- tumor
- vascular liver disease
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Van Wettere
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Luisa Paulatto
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Lucas Raynaud
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Onorina Bruno
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Audrey Payancé
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Plessier
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
- Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, University of Paris, Paris, France
- DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- University of Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Dominique Cazals-Hatem
- Department of Pathology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Dominique Valla
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
- DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Ronot
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ozaki K, Kozaka K, Kosaka Y, Kimura H, Gabata T. Morphometric changes and imaging findings of diffuse liver disease in relation to intrahepatic hemodynamics. Jpn J Radiol 2020; 38:833-852. [PMID: 32347423 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-020-00978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse hepatic diseases have a variety of etiologies, with each showing characteristic morphometric changes. These changes are closely related to micro- and macro-level intrahepatic hemodynamics, in addition to the specific underlying pathophysiology. Short-term disorders in intrahepatic hemodynamics caused by each pathophysiological condition are compensated for by the balance of blood perfusion systems using potential trans-sinusoidal, transversal, and transplexal routes of communication (micro-hemodynamics), while long-term alterations to the intrahepatic hemodynamics result in an increase in total hepatic vascular resistance. Blood flow disorders induced by this increased vascular resistance elicit hepatic cellular necrosis and fibrosis. These changes should be uniformly widespread throughout the whole liver. However, morphometric changes do not occur uniformly, with shrinkage or enlargement not occurring homogeneously. Against this background, several macro-intrahepatic hemodynamic effects arise, such as asymmetrical and complicating morphometric structures of the liver, intricate anatomy of portal venous flow and hepatic venous drainage, and zonal differentiation between central and peripheral zones. These hemodynamic factors and pathophysiological changes are related to characteristic morphometric changes in a complicated manner, based on the combination of selective atrophy and compensatory hypertrophy (atrophy-hypertrophy complex). These changes can be clearly depicted on CT and MR imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Ozaki
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Kazuto Kozaka
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kosaka
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Gabata
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Olson MC, Lubner MG, Menias CO, Mellnick VM, Mankowski Gettle L, Kim DH, Elsayes KM, Pickhardt PJ. Venous Thrombosis and Hypercoagulability in the Abdomen and Pelvis: Causes and Imaging Findings. Radiographics 2020; 40:875-894. [PMID: 32330086 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020190097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, US, CT, and MRI have surpassed catheter-based angiography as the imaging examinations of choice for evaluation of vascular structures and identification of thrombus owing to their ready availability, noninvasive nature, and, in the cases of US and MRI, lack of exposure to ionizing radiation. As a result, VTE and associated complications are commonly identified in day-to-day radiologic practice across a variety of clinical settings. A wide range of hereditary and acquired conditions can increase the risk for development of venous thrombosis, and many patients with these conditions may undergo imaging for unrelated reasons, leading to the incidental detection of VTE or one of the associated complications. Although the development of VTE may be an isolated occurrence, the imaging findings, in conjunction with the clinical history and vascular risk factors, may indicate a predisposing condition or underlying diagnosis. Furthermore, awareness of the many clinical conditions that result in an increased risk of venous thrombosis may aid in detection of thrombus and any concomitant complications. For these reasons, it is important that practicing radiologists be familiar with the multimodality imaging findings of thrombosis, understand the spectrum of diseases that contribute to the development of thrombosis, and recognize the potential complications of hypercoagulable states and venous thrombosis. Online DICOM image stacks and supplemental material are available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Olson
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Meghan G Lubner
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Christine O Menias
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Vincent M Mellnick
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Lori Mankowski Gettle
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - David H Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, E3/311 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 (M.C.O., M.G.L., L.M.G., D.H.K., P.J.P.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.O.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (V.M.M.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a common cause for emergency department visits in the United States, and biliary tract disease is the fifth most common cause of hospital admission. Common causes of acute hepatobiliary include gallstones and its associated complications and multiple other hepatobiliary etiologies, including infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neoplastic causes. Postoperative complications of the biliary tract can result in an acute abdomen. Imaging of the hepatobiliary tree is integral in the diagnostic evaluation of acute hepatobiliary dysfunction, and imaging of the biliary tree requires a multimodality approach utilizing ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and MR imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HeiShun Yu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer W Uyeda
