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Musalem P, Pedreros-Rosales C, Müller-Ortiz H. Anticoagulation in renal replacement therapies: Why heparin should be abandoned in critical ill patients? Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:1383-1393. [PMID: 37755609 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal circuits used in renal replacement therapy (RRT) can develop thrombosis, leading to downtimes and reduced therapy efficiency. To prevent this, anticoagulation is used, but the optimal anticoagulant has not yet been identified. Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant in RRT, but it has limitations, such as unpredictable pharmacokinetics, nonspecific binding to plasma proteins and cells, and the possibility of suboptimal anticoagulation or bleeding complications, specifically in critically ill patients with acute renal failure who are already at high risk of bleeding. Citrate anticoagulation is a better alternative, being considered a standard for continuous renal replacement therapy, since it is associated with a lower risk of bleeding complications and better efficacy, even in patients with acute renal failure or liver disease. The aim of this article is to provide an updated review of the different strategies of anticoagulation in renal replacement therapies that can be implemented in critical scenarios, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each one and the beneficial aspects of using citrate over heparin in critical ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Musalem
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Service, Hospital Las Higueras, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Cristian Pedreros-Rosales
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile.
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Service, Hospital Las Higueras, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile.
| | - Hans Müller-Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Service, Hospital Las Higueras, Alto Horno 777, 4270918, Talcahuano, Región del Bío Bío, Chile
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Yoshimoto K, Matsuura R, Komaru Y, Yoshida T, Miyamoto Y, Hamasaki Y, Inokuchi R, Nangaku M, Doi K. Solute Clearance Evaluation and Filter Clotting Prediction in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7703. [PMID: 38137772 PMCID: PMC10743554 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected filter clotting is a major problem in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Reduced solute clearance is observed prior to filter clotting. This single-center, retrospective, observational study aimed to determine whether reduced solute clearance of low- and medium-molecular-weight molecules in CRRT can predict filter clotting. Solute clearances of urea and myoglobin (Mb) were measured at 24 h after initiation of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). Clearance per flow (CL/F) was calculated. The primary outcome was clotting of the filter in the subsequent 24 h, and 775 CHDF treatments conducted on 230 patients for at least 24 consecutive hours in our ICU were analyzed. Filter clotting was observed in 127 treatments involving 39 patients. Urea and Mb CL/F at 24 h were significantly lower in the patients who experienced clotting. Further analysis was limited to the first CHDF treatment of each patient to adjust for confounding factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both urea CL/F < 94% and Mb CL/F < 64% were significant predictors of clotting within the next 24 h. Lower urea and Mb CL/F measured at 24 h after CRRT initiation were associated with filter clotting in the next 24 h. Further study is necessary to ascertain whether measurement of urea and MB CL/F will help with avoiding unexpected filter clotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yoshimoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.Y.)
| | - Ryo Matsuura
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Yohei Komaru
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.Y.)
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Yoshihisa Miyamoto
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Yoshifumi Hamasaki
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Ryota Inokuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.Y.)
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.Y.)
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Smeets TJL, de Geus HRH, Valkenburg AJ, Baidjoe L, Gommers DAMPJ, Koch BCP, Hunfeld NGM, Endeman H. The Clearance of Midazolam and Metabolites during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Blood Purif 2023; 53:107-113. [PMID: 37926072 PMCID: PMC10836747 DOI: 10.1159/000534538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Midazolam-based continuous intravenous sedation in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) was a necessity during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, benzodiazepine-based sedation is associated with a high incidence of benzodiazepine-related delirium and additional days on mechanical ventilation. Due to the requirement of high midazolam doses in combination with the impaired renal clearance (CL) of the pharmacological active metabolite 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide (10% compared to midazolam), ICU patients with COVID-19 and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) were at risk of unintended prolonged sedation. Several CRRT-related factors may have influenced the delivered CL of midazolam and its metabolites. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify and describe these CRRT-related factors. METHODS Pre-filter blood samples and ultrafiltrate samples were collected simultaneously. Midazolam, 1-OH-midazolam, and 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide plasma samples were analyzed using an UPLC-MS/MS method. The prescribed CRRT dose was corrected for downtime and filter integrity using the urea ratio (urea concentration in effluent/urea concentration plasma). CL of midazolam and its metabolites were calculated with the delivered CRRT dose (corrected for downtime and saturation coefficient [SD]). RESULTS Three patients on continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and 2 patients on continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were included. Midazolam, 1-OH-midazolam, and 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide concentrations were 2,849 (0-6,700) μg/L, 153 (0-295) μg/L, and 27,297 (1,727-39,000) μg/L, respectively. The SD was 0.03 (0.02-0.03) for midazolam, 0.05 (0.05-0.06) for 1-OH-midazolam, and 0.33 (0.23-0.43) for 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide. The delivered CRRT CL was 1.4 (0-1.7) mL/min for midazolam, 2.7 (0-3.5) mL/min for 1-OH-midazolam, and 15.7 (4.0-27.7) mL/min for 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide. CONCLUSIONS Midazolam and 1-OH-midazolam were not removed during CVVHD and CVVHDF. However, 1-OH-midazolam-glucuronide was removed reasonably, approximately up to 43%. CRRT modality, filter integrity, and downtime affect this removal. These data imply a personalized titration of midazolam in critically ill patients with renal failure and awareness for the additional sedative effects of its active metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J L Smeets
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde R H de Geus
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Valkenburg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Baidjoe
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik A M P J Gommers
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole G M Hunfeld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cabanilla MG, Briski MJ, Bruss Z, Saa L, Vasquez PC, Rodriguez CN, Mitchell JA, Bernauer ML, Argyropoulos CP, Crandall CS, Teixeira JP. The influence of continuous renal replacement therapy on 1,3-β-d-glucan levels in critically ill patients: a single-center retrospective propensity score study. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2255680. [PMID: 37781748 PMCID: PMC10547441 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2255680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-β-d-Glucan (BDG) is commonly used for diagnosing invasive fungal infections (IFIs). While exposure to cellulose-based hemodialyzers is known to cause false-positive BDG results, the impact of modern hemofilters used in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) remains unclear. This retrospective, single-center cohort study aimed to evaluate the effect of CRRT on BDG levels in critically ill patients. We included adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients with ≥1 BDG measurement between December 2019 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the rate of false-positive BDG results in patients exposed to CRRT compared to unexposed patients. Propensity score analysis was performed to control for confounding factors. A total of 103 ICU patients with ≥1 BDG level were identified. Most (72.8%) were medical ICU patients. Forty patients underwent CRRT using hemofilter membranes composed of sodium methallyl sulfonate copolymer (AN 69 HF) (82.5%) and of polyarylethersulfone (PAES) (17.5%). Among the 91 patients without proven IFI, 31 (34.1%) had false-positive BDG results. Univariable analysis showed an association between CRRT exposure and false-positive BDG results. However, the association between CRRT exposure and false-positive BDG results was no longer significant across three propensity score models employed: 1:1 match (n = 32) (odds ratio (OR) 1.65, p = .48), model-adjusted (n = 91) (OR 1.75, p = .38), quintile-adjusted (n = 91) (OR 1.78, p = .36). In this single-center retrospective analysis, exposure to synthetic CRRT membranes did not independently increase the risk of false-positive BDG results. Larger prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the association between CRRT exposure and false-positive BDG results in critically ill patients with suspected IFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gabriela Cabanilla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacy, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J. Briski