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Josyabhatla R, Hsu D, McGuire M, D'Mello S. Thrombotic Storm With Budd-Chiari Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient With Ulcerative Colitis. ACG Case Rep J 2019; 6:e00159. [PMID: 31832449 PMCID: PMC6855525 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic phenomena. Thrombotic storm defined by the development of multiple thrombi in multiple locations within a short period of time is a rare condition that is potentially life threatening. We present a 14-year-old adolescent boy with an ulcerative colitis flare complicated by Budd-Chiari syndrome and thrombotic storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers NJMS, Newark, NJ
| | - Michael McGuire
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Sharon D'Mello
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Knowledge of the radiological and clinical features of MPNs and their associated complications is critical for interpreting radiologists. The purpose of this article is to provide a primer to radiologists summarizing the modern understanding of MPNs from an imaging-based perspective, including common disease-related findings and complications related to hematopoietic cell transplant.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the MRI findings of the effects of exogenous sex steroids on the liver. FINDINGS Estrogens, progesterone and synthetic testosterone are exogenous sex steroids that may result in a variety of liver diseases, including tumour formation and vascular disorders. These hormones are mainly administered in the form of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and anabolic steroids. Both are implicated in hepatic adenoma formation. The HNF-1α-mutated and inflammatory adenoma subgroups are more commonly seen in association with the OCP whereas there is an increased incidence of the β-catenin positive subtype with anabolic steroid use. Furthermore, anabolic steroids are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma resulting from malignant transformation of β-catenin positive adenomas. The oral contraceptive pill may also induce vascular disorders within the liver, some of which are related to the prothrombotic effect of the hormones, such as hepatic and portal vein thrombosis. Other hepatic vascular abnormalities resulting from exogenous sex steroids include veno-occlusive disease and peliosis hepatis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Van Wettere M, Purcell Y, Bruno O, Payancé A, Plessier A, Rautou PE, Cazals-Hatem D, Valla D, Vilgrain V, Ronot M. Low specificity of washout to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in nodules showing arterial hyperenhancement in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1123-1132. [PMID: 30654065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It remains unclear whether the classic imaging criteria for the non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be applied to chronic vascular liver diseases, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Herein, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of washout for the discrimination between benign and malignant lesions in patients with BCS. METHODS This retrospective study included all patients admitted to our institution with a diagnosis of BCS and focal lesions on MRI from 2000 to 2016. MRI images were reviewed by 2 radiologists blinded to the nature of the lesions. Patient and lesion characteristics were recorded, with a focus on washout on portal venous and/or delayed phases. Lesions were compared using Chi-square, Fisher's, Student's t or Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS A total of 49 patients (mean age 35 ± 12 years; 34 women [69%] and 15 men [31%]) with 241 benign lesions and 12 HCC lesions were analyzed. Patients with HCC were significantly older (mean age 44 ± 16 vs. 33 ± 9 years, p = 0.005), with higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels (median 16 vs. 3 ng/ml, p = 0.007). Washout was depicted in 9/12 (75%) HCC, and 69/241 (29%) benign lesions (p <0.001). A total of 52/143 (36%) lesions ≥1 cm with arterial hyperenhancement showed washout (9 HCC and 43 benign lesions). In this subgroup, the specificity of washout for the diagnosis of HCC was 67%. Adding T1-w hypointensity raised the specificity to 100%. A serum AFP >15 ng/ml was associated with 95% specificity. CONCLUSION Washout was observed in close to one-third of benign lesions, leading to an unacceptably low specificity for the diagnosis of HCC. The non-invasive diagnostic criteria proposed for cirrhotic patients cannot be extrapolated to patients with BCS. LAY SUMMARY Washout on MRI is depicted in a significant proportion of benign nodules in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), limiting its value for the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Criteria proposed for the non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis cannot be extrapolated to patients with BCS. Additional imaging findings and patient characteristics, including alpha-fetoprotein serum level, can help determine the probability of a nodule being HCC in patients with BCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Van Wettere
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Yvonne Purcell
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Onorina Bruno
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Audrey Payancé
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Plessier
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - Dominique Cazals-Hatem
- Department of Pathology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Dominique Valla
- Department of Hepatology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Service d'Hépatologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Ronot
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot. Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Budd-Chiari Syndrome and hepatic regenerative nodules: Magnetic resonance findings with emphasis of hepatobiliary phase. Eur J Radiol 2019; 117:15-25. [PMID: 31307641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a disorder with numerous causes that is a result of hepatic outflow obstruction, in the absence of right heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome is uncommon and clinically characterized by ascites, hepatomegaly, and hepatic insufficiency. In the majority of cases, patients present with chronic BCS, showing a dysmorphic liver disease with variable fibrosis deposition. In chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and benign regenerative nodules (called large regenerative nodules or FNH-like lesions) have been described in the literature. Very few studies have reported magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings about these nodules, using hepatobiliary contrast medium. The aim of our review is to describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings of hepatic regenerative nodules in BCS, with emphasis on the hepatobiliary phase, and to compare the imaging features of benign nodules with those of HCC.