- Department of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary Bruss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lisa Saa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Pamela C. Vasquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chelsea N. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica A. Mitchell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Christos P. Argyropoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cameron S. Crandall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J. Pedro Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Thanapongsatorn P, Sinjira T, Kaewdoungtien P, Kusirisin P, Kulvichit W, Sirivongrangson P, Peerapornratana S, Lumlertgul N, Srisawat N. Standard versus no post-filter ionized calcium monitoring in regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (NPC trial). Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1469-1479. [PMID: 37664560 PMCID: PMC10468745 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current guidelines recommend monitoring of post-filter ionized calcium (pfCa) when using regional citrate anticoagulation during continuous renal replacement therapy (RCA-CRRT) to determine citrate efficiency for the prevention of filter clotting. However, the reliability of pfCa raises the question of whether routine monitoring is required. Reducing the frequency of pfCa monitoring could potentially reduce costs and workload. Our objective was to test the efficacy and safety of no pfCa monitoring among critically ill patients receiving RCA-CRRT. Methods This study was a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial conducted between January 2021 and October 2021 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand. Critically ill patients who were treated with RCA-CRRT were randomized to receive either standard pfCa monitoring (aiming pfCa level of 0.25-0.35 mmol/L), or no pfCa monitoring, in which a constant rate of citrate infusion was maintained at pre-determined citrate concentrations of 4 mmol/L with blinding of pfCa levels to treating clinicians. The primary outcome was the filter lifespan. Non-inferiority would be demonstrated if the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in filter lifespan between the groups was less than 20 h. Results Fifty patients were randomized to the standard pfCa monitoring group (n = 25) or no pfCa monitoring group (n = 25). The mean filter lifespan was 54 ± 20 h in the standard pfCa monitoring group and 47 ± 23 h in the no pfCa monitoring group (absolute difference 7.1 h; 95% CI -5.3, 19.5, P = .25). When restricting the analysis to circuits reaching the maximum duration of circuit lifespan at 72 h and clotted filters, the filter lifespan was 61 ± 17 h in the standard pfCa group vs 60 ± 19 h in the no pfCa monitoring group (absolute difference 0.9 h; 95% CI -11.5, 13.4, P = .88). Compared with the no pfCa monitoring group, the standard pfCa monitoring group had a significantly higher mean citrate concentrations (4.43 ± 0.32 vs 4 mmol/L, P < .001) and a higher rate of severe hypocalcemia (44% vs 20%, P = .13). No statistical differences were found in filter clotting, citrate accumulation, citrate overload and mortality between the two groups. Conclusions Among critically ill patients receiving RCA-CRRT, no pfCa monitoring by maintaining the citrate concentrations of 4 mmol/L is feasible. Larger randomized controlled trials should be conducted to ensure the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04792424 (registered 11 March 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapat Thanapongsatorn
- Department of Medicine, Central Chest Institute of Thailand, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanyapim Sinjira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyanut Kaewdoungtien
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prit Kusirisin
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Kulvichit
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sadudee Peerapornratana
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Lumlertgul
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Whiting L, Bianchi N, Faouzi M, Schneider A. Kinetics of small and middle molecule clearance during continuous hemodialysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12905. [PMID: 37558740 PMCID: PMC10412530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) enables prolonged continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) filter lifespan. However, membrane diffusive performance might progressively decrease and remain unnoticed. We prospectively evaluated the kinetics of solute clearance and factors associated with decreased membrane performance in 135 consecutive CKRT-RCA circuits (35 patients). We recorded baseline patients' characteristics and clinical signs of decreased membrane performance. We calculated effluent/serum ratios (ESR) as well as respective clearances for urea, creatinine and β2-microglobuline at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after circuit initiation. Using mixed-effects logistic regression model analyses, we assessed the effect of time on those values and determined independent predictors of decreased membrane performance as defined by an ESR for urea < 0.81. We observed a minor but statistically significant decrease in both ESR and solute clearance across the duration of therapy for all three solutes. We observed decreased membrane performance in 31 (23%) circuits while clinical signs were present in 19 (14.1%). The risk of decreased membrane performance significantly increased over time: 1.8% at T1 (p = 0.16); 7.3% at T2 (p = 0.01); 15.7% at T3 (p = 0.001) and 16.4% at T4 (p < 0.003). Four factors present within 24 h of circuit initiation were independently associated with decreased membrane performance: arterial blood bicarbonate level (OR 1.50; p < 0.001), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; OR = 0.93; p = 0.02), fibrinogen level (OR 6.40; p = 0.03) and Charlson score (OR 0.10; p < 0.01). COVID-19 infection was not associated with increased risk of decreased membrane performance. Regular monitoring of ESR might be appropriate in selected patients undergoing CKRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Whiting
- Service de Médecine Intensive Adulte (SMIA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Bianchi
- Service de Médecine Intensive Adulte (SMIA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Faouzi
- Division of Biostatistics, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (UNISANTE), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Schneider
- Service de Médecine Intensive Adulte (SMIA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Smeets TJL, de Geus HRH, Rietveld A, Rietdijk WJR, Koch BCP, Endeman H, Hunfeld NGM. Pursuing the Real Vancomycin Clearance during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Is There Adequate Target Attainment? Blood Purif 2023; 52:652-659. [PMID: 37311418 DOI: 10.1159/000530815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vancomycin is used in intensive care unit (ICU) patients for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. The vancomycin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index is a ratio of the area under the concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration ≥400-600 h*mg/L. This target can generally be achieved by a plasma concentration of 20-25 mg/L. Together with the pathophysiological alterations and pharmacokinetic variability associated with critical illness, the use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) may complicate the attainment of adequate vancomycin concentrations. The primary objective was the prevalence of attainment of vancomycin concentrations 20-25 mg/L after 24 h in adult ICU patients receiving CRRT. Secondary outcomes were to evaluate target attainment at days 2 and 3 and to calculate vancomycin clearance (CL) by CRRT and residual diuresis. METHODS We performed a prospective observational study in adult ICU patients on CRRT, which received at least 24 h continuous infusion of vancomycin. Between May 2020 and February 2021, daily vancomycin residual blood gas and dialysate samples were collected from 20 patients, every 6 h and if possible vancomycin urine samples. Vancomycin was analysed with an immunoassay method. The CL by CRRT was calculated by a different approach correcting for the downtime and providing insight into the degree of filter patency. RESULTS The proportion of patients with vancomycin concentrations <20 mg/L was 50% 24 h after starting vancomycin (n = 10). No differences were observed in patient characteristics. The target vancomycin concentration 20-25 mg/L was only achieved in 30% of the patients. On days 2 and 3, despite the use of TDM and albeit in lower percentages, sub- and supratherapeutic levels were still observed. Taking downtime and filter patency into account resulted in lower vancomycin CL. CONCLUSIONS 50% of the studied ICU patients on CRRT showed subtherapeutic vancomycin concentrations 24 h after starting therapy. The results reveal that optimization of vancomycin dosage during CRRT therapy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J L Smeets
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde R H de Geus
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Rietveld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J R Rietdijk
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole G M Hunfeld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Teixeira JP, Neyra JA, Tolwani A. Continuous KRT: A Contemporary Review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:256-269. [PMID: 35981873 PMCID: PMC10103212 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04350422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AKI is a common complication of critical illness and is associated with substantial morbidity and risk of death. Continuous KRT comprises a spectrum of dialysis modalities preferably used to provide kidney support to patients with AKI who are hemodynamically unstable and critically ill. The various continuous KRT modalities are distinguished by different mechanisms of solute transport and use of dialysate and/or replacement solutions. Considerable variation exists in the application of continuous KRT due to a lack of standardization in how the treatments are prescribed, delivered, and optimized to improve patient outcomes. In this manuscript, we present an overview of the therapy, recent clinical trials, and outcome studies. We review the indications for continuous KRT and the technical aspects of the treatment, including continuous KRT modality, vascular access, dosing of continuous KRT, anticoagulation, volume management, nutrition, and continuous KRT complications. Finally, we highlight the need for close collaboration of a multidisciplinary team and development of quality assurance programs for the provision of high-quality and effective continuous KRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pedro Teixeira
- Divisions of Nephrology and Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Javier A. Neyra
- Division of Nephrology, Bone, and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ashita Tolwani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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9
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Chiao C, Faust H, Singh T. Regional citrate and systemic heparin are adequate to maintain filter half-life for COVID-19 patients on continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial 2022; 35:325-329. [PMID: 35141966 PMCID: PMC9115506 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of our study is to compare clotting of CRRT filters in patients with COVID‐19‐associated AKI versus septic shock‐associated AKI. Methods Retrospective study of adult ICU patients with COVID‐19 compared to those with septic shock admitted to a tertiary hospital April–October 2020. Independent t test and chi‐square test used to determine statistical significance of CRRT filter clotting between the two groups. Time‐to‐event data analyzed with Kaplan–Meier curves. Analyses performed on Microsoft Excel and MedCalc. Results Twenty‐seven ICU patients with AKI requiring CRRT were included, 13 with COVID‐19 and 14 non‐COVID‐19 patients with septic shock. The mean half‐life of CRRT hemofilter was similar in COVID‐19 patients compared to non‐COVID‐19 patients (27.4 vs. 27.5 h, p = 0.79). The number of CRRT hemofilter changes per day was similar in both groups (0.6 filter changes per day, p = 0.84). However, significantly more patients with COVID‐19 were on systemic heparin (69% vs. 13%, p = 0.02). Conclusion We found that COVID‐19 patients with AKI requiring CRRT had similar CRRT hemofilter half‐life compared with sepsis‐associated AKI patients with use of regional citrate and systemic heparin. Further studies are needed to find which methods of anticoagulation are optimal in patients with COVID‐19 infection with AKI requiring CRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Chiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hilary Faust
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Lion RP, Vega MR, Smith EO, Devaraj S, Braun MC, Bryan NS, Desai MS, Coss-Bu JA, Ikizler TA, Akcan Arikan A. The effect of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration on amino acid delivery, clearance, and removal in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:433-441. [PMID: 34386851 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI), continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) enables nutrition provision. The magnitude of amino acid loss during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) is unknown and needs accurate quantification. We investigated the mass removal and clearance of amino acids in pediatric CVVHDF. METHODS This is a prospective observational cohort study of patients receiving CVVHDF from August 2014 to January 2016 in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary children's hospital. RESULTS Fifteen patients (40% male, median age 2.0 (IQR 0.7, 8.0) years) were enrolled. Median PICU and hospital lengths of stay were 20 (9, 59) and 36 (22, 132) days, respectively. Overall survival to discharge was 66.7%. Median daily protein prescription was 2.00 (1.25, 2.80) g/kg/day. Median daily amino acid mass removal was 299.0 (174.9, 452.0) mg/kg body weight, and median daily amino acid mass clearance was 18.2 (13.5, 27.9) ml/min/m2, resulting in a median 14.6 (8.3, 26.7) % protein loss. The rate of amino acid loss increased with increasing dialysis dose and blood flow rate. CONCLUSION CVVHDF prescription and related amino acid loss impact nutrition provision, with 14.6% of the prescribed protein removed. Current recommendations for protein provision for children requiring CVVHDF should be adjusted to compensate for circuit-related loss. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Lion
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Molly R Vega
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E O'Brien Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael C Braun
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan S Bryan
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Moreshwar S Desai
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jorge A Coss-Bu
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Talat Alp Ikizler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ayse Akcan Arikan
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Texas Children's Hospital, 6651 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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11
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Hang C. Optimal indicator for changing the filter during the continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients with acute kidney injury: A crossover randomized trial. World J Emerg Med 2022; 13:196-201. [DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Shaikhouni S, Yessayan L. Management of Acute Kidney Injury/Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit. Surg Clin North Am 2021; 102:181-198. [PMID: 34800386 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Common causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the ICU setting include acute tubular necrosis (due to shock, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, or procedures that compromise renal perfusion), abdominal compartment syndrome, urinary retention, and interstitial nephritis. Treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause. Dialysis may be required if renal injury does not resolve. Early initiation of dialysis based on the stage of AKI alone has not been shown to provide a mortality benefit. Dialysis modalities are based on the dialysis indication and the patient's clinical status. Providers should pay close attention to nutritional requirements and medication dosing according to renal function and dialysis modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Shaikhouni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lenar Yessayan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Macedo E, Cerdá J. Choosing a CRRT machine and modality. Semin Dial 2021; 34:423-431. [PMID: 34699085 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expanded use and steady improvements in continuous renal replacement techniques (CRRT) have enhanced the safety of the application of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) to hemodynamically unstable intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The longer duration of therapy and the personalized prescription provided by continuous therapies are associated with greater hemodynamic stability and a modestly higher likelihood of kidney recovery than standard intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). Studies designed to evaluate the effect on mortality over intermittent therapies lack evidence of benefit. A lack of standardization and considerable variation in how CRRT is performed leads to wide variation in how the technique is prescribed, delivered, and optimized. Technology has progressed in critical care nephrology, and more progress is coming. New CRRT machines are equipped with a friendly user interface that allows easy performance and monitoring, permitting outcome measurements and improved patient quality control. This review discusses the key concepts necessary to guide nephrologists to prescribe and deliver KRT to critically ill ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Macedo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jorge Cerdá
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, and St Peter's Healthcare Partners, Albany, New York, USA
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14
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Verma S, Palevsky PM. Prescribing Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review. Kidney Med 2021; 3:827-836. [PMID: 34693262 PMCID: PMC8515066 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute kidney injury is a common complication in critically ill patients, often necessitating support with a modality of kidney replacement therapy. Continuous kidney replacement therapies (CKRTs) have become a mainstay in the management of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Understanding the fundamentals of CKRT is necessary to safely and effectively prescribe treatment. In this narrative review, we summarize critical aspects of CKRT management, including selection of the mode of therapy; choice of hemofilter/hemodialyzer used; determination of the blood flow rate, composition and flow rates of dialysate and/or replacement fluids, and the ultrafiltration rate; and use and methods of anticoagulation. Requirements for vascular access and appropriate monitoring and dose adjustment of medications and a plan for monitoring the delivery of therapy and ensuring appropriate nutritional management are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Verma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Paul M Palevsky
- Kidney Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA.,Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Impact of Downtime on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. ASAIO J 2021; 68:744-752. [PMID: 34506331 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) downtime is considered a quality indicator; however, it remains uncertain whether downtime affects outcomes. This study retrospectively investigated the impact of downtime on clinical outcomes. Patients were classified as downtime <20% or ≥20% of potential operative time over 4 days from CRRT initiation. Patients with ≥20% downtime were matched to those with <20% downtime using 1:2 propensity score matching. There were 88 patients with <20% downtime and 44 patients with ≥20% downtime. The cumulative effluent volume was lower in patients with ≥20% downtime (p < 0.001). The difference in levels of urea and creatinine widened over time (p = 0.004 and <0.001). At days 2 and 3, daily fluid balance differed (p = 0.046 and 0.031), and the levels of total carbon dioxide were lower in those with ≥20% downtime (p = 0.038 and 0.020). Based on our results, ≥20% downtime was not associated with increased 28 day mortality; however, a subgroup analysis showed the interaction between downtime and daily fluid balance (p = 0.004). In conclusion, increased downtime could impair fluid and uremic control and acidosis management. Moreover, the adverse effect of downtime on fluid control may increase mortality rate. Further studies are needed to verify the value of downtime in critically ill patients requiring CRRT.