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kurzbard-Roach N, Jha P, Poder L, Menias C. Abdominal and pelvic imaging findings associated with sex hormone abnormalities. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:1103-1119. [PMID: 30483844 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hormones are substances that serve as chemical communication between cells. They are unique biological molecules that affect multiple organ systems and play a key role in maintaining homoeostasis. In this role, they are usually produced from a single organ and have defined target organs. However, hormones can affect non-target organs as well. As such, biochemical and hormonal abnormalities can be associated with anatomic changes in multiple target as well as non-target organs. Hormone-related changes may take the form of an organ parenchymal abnormality, benign neoplasm, or even malignancy. Given the multifocal action of hormones, the observed imaging findings may be remote from the site of production, and may actually be multi-organ in nature. Anatomic findings related to hormone level abnormalities and/or laboratory biomarker changes may be identified with imaging. The purpose of this image-rich review is to sensitize radiologists to imaging findings in the abdomen and pelvis that may occur in the context of hormone abnormalities, focusing primarily on sex hormones and their influence on these organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kurzbard-Roach
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Liina Poder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xiang H, Han J, Ridley WE, Ridley LJ. Spider’s web sign: Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018; 62 Suppl 1:110. [DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.53_12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Han
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lloyd J Ridley
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- Medical Imaging, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Van Wettere M, Bruno O, Rautou PE, Vilgrain V, Ronot M. Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:1896-1907. [PMID: 29285598 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is defined by clinical and laboratory signs associated with partial or complete impairment of hepatic venous drainage in the absence of right heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. Primary BCS is the most frequent type and is a complication of hypercoagulable states, in particular myeloproliferative neoplasms. Secondary BCS involves tumor invasion or extrinsic compression. Most patients present with chronic BCS including a non-cirrhotic, dysmorphic, chronic liver disease with various degrees of fibrosis deposition. Acute BCS is rare, and patients present with hepatomegaly, ascites, and hepatic insufficiency. The diagnosis is based on imaging. Imaging features include (1) direct signs, in particular occlusion or compression of the hepatic veins and/or the inferior vena cava and venous collaterals and (2) indirect signs, in particular morphological changes in the liver with hypertrophy of the caudate lobe and delayed nodule formation. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are the gold standard for diagnosis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of imaging in the diagnosis of BCS.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bansal V, Gupta P, Sinha S, Dhaka N, Kalra N, Vijayvergiya R, Dutta U, Kochhar R. Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging review. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20180441. [PMID: 30004805 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), also known as hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction includes a group of conditions characterized by obstruction to the outflow of blood from the liver secondary to involvement of one or more hepatic veins (HVs), inferior vena cava (IVC) or the right atrium. There are a number of conditions that lead to BCS-ranging from hypercoagulable states to malignancies. In up to 25% patients, no underlying disorder is identified. Diagnosis of BCS is based on a combination of clinical and imaging features. A major part of the literature in BCS has been devoted to interventions; however, a detailed description of various imaging manifestations of BCS is lacking. In this review, we highlight the importance of various imaging modalities in the diagnosis of BCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Bansal
- 1 Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute ofMedical Imaging and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- 2 Deapartment of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institue of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Saroj Sinha
- 2 Deapartment of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institue of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Narender Dhaka
- 2 Deapartment of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institue of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- 1 Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute ofMedical Imaging and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rajesh Vijayvergiya
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Usha Dutta
- 2 Deapartment of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institue of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- 2 Deapartment of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institue of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The diagnosis of cirrhosis can be reached on the basis of established hepatic morphological changes. However, some other conditions can mimic cirrhosis. The aim of this pictorial essay is to review the CT and MRI appearances of hepatic morphology abnormalities in the cirrhotic liver and other diseases, describing pathologic conditions that can mimic cirrhosis, with useful tips for the differential diagnosis. Mimickers of cirrhosis include congenital hepatic fibrosis, Caroli disease, Budd-Chiari Syndrome, hepatoportal sclerosis, cavernous transformation of the portal vein, pseudocirrhosis from metastatic disease, acute liver failure, post-therapeutic morphologic changes in the liver, and infective conditions including schistosomiasis and oriental cholangiohepatitis. Recognizing the hepatic morphological changes in images can help radiologists to diagnose cirrhosis and other diseases in early stages.