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16
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Jeon YH, Kim IY, Jang GS, Song SH, Seong EY, Lee DW, Lee SB, Kim HJ. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of mortality in liver cirrhosis patients on continuous renal replacement therapy in two tertiary hospitals in Korea. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:687-697. [PMID: 34510860 PMCID: PMC8685364 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on liver cirrhosis (LC) patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are lacking despite of the dismal prognosis. We therefore evaluated clinical characteristics and predictive factors related to mortality in LC patients undergoing CRRT. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study at two tertiary hospitals in Korea. A total of 229 LC patients who underwent CRRT were analyzed. Patients were classified into survivor and non-survivor groups. We used multivariable Cox regression analyses to identify predictive factors of in-hospital mortality. Results During a median follow-up of 5 days (interquartile range, 1-19 days), in-hospital mortality rate was 66.4%. In multivariable analysis, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.06; p = 0.02), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.11; p > 0.001), and delivered CRRT dose (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98; p = 0.002) were significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Patients with a CRRT delivered dose < 25 mL/kg/hr had a higher mortality rate than those with a delivered dose > 35 mL/kg/hr (HR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.62-6.05; p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that a CRRT delivered dose > 25 mL/kg/hr was a significant risk factor for in-hospital mortality among LC patients with a MELD score ≥ 30. Conclusion High APACHE II score, high MELD score, and low delivered CRRT dose were significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. CRRT delivered dose impacted mortality significantly, especially in patients with a MELD score ≥ 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hyun Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gum Sook Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Seong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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17
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Bouajram RH, Awdishu L. A Clinician's Guide to Dosing Analgesics, Anticonvulsants, and Psychotropic Medications in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2033-2048. [PMID: 34386653 PMCID: PMC8343808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a common complication in critical illness and has a significant impact on pharmacokinetic factors determining drug exposure, including absorption, distribution, transport, metabolism, and clearance. In this review, we provide a practical guide to drug dosing considerations in critically ill patients undergoing CRRT, focusing on the most commonly used analgesic, anticonvulsant, and psychotropic medications in the clinical care of critically ill patients. A literature search was conducted to identify articles in which drug dosing was evaluated in adult patients receiving CRRT between the years 1980 and 2020. We included articles with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses and those that described medication clearance via CRRT. A summary of the data focused on practical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles is presented, with recommendations for drug dosing of analgesics, anticonvulsants, and psychotropic medications. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies to guide drug dosing of analgesics, anticonvulsants, and psychotropic medications in critically ill patients receiving CRRT are sparse. Considering the widespread use of these medications, narrow therapeutic index of these drug classes, and risks of over- and underdosing, additional studies in patients receiving CRRT are needed to inform drug dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima H. Bouajram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Linda Awdishu
- San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Villa G, Fabbri S, Samoni S, Cecchi M, Fioccola A, Scirè-Calabrisotto C, Mari G, Pomarè Montin D, Romagnoli S. Methods for dose quantification in continuous renal replacement therapy: Toward a more precise approach. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1300-1307. [PMID: 33948973 PMCID: PMC8597082 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodic dose assessment is quintessential for dynamic dose adjustment and quality control of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The flows‐based methods to estimate dose are easy and reproducible methods to quantify (estimate) CRRT dose at the bedside. In particular, quantification of effluent flow and, mainly, the current dose (adjusted for dialysate, replacement, blood flows, and net ultrafiltration) is routinely used in clinical practice. Unfortunately, these methods are critically influenced by several external unpredictable factors; the estimated dose often overestimates the real biological delivered dose quantified through the measurement of urea clearance (the current effective delivered dose). Although the current effective delivered dose is undoubtedly more precise than the flows‐based dose estimation in quantifying CRRT efficacy, some limitations are reported for the urea‐based measurement of dose. This article aims to describe the standard of practice for dose quantification in critically ill patients with AKI undergoing CRRT in the intensive care unit. Pitfalls of current methods will be underlined, along with solutions potentially applicable to obtain more precise results in terms of (a) adequate marker solutes that should be used in accordance with the clinical scenario, (b) correct sampling procedures depending on the chosen indicator of transmembrane removal, (c) formulas for calculations, and (d) quality controls and benchmark indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabbri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Samoni
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Lariana, S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Matteo Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Industrial PhD in Clinical Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Fioccola
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Scirè-Calabrisotto
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Mari
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diego Pomarè Montin
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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19
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Jang SM, Awdishu L. Drug dosing considerations in continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial 2021; 34:480-488. [PMID: 33939855 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients, which is associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Delivering effective antibiotics to treat patients with sepsis receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (RRT) is complicated by variability in pharmacokinetics, dialysis delivery, lack of primary literature, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Pharmacokinetic alterations include changes in absorption, distribution, protein binding (PB), metabolism, and renal elimination. Drug absorption may be significantly changed due to alterations in gastric pH, perfusion, gastrointestinal motility, and intestinal atrophy. Volume of distribution for hydrophilic drugs may be increased due to volume overload. Estimation of renal clearance is challenged by the effective delivery of RRT. Drug characteristics such as PB, volume of distribution, and molecular weight impact removal of the drug by RRT. The totality of these alterations leads to reduced exposure. Despite our best knowledge, therapeutic drug monitoring of patients receiving continuous RRT demonstrates wide variability in antimicrobial concentrations, highlighting the need for expanded monitoring of all drugs. This review article will focus on changes in drug pharmacokinetics in AKI and dosing considerations to attain antibiotic pharmacodynamic targets in critically ill patients receiving continuous RRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Jang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Linda Awdishu
- Clinical Pharmacy, UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Juncos LA, Chandrashekar K, Karakala N, Baldwin I. Vascular access, membranes and circuit for CRRT. Semin Dial 2021; 34:406-415. [PMID: 33939859 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The advances in the technology for providing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have led to an increase in its utilization throughout the world. However, circuit life continues to be a major problem. It leads not only to decreased delivery of dialysis but also causes blood loss, waste of disposables, alters dose delivery of medications and nutrition, and increases nurse workload, all of which increases healthcare cost. Premature circuit failure can be caused by numerous factors that can be difficult to dissect out. The first component is the vascular access; without a well-placed, functioning access, delivery of CRRT becomes very difficult. This is usually accomplished by placing a short-term dialysis catheter into either the right internal jugular or femoral vein. The tips should be located at the caval atrial junction or inferior vena cava. In addition to establishing suitable vascular access, a comprehensive understanding of the circuit facilitates the development of a methodical approach in providing efficient CRRT characterized by optimal circuit life. Moreover, it aids in determining the cause of circuit failure in patients experiencing recurrent episodes. This review therefore summarizes the essential points that guide providers in establishing optimal vascular access. We then provide an overview of the main components of the CRRT circuit including the blood and fluid pumps, the hemofilter, and pressure sensors, which will assist in identifying the key mechanisms contributing to premature failure of the CRRT circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Juncos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nithin Karakala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ian Baldwin
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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21
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Neyra JA, Tolwani A. CRRT prescription and delivery of dose. Semin Dial 2021; 34:432-439. [PMID: 33909931 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred modality of extracorporeal renal support for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The dose of CRRT is reported as effluent flow in ml/kg body weight per hour (ml/kg/h). Solid evidence supports that the delivered CRRT effluent dose for critically ill patients with AKI should be 20-25 ml/kg/h on average. To account for treatment interruptions and the natural decline in filter efficiency over time, it is recommended to prescribe 25-30 ml/kg/h of effluent dose. However, transient higher doses of CRRT in specific clinical scenarios may be needed to accommodate specific solute control needs of a particular patient at a given time. Consequently, there should be consideration of the potential adverse consequences of non-selective clearance such as undesired antimicrobials and nutrients removal. In this manuscript, we provide a summary of evidence related to CRRT dose, practical aspects for its calculation at the time of prescribing CRRT, and considerations for addressing the expected gap between prescribed and delivered CRRT dose. We also provide a framework for monitoring and implementation of CRRT dose as a quality indicator of CRRT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Neyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashita Tolwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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22
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Claure-Del Granado R, Clark WR. Continuous renal replacement therapy principles. Semin Dial 2021; 34:398-405. [PMID: 33819361 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is an extracorporeal blood purification therapy that aims to support kidney function over an extended period of time. One of the main objectives of CRRT is the removal of excess fluid and solutes retained as a consequence of acute kidney injury. Because prescription of CRRT requires goals to be set with regard to the rate and extent of solute and fluid removal, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which solute and fluid removal occurs during CRRT is essential. Basic mechanisms of fluid transport and solute removal (ultrafiltration, diffusion, convection, and adsorption) and the factors influencing these processes in CRRT are described. From the combination of the different transport mechanisms, a number of CRRT modalities are identified and described. Finally, these principles are applied to provide a brief overview of the concept of effluent-based CRRT dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Claure-Del Granado
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Obrero No 2 - CNS, Cochabamba, Bolivia.,Universidad Mayor de San Simon School of Medicine, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - William R Clark
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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23
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Murugan R, Bellomo R, Palevsky PM, Kellum JA. Ultrafiltration in critically ill patients treated with kidney replacement therapy. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:262-276. [PMID: 33177700 PMCID: PMC9826716 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Management of fluid overload is one of the most challenging problems in the care of critically ill patients with oliguric acute kidney injury. Various clinical practice guidelines support fluid removal using ultrafiltration during kidney replacement therapy. However, ultrafiltration is associated with considerable risks. Emerging evidence from observational studies suggests that both slow and fast rates of net fluid removal (that is, net ultrafiltration (UFNET)) during continuous kidney replacement therapy are associated with increased mortality compared with moderate UFNET rates. In addition, fast UFNET rates are associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Experimental studies in patients with kidney failure who were treated with intermittent haemodialysis suggest that fast UFNET rates are also associated with ischaemic injury to the heart, brain, kidney and gut. The UFNET rate should be prescribed based on patient body weight in millilitres per kilogramme per hour with close monitoring of patient haemodynamics and fluid balance. Dialysate cooling and sodium modelling may prevent haemodynamic instability and facilitate large volumes of fluid removal in patients with kidney failure who are treated with intermittent haemodialysis, but the effects of this strategy on organ injury are less well studied in critically ill patients treated with continuous kidney replacement therapy. Randomized trials are required to examine whether moderate UFNET rates are associated with a reduced risk of haemodynamic instability, organ injury and improved outcomes in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Murugan
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul M Palevsky
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- The Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Rhee H, Berenger B, Mehta RL, Macedo E. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy With Calcium-Containing Solutions: A Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 78:550-559.e1. [PMID: 33798636 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is the preferred anticoagulation method for continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) recommended by KDIGO. Limited availability of calcium-free solutions often imposes challenges to the implementation of RCA for CKRT (RCA-CKRT). The principal purpose of this study was to characterize the outcomes of RCA-CKRT using calcium-containing solutions. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We evaluated the safety and efficacy of RCA-CKRT with calcium-containing dialysate and replacement fluid used for 128 patients. A total of 571 filters and 1,227 days of CKRT were analyzed. EXPOSURES Liver disease, sepsis in the absence of liver disease, and sepsis with liver disease. OUTCOMES Filter life and metabolic complications per 100 CKRT days. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Linear mixed-effects model and generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The majority of patients were male (91; 71.1%), 32 (25%) had liver disease, and 29 (22.7%) had sepsis without liver disease. Median filter life was 50.0 (interquartile range, 22.0-118.0) hours, with a maximum of 322 hours, and was significantly lower (33.5 [interquartile range, 17.5-60.5] h) in patients with liver disease. Calcium-containing replacement solutions were used in 41.6% of all CKRT hours and reduced intravenous calcium requirements by 31.7%. Hypocalcemia (ionized calcium<0.85mmol/L) and hypercalcemia (total calcium>10.6mg/dL) were observed in 6.0 and 6.7 per 100 CKRT days, respectively. Citrate accumulation was observed in 13.3% of all patients and was associated with metabolic acidosis in 3.9%, which was not significantly different in patients with liver disease (9.3%; P = 0.2). LIMITATIONS Lack of control groups that used calcium-free dialysate and replacement solutions with RCA-CKRT. Possible overestimation of filter life from incomplete data on cause of filter failure. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that RCA-CKRT with calcium-containing solutions is feasible and safe in critically ill patients, including those with sepsis and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harin Rhee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Brendan Berenger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
| | - Etienne Macedo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Vásquez Jiménez E, Anumudu SJ, Neyra JA. Dose of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients: A Bona Fide Quality Indicator. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:91-98. [PMID: 33540417 DOI: 10.1159/000512846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in critically ill patients, and renal replacement therapy (RRT) constitutes an important aspect of acute management during critical illness. Continuous RRT (CRRT) is frequently utilized in intensive care unit settings, particularly in patients with severe AKI, fluid overload, and hemodynamic instability. The main goal of CRRT is to timely optimize solute control, acid-base, and volume status. Total effluent dose of CRRT is a deliverable that depends on multiple factors and therefore should be systematically monitored (prescribed vs. delivered) and iteratively adjusted in a sustainable mode. In this manuscript, we review current evidence of CRRT dosing and provide recommendations for its implementation as a quality indicator of CRRT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Vásquez Jiménez
- Department of Nephrology, National Institute of Cardiology Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samaya J Anumudu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier A Neyra
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA,
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26
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Precision renal replacement therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2021; 26:574-580. [PMID: 33002973 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the current evidence supporting the use of precision medicine in the delivery of acute renal replacement therapy (RRT) to critically ill patients, focusing on timing, solute control, anticoagulation and technologic innovation. RECENT FINDINGS Precision medicine is most applicable to the timing of RRT in critically ill patients. As recent randomized controlled trials have failed to provide consensus on when to initiate acute RRT, the decision to start acute RRT should be based on individual patient clinical characteristics (e.g. severity of the disease, evolution of clinical parameters) and logistic considerations (e.g. organizational issues, availability of machines and disposables). The delivery of a dynamic dialytic dose is another application of precision medicine, as patients may require different and varying dialysis doses depending on individual patient factors and clinical course. Although regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is recommended as first-line anticoagulation for continuous RRT, modifications to RCA protocols and consideration of other anticoagulants should be individualized to the patient's clinical condition. Finally, the evolution of RRT technology has improved precision in dialysis delivery through increased machine accuracy, connectivity to the electronic medical record and automated reduction of downtime. SUMMARY RRT has become a complex treatment for critically ill patients, which allows for the prescription to be precisely tailored to the different clinical requirements.