Collapse
|
40
|
Joshi G, Crawford KA, Hanna TN, Herr KD, Dahiya N, Menias CO. US of Right Upper Quadrant Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnosing beyond Gallbladder and Biliary Disease. Radiographics 2018; 38:766-793. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Joshi
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| | - Kevin A. Crawford
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| | - Tarek N. Hanna
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| | - Keith D. Herr
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| | - Nirvikar Dahiya
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| | - Christine O. Menias
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.J., K.A.C., T.N.H., K.D.H.) and Department of Emergency Medicine (G.J., T.N.H., K.D.H.), Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (N.D., C.O.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim TH, Yang HK, Jang HJ, Yoo SJ, Khalili K, Kim TK. Abdominal imaging findings in adult patients with Fontan circulation. Insights Imaging 2018; 9:357-367. [PMID: 29623675 PMCID: PMC5991003 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-018-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The Fontan procedures, designed to treat paediatric patients with functional single ventricles, have markedly improved the patient’s survival into adulthood. The physiology of the Fontan circuit inevitably increases systemic venous pressure, which may lead to multi-system organ failure in the long-term follow-up. Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) can progress to liver cirrhosis with signs of portal hypertension. Focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules commonly develop in FALD. Imaging surveillance is often performed to monitor the progression of FALD and to detect hepatocellular carcinoma, which infrequently develops in FALD. Other abdominal abnormalities in post-Fontan patients include protein losing enteropathy and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Given that these abdominal abnormalities are critical for patient management, it is important for radiologists to become familiar with the abdominal abnormalities that are common in post-Fontan patients on cross-sectional imaging. Teaching points • Fontan procedure for functional single ventricle has improved patient survival into adulthood. • Radiologists should be familiar with unique imaging findings of Fontan-associated liver disease. • Focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules commonly develop in Fontan-associated liver disease. • Hepatocellular carcinoma, protein-losing enteropathy, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma may develop. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13244-018-0609-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongnogu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Hyun-Jung Jang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5J2L4, Canada
| | - Korosh Khalili
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Tae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Das CJ, Soneja M, Tayal S, Chahal A, Srivastava S, Kumar A, Baruah U. Role of radiological imaging and interventions in management of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Clin Radiol 2018; 73:610-624. [PMID: 29549997 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a clinical condition resulting from impaired hepatic venous drainage, in which there is obstruction to the hepatic venous outflow at any level from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium leading to hepatic congestion. The diagnosis of BCS is based on imaging, which can be gathered from non-invasive investigations such as ultrasonography coupled with venous Doppler, triphasic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Apart from diagnosis, various interventional radiology procedures aid in the successful management of this syndrome. In this article, we present various imaging features of BCS along with various interventional procedures that are used to treat this diverse condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Das
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India.