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Neyra JA, Yessayan L, Thompson Bastin ML, Wille KM, Tolwani AJ. How To Prescribe And Troubleshoot Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Case-Based Review. KIDNEY360 2020; 2:371-384. [PMID: 35373031 PMCID: PMC8741005 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004912020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous RRT (CRRT) is the preferred dialysis modality for solute management, acid-base stability, and volume control in patients who are critically ill with AKI in the intensive care unit (ICU). CRRT offers multiple advantages over conventional hemodialysis in the critically ill population, such as greater hemodynamic stability, better fluid management, greater solute control, lower bleeding risk, and a more continuous (physiologic) approach of kidney support. Despite its frequent use, several aspects of CRRT delivery are still not fully standardized, or do not have solid evidence-based foundations. In this study, we provide a case-based review and recommendations of common scenarios and interventions encountered during the provision of CRRT to patients who are critically ill. Specific focus is on initial prescription, CRRT dosing, and adjustments related to severe hyponatremia management, concomitant extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, dialysis catheter placement, use of regional citrate anticoagulation, and antibiotic dosing. This case-driven simulation is made as the clinical status of the patient evolves, and is on the basis of step-wise decisions made during the care of this patient, according to the specific patient's needs and the logistics available at the corresponding institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Neyra
- Division of Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lenar Yessayan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melissa L. Thompson Bastin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Keith M Wille
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ashita J Tolwani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, Connor MJ, Liu KD, Ostermann M, Rimmelé T, Zarbock A, Bell S, Bihorac A, Cantaluppi V, Hoste E, Husain-Syed F, Germain MJ, Goldstein SL, Gupta S, Joannidis M, Kashani K, Koyner JL, Legrand M, Lumlertgul N, Mohan S, Pannu N, Peng Z, Perez-Fernandez XL, Pickkers P, Prowle J, Reis T, Srisawat N, Tolwani A, Vijayan A, Villa G, Yang L, Ronco C, Kellum JA. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. NATURE REVIEWS. NEPHROLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33060844 DOI: 10.37473/fic/10.1038/s41581-020-00372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kidney involvement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common, and can range from the presence of proteinuria and haematuria to acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT; also known as kidney replacement therapy). COVID-19-associated AKI (COVID-19 AKI) is associated with high mortality and serves as an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiology and mechanisms of AKI in patients with COVID-19 have not been fully elucidated and seem to be multifactorial, in keeping with the pathophysiology of AKI in other patients who are critically ill. Little is known about the prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI. The emergence of regional 'surges' in COVID-19 cases can limit hospital resources, including dialysis availability and supplies; thus, careful daily assessment of available resources is needed. In this Consensus Statement, the Acute Disease Quality Initiative provides recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI based on current literature. We also make recommendations for areas of future research, which are aimed at improving understanding of the underlying processes and improving outcomes for patients with COVID-19 AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra K Nadim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lui G Forni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Connor
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Intensive Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samira Bell
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Azra Bihorac
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Hoste
- Intensive Care Unit, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Faeq Husain-Syed
- Division of Nephrology, Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael J Germain
- Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Associates of New England, Baystate Medical Center U Mass Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Joannidis
- Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kianoush Kashani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jay L Koyner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nuttha Lumlertgul
- Department of Intensive Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Nephrology, Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumit Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neesh Pannu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xose L Perez-Fernandez
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John Prowle
- Critical Care and Peri-operative Medicine Research Group, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Thiago Reis
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology, Clínica de Doenças Renais de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Division of Nephrology, Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashita Tolwani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anitha Vijayan
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gianluca Villa
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Li Yang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, Connor MJ, Liu KD, Ostermann M, Rimmelé T, Zarbock A, Bell S, Bihorac A, Cantaluppi V, Hoste E, Husain-Syed F, Germain MJ, Goldstein SL, Gupta S, Joannidis M, Kashani K, Koyner JL, Legrand M, Lumlertgul N, Mohan S, Pannu N, Peng Z, Perez-Fernandez XL, Pickkers P, Prowle J, Reis T, Srisawat N, Tolwani A, Vijayan A, Villa G, Yang L, Ronco C, Kellum JA. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:747-764. [PMID: 33060844 PMCID: PMC7561246 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kidney involvement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common, and can range from the presence of proteinuria and haematuria to acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT; also known as kidney replacement therapy). COVID-19-associated AKI (COVID-19 AKI) is associated with high mortality and serves as an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiology and mechanisms of AKI in patients with COVID-19 have not been fully elucidated and seem to be multifactorial, in keeping with the pathophysiology of AKI in other patients who are critically ill. Little is known about the prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI. The emergence of regional 'surges' in COVID-19 cases can limit hospital resources, including dialysis availability and supplies; thus, careful daily assessment of available resources is needed. In this Consensus Statement, the Acute Disease Quality Initiative provides recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and management of COVID-19 AKI based on current literature. We also make recommendations for areas of future research, which are aimed at improving understanding of the underlying processes and improving outcomes for patients with COVID-19 AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra K Nadim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lui G Forni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Connor
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Intensive Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samira Bell
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Azra Bihorac
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Hoste
- Intensive Care Unit, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Faeq Husain-Syed
- Division of Nephrology, Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael J Germain
- Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Associates of New England, Baystate Medical Center U Mass Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Joannidis
- Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kianoush Kashani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jay L Koyner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nuttha Lumlertgul
- Department of Intensive Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Nephrology, Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumit Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neesh Pannu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xose L Perez-Fernandez
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John Prowle
- Critical Care and Peri-operative Medicine Research Group, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Thiago Reis
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
- Department of Nephrology, Clínica de Doenças Renais de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Division of Nephrology, Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashita Tolwani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anitha Vijayan
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gianluca Villa
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Li Yang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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30
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Bi X, Zhang Q, Zhuang F, Lu W, Ding F. Optimized calcium supplementation approach in post-dilution CVVHDF using regional citrate anticoagulation. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:165-173. [PMID: 32842823 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820951813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional citrate anticoagulation has been recommended as first choice for anticoagulation of continuous renal replacement therapy. Precise calcium supplementation is important for the safety of regional citrate anticoagulation. In this study we aimed to provide an optimized calcium supplementation approach for regional citrate anticoagulation in post-dilution continuous venous-venous hemodiafiltration. METHODS Twenty-seven patients receiving post-dilution continuous venous-venous hemodiafiltration anticoagulated by citrate were included in this study. The ionized calcium levels were monitored and maintained in the targeted range. After linear regression analysis of the clearance of non-protein bound calcium and calculating the ratio of the non-protein bound calcium concentration to total calcium concentration, we concluded the mathematical model for calcium supplementation. RESULTS Positive correlations were found between the clearance of non-protein bound calcium and both dialysate flow rates (r = 0.647, p < 0.001) and ultrafiltration plus substitution fluid flow rates (r = 0.525, p = 0.005). The ratio of the non-protein bound calcium concentration to total calcium concentration values at the pre-filter point after infusion of citrate were constant about 0.83. Based on the clearance and the calcium ratio, the amount of extracorporeal calcium removal can be estimated with a simplified equation. CONCLUSIONS We provided an optimized calcium supplementation approach for post-dilution continuous venous-venous hemodiafiltration anticoagulated by citrate which may help to estimate the amount of extracorporeal circuit removal of calcium with regard to different dosages of regional citrate anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bi
- Division of Nephrology & Critical Care Nephrology Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology & Critical Care Nephrology Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhuang
- Division of Nephrology & Critical Care Nephrology Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Division of Nephrology & Critical Care Nephrology Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Division of Nephrology & Critical Care Nephrology Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Ostermann M, Bellomo R, Burdmann EA, Doi K, Endre ZH, Goldstein SL, Kane-Gill SL, Liu KD, Prowle JR, Shaw AD, Srisawat N, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Kellum JA. Controversies in acute kidney injury: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Conference. Kidney Int 2020; 98:294-309. [PMID: 32709292 PMCID: PMC8481001 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published a guideline on the classification and management of acute kidney injury (AKI). The guideline was derived from evidence available through February 2011. Since then, new evidence has emerged that has important implications for clinical practice in diagnosing and managing AKI. In April of 2019, KDIGO held a controversies conference entitled Acute Kidney Injury with the following goals: determine best practices and areas of uncertainty in treating AKI; review key relevant literature published since the 2012 KDIGO AKI guideline; address ongoing controversial issues; identify new topics or issues to be revisited for the next iteration of the KDIGO AKI guideline; and outline research needed to improve AKI management. Here, we present the findings of this conference and describe key areas that future guidelines may address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care, King's College London, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel A Burdmann
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zoltan H Endre
- Prince of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandra L Kane-Gill
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John R Prowle
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Shaw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Cheung
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Antibiotic Exposure Profiles in Trials Comparing Intensity of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:e863-e871. [PMID: 31397714 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the probability of target attainment over 72 hours of initial therapy with beta-lactam (cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam) and carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem) antibiotics were substantially influenced between intensive and less-intensive continuous renal replacement therapy groups in the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network trial and The RENAL Replacement Therapy Study trial. DESIGN The probability of target attainment was calculated using pharmacodynamic targets of percentage of time that free serum concentrations (fT): 1) were above the target organism's minimum inhibitory concentration (≥ fT > 1 × minimum inhibitory concentration); 2) were above four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (≥ % fT > 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration); and 3) were always above the minimum inhibitory concentration (≥ 100% fT > minimum inhibitory concentration) for the first 72 hours of antibiotic therapy. Demographic data and effluent rates from the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network and RENAL Replacement Therapy Study trials were used. Optimal doses were defined as the dose achieving greater than or equal to 90% probability of target attainment. SETTING Monte Carlo simulations using demographic data from Acute Renal Failure Trial Network and RENAL Replacement Therapy Study trials. PATIENTS Virtual critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The pharmacodynamic target of fT greater than 1 × minimum inhibitory concentration led to similarly high rates of predicted response with antibiotic doses often used in continuous renal replacement therapy. Achieving 100% fT greater than minimum inhibitory concentration is a more stringent benchmark compared with T greater than 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration with standard antibiotic dosing. The intensity of effluent flow rates (less intensive vs intensive) did not substantially influence the probability of target attainment of antibiotic dosing regimens regardless of pharmacodynamic target. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic pharmacodynamic target attainment rates likely were not meaningfully different in the low- and high-intensity treatment arms of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network and RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators trials.
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Jang SM, Lewis SJ, Mueller BA. Harmonizing antibiotic regimens with renal replacement therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:887-895. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1764845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Jang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Susan J. Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, Findlay, OH, USA
| | - Bruce A. Mueller
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Drug Dosing Considerations in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8010018. [PMID: 32046092 PMCID: PMC7151686 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is very common in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Despite the advancement in medicine, the mortality rate from septic shock can be as high as 60%. This manuscript describes drug-dosing considerations and challenges for clinicians. For instance, drugs’ pharmacokinetic changes (e.g., decreased protein binding and increased volume of distribution) and drug property changes in critical illness affecting solute or drug clearance during renal replacement therapy. Moreover, different types of renal replacement therapy (intermittent hemodialysis, prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy or sustained low-efficiency dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy) are discussed to describe how to optimize the drug administration strategies. With updated literature, pharmacodynamic targets and empirical dosing recommendations for commonly used antibiotics in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy are outlined. It is vital to utilize local epidemiology and resistance patterns to select appropriate antibiotics to optimize clinical outcomes. Therapeutic drug monitoring should be used, when possible. This review should be used as a guide to develop a patient-specific antibiotic therapy plan.
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Griffin BR, Thomson A, Yoder M, Francis I, Ambruso S, Bregman A, Feller M, Johnson-Bortolotto S, King C, Bonnes D, Dufficy L, Wu C, Bansal A, Tad-Y D, Faubel S, Jalal D. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Dosing in Critically Ill Patients: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 74:727-735. [PMID: 31540789 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Clinical practice guidelines recommend delivering a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) dose of 20 to 25mL/kg/h. However, practice patterns nationwide are highly variable; this inconsistent prescribing may lead to errors in medication dosing and increase rates of electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities. We describe an initiative to standardize CRRT practice patterns and reduce dosing variability. STUDY DESIGN Quality improvement study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Adult patients treated with CRRT at the University of Colorado Hospital between January 2016 and October 2017. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES An assessment of the magnitude of the variability in CRRT dosing and the following specific interventions were implemented during the course of 1 year: (1) modification of the electronic medical record (EMR) to include calculated average 24-hour dose in real time, (2) modification of the CRRT procedure note to include comments on dosing, (3) modification of the CRRT order set to display calculations, and (4) yearly educational sessions for renal fellows outlining CRRT-specific dosing targets. OUTCOMES The primary outcome was weekly percentage of CRRT treatments with an average delivered daily dose of 20 to 25mL/kg/h. Process and balancing outcomes included CRRT flowsheet accuracy, documentation of rates of delivered dose, and nursing satisfaction. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Rates of weekly CRRT dosing in compliance with national guidelines were determined and used to create run charts showing compliance rates before and after the quality improvement interventions. RESULTS Among 837 treatments before the intervention, 279 (33%) daily CRRT sessions achieved an average dose of 20 to 25mL/kg/h. Following implementation of interventions, 631 of 952 (66%) treatments achieved this goal. Week-to-week variation in dosing was significantly reduced. LIMITATIONS A single-center study generating data that may not be generalizable to institutions with different CRRT nursing models or different EMR systems. CONCLUSIONS Changes to the EMR and documentation templates and education of CRRT providers about dosing were associated with doubling of the rate of appropriate CRRT dosing and reduction in dosing variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Griffin
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | | | - Mark Yoder
- University of Colorado Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Isaiah Francis
- University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Sophia Ambruso
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; Renal Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Adam Bregman
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaorong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Anip Bansal
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darlene Tad-Y
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Sarah Faubel
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension/Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; Renal Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Diana Jalal
- Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is now the mainstay of renal organ support in the critically ill. As our understanding of CRRT delivery and its impact on patient outcomes improves there is a focus on researching the potential benefits of tailored, patient-specific treatments to meet dynamic needs. RECENT FINDINGS The most up-to-date studies investigating aspects of CRRT prescription that can be individualized: CRRT dose, timing, fluid management, membrane selection, anticoagulation and vascular access are reviewed. The use of different doses of CRRT lack conventional high-quality evidence and importantly studies reveal variation in assessment of dose delivery. Research reveals conflicting evidence for clinicians in distinguishing which patients will benefit from 'watchful waiting' vs. early initiation of CRRT. Both dynamic CRRT dosing and precision fluid management using CRRT are difficult to investigate and currently only observational data supports individualization of prescriptions. Similarly, individualization of membrane choice is largely experimental. SUMMARY Clinicians have limited evidence to individualize the prescription of CRRT. To develop this, we need to understand the requirements for renal support for individual patients, such as electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload or clearance of systemic inflammatory mediators to allow us to target these abnormalities in appropriately designed randomized trials.