| | - M Soneja
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - S Tayal
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - A Chahal
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - S Srivastava
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi - 110002, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi - 110002, India
| | - U Baruah
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Baudouin R, Levesque E, Jancovici R. Beyond aesthetic consequences: congestive hepatopathy caused by pectus excavatum. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 54:604-606. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Baudouin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Val d’Or Surgical Clinic, Saint-Cloud, France
- Department of Medicine, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Eric Levesque
- Department of Anaesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care - Liver ICU, APHP Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
- Mondor Institute of Biomedical Research, INSERM, Unit U055, Créteil, France
- Department of Anaesthesia, Val d’Or Surgical Clinic, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - René Jancovici
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Val d’Or Surgical Clinic, Saint-Cloud, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Riva N, Ageno W. Approach to thrombosis at unusual sites: Splanchnic and cerebral vein thrombosis. Vasc Med 2017; 22:529-540. [PMID: 29202678 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x17734057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) and cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) are two manifestations of unusual site venous thromboembolism (VTE). SVT includes thrombosis in the portal, mesenteric or splenic veins, and the Budd-Chiari syndrome. CVT encompasses thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses and thrombosis of the cerebral veins. Unusual site VTE often represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because of the heterogeneity in clinical presentation, the limited evidence available in the literature on the acute and long-term prognosis of these diseases, and the lack of large randomized controlled trials evaluating different treatment options. This narrative review describes the approach to patients with SVT or CVT by examining the diagnostic process, the assessment of potential risk factors and the appropriate anticoagulant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Riva
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Walter Ageno
- 2 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Taibbi A, Picone D, Midiri M, La Grutta L, Bartolotta TV. Diffuse Liver Diseases: Role of imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2017; 39:193-205. [PMID: 29571555 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the most common imaging techniques allow to study focal liver lesions with high diagnostic accuracy but a relatively recent emerging field of interest is represented by diffuse liver disease. They include a variegated series of storage and metabolic pathologies (ie, iron overload disorders and steatosis) requiring a precise diagnosis not always possible at imaging due to the overlapping of findings at conventional ultrasound, CT, or MR studies. In recent years, several imaging tecniques and specific softwares have been developed, especially for ultrasound and MR imaging, in order to identify different parameters useful in the noninvasive recognition and follow-up of these diffuse processes involving the liver. The aim of this article is to describe the most common and useful imaging findings of the most common and uncommon diffuse liver diseases illustrating the newest imaging technologies and developments at our disposal with corresponding advantages, limitations, and pitfalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Taibbi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Dario Picone
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Midiri
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Martín-Llahí M, Albillos A, Bañares R, Berzigotti A, García-Criado MÁ, Genescà J, Hernández-Gea V, Llop-Herrera E, Masnou-Ridaura H, Mateo J, Navascués CA, Puente Á, Romero-Gutiérrez M, Simón-Talero M, Téllez L, Turon F, Villanueva C, Zarrabeitia R, García-Pagán JC. Enfermedades vasculares del hígado. Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Catalana de Digestología y de la Asociación Española para el Estudio del Hígado. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2017; 40:538-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
Imaging of Diffuse Liver Disease. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
48
|
Riva N, Ageno W. Clinical manifestations and imaging tools in the diagnosis of splanchnic and cerebral vein thromboses. Thromb Res 2017; 163:252-259. [PMID: 28673473 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) and cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) are uncommon manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE), occurring less frequently than deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities and pulmonary embolism. SVT encompasses portal vein thrombosis, mesenteric vein thrombosis, splenic vein thrombosis and the Budd-Chiari syndrome. It is therefore a heterogeneous disease, with differences in clinical manifestations according to the site of thrombosis. CVT includes thrombosis of the cortical or deep cerebral veins and thrombosis of the major dural venous sinuses. Clinical presentation is variable, with a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms that can mimic other cerebral diseases. There are no clinical algorithms or specific laboratory tests that can guide in the identification of SVT and CVT; therefore, the diagnosis relies exclusively on imaging tests. Conventional angiography once was the gold standard for the diagnosis of SVT and CVT, but it is rarely used nowadays. Abdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) with angiography are currently used for the diagnosis of SVT; while cerebral CT and MR with angiography are currently used for the diagnosis of CVT. These imaging tests have different sensitivities/specificities and different advantages/disadvantages that should be kept into consideration when choosing the appropriate imaging test based on the suspected site of thrombosis. This narrative review summarizes the clinical and diagnostic approach to SVT and CVT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Elsayes KM, Shaaban AM, Rothan SM, Javadi S, Madrazo BL, Castillo RP, Casillas VJ, Menias CO. A Comprehensive Approach to Hepatic Vascular Disease. Radiographics 2017; 37:813-836. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. Elsayes
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Akram M. Shaaban
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Sarah M. Rothan
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Sanaz Javadi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Beatrice L. Madrazo
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Rosa P. Castillo
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Victor J. Casillas
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| | - Christine O. Menias
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (K.M.E., S.J.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A.M.S.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex (S.M.R.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Fla (B.L.M., R.P.C., V.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Onur MR, Karaosmanoglu AD, Akca O, Ocal O, Akpinar E, Karcaaltincaba M. Imaging features of non-traumatic vascular liver emergencies. Jpn J Radiol 2017; 35:215-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s11604-017-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|