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Prince LK, Nee R, Yuan CM. The Acute Dialysis Orders Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Fellow Performance on a Formative Assessment of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy Competence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 14:1346-1354. [PMID: 31409597 PMCID: PMC6730513 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Acute kidney replacement therapy (KRT) prescription is a critical nephrology skill. We administered a formative objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to nephrology fellows to assess acute KRT medical knowledge, patient care, and systems-based practice competencies. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Prospective cohort study of an educational test using the unified model of construct validity. We tested 117 fellows: 25 (four programs) in 2016 and 92 (15 programs) in 2017; 51 first-year and 66 second-year fellows. Using institutional protocols and order sets, fellows wrote orders and answered open-ended questions on a three-scenario OSCE, previously validated by board-certified, practicing clinical nephrologists. Outcomes were overall and scenario pass percentage and score; percent correctly answering predetermined, evidence-based questions; second-year score correlation with in-training examination score; and satisfaction survey. RESULTS A total of 76% passed scenario 1 (acute continuous RRT): 92% prescribed a ≥20 ml/kg per hour effluent dose; 63% estimated clearance as effluent volume. Forty-two percent passed scenario 2 (maintenance dialysis initiation); 75% correctly prescribed 3-4 mEq/L K+ dialysate and 12% identified the two absolute, urgent indications for maintenance dialysis initiation (uremic encephalopathy and pericarditis). Six percent passed scenario 3 (acute life-threatening hyperkalemia); 20% checked for rebound hyperkalemia with two separate blood draws. Eighty-three percent correctly withheld intravenous sodium bicarbonate for acute hyperkalemia in a nonacidotic, volume-overloaded patient on maintenance dialysis, and 32% passed overall. Second-year versus first-year fellow overall score was 44.4±4 versus 42.7±5 (one-tailed P=0.02), with 39% versus 24% passing (P=0.08). Second-year in-training examination and OSCE scores were not significantly correlated (r=0.15; P=0.26). Seventy-seven percent of fellows agreed the OSCE was useful in assessing "proficiency in ordering" acute KRT. Limitations include lack of a validated criterion test, and unfamiliarity with open-ended question format. CONCLUSIONS The OSCE can provide quantitative data for formative Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency assessments and identify opportunities for dialysis curriculum development. PODCAST This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2019_08_08_CJASNPodcast_19_09_.mp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Prince
- Nephrology Service, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Nee
- Nephrology Service, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christina M Yuan
- Nephrology Service, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Griffin BR, Ambruso S, Jovanovich A, Bansal A, Linas S, Dylewski J. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Dosing in the Severely Underweight: A Case Report. Kidney Med 2019; 1:217-220. [PMID: 32734202 PMCID: PMC7380368 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines recommend that patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy be delivered an effluent dose of 20 to 25 mL/kg/h. There is debate, especially at the extremes of body mass index, as to whether actual or ideal body weight (IBW) should be used in these dose calculations. A middle-aged woman with severe anorexia presented with 48 hours of altered mental status. Laboratory tests showed severe metabolic acidosis necessitating intubation, which was ultimately found to be due to nonprescribed use of metformin for weight loss. The patient became anuric and was initiated on continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Due to refractory acidosis, the modality was converted to continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration by adding postfilter hypertonic bicarbonate solution. Based on changes in sodium and bicarbonate levels over 4 hours with hypertonic bicarbonate solution, we were able to calculate an “effective” volume of distribution for this severely underweight patient. Our calculations suggest that IBW gives a better approximation of effective volume of distribution than actual body weight in a severely underweight woman. Inadequate effluent flow rate calculated based on actual rather than IBW may lead to insufficient correction of metabolic derangements in extremely underweight patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Griffin
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Sophia Ambruso
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Renal Section, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO
| | - Anna Jovanovich
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Renal Section, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO
| | - Anip Bansal
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Stu Linas
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Division of Nephrology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - James Dylewski
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Division of Nephrology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
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Abstract
Dialyzer clearance of urea multiplied by dialysis time and normalized for urea distribution volume (Kt/Vurea or simply Kt/V) has been used as an index of dialysis adequacy since more than 30 years. This article reviews the flaws of Kt/V, starting with a lack of proof of concept in three randomized controlled hard outcome trials (RCTs), and continuing with a long list of conditions where the concept of Kt/V was shown to be flawed. This information leaves little room for any conclusion other than that Kt/V, as an indicator of dialysis adequacy, is obsolete. The dialysis patient might benefit more if, instead, the nephrology community concentrates in the future on pursuing the optimal dialysis dose that conforms with adequate quality of life and on factors that are likely to affect outcomes more than Kt/V. These include residual renal function, volume status, dialysis length, ultrafiltration rate, the number of intra-dialytic hypotensive episodes, interdialytic blood pressure, serum potassium and phosphate, serum albumin, and C reactive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert Lameire
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Yu W, Zhuang F, Ma S, Zhu M, Ding F. Solutes removal characteristics at various effluent rates during different continuous renal replacement therapy modalities. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 42:354-361. [PMID: 30905252 DOI: 10.1177/0391398819836045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:Some studies suggest the effluent as a surrogate solute removal indicator in continuous hemodialysis or hemofiltration, but the delivered clearance is frequently smaller than prescribed. This study aims at testing whether the effluent, represented by mL/kg/h, could measure solute clearance and whether increasing effluent increases clearance proportionately in continuous hemodialysis or hemofiltration.Methods:Patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy for various diagnoses were included. The range of dialysate flow rate or substitution fluid flow rate was 1–5 L/h; solutes in the effluent and in the plasma entering the filter were measured, and the ratio of solutes in the effluent and in the plasma entering the filter and the clearance of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphate, and β2-microglobulin were calculated.Results:The ratio of solutes in the effluent and in the plasma entering the filter showed a decreasing trend with increased dialysate flow rate or substitution fluid flow rate ( p < 0.05), but solute clearance showed an increasing trend. The increase in solute clearance was less than expected from the increased effluent ( p < 0.01), and actual delivered clearance was always below the corresponding prescribed clearance ( p < 0.001).Conclusion:With increasing prescribed clearance of continuous renal replacement therapy, effluent rate overestimated the delivered clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Yu
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhuang
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingli Zhu
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ding
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Renal replacement therapy: a practical update. Can J Anaesth 2019; 66:593-604. [PMID: 30725343 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-019-01306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decrease in kidney function, with the most severe form requiring some method of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The use of RRT is required in 5-10% of critically ill patients who develop severe AKI. Renal replacement therapy can be provided as either intermittent hemodialysis or one of the various modes of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), with CRRT potentially conferring an advantage with respect to renal recovery and dialysis independence. There is no difference in mortality when comparing low (< 25 mL·kg-1·hr-1) vs high (> 40 mL·kg-1·hr-1) RRT dosing. Continuous renal replacement therapy may be run in different modes of increasing complexity depending on a given patient's clinical needs. Regional citrate anticoagulation is recommended as the therapy of choice for the majority of critically ill patients requiring CRRT.
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Nakamura Y, Chihara S, Tatsumi H, Masuda Y. Evaluation of circuit lifetime in continuous renal replacement therapy using two types of polysulfone membranes. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-018-0196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Chihara S, Masuda Y, Tatsumi H, Yamakage M. Evaluation of pre- and post-dilution continuous veno-venous hemofiltration on leukocyte and platelet function in patients with sepsis. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 42:9-16. [PMID: 30278811 DOI: 10.1177/0391398818801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the differences in biocompatibility pre- and post-dilution during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in patients with sepsis, focusing on leukocyte and platelet function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 12 patients with septic shock who underwent veno-venous hemofiltration for acute kidney injury between March 2016 and September 2017. The first six patients received pre-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration, and the next six patients received post-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. The blood flow rate and filtration flow rate for veno-venous hemofiltration using a polysulfone hemofilter were set to 150 and 35 mL/min, respectively. Leukocyte and platelet counts were determined at 0 and 24 h after veno-venous hemofiltration commencement. Serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels, the induction rates of regulatory T cells, the expression rate of monocyte HLA-DR, neutrophil phagocytic and sterilizing ability, and platelet P-selectin expression rate were determined at 0, 6, and 24 h after veno-venous hemofiltration commencement. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the two groups. Serum interleukin-6 decreased over time during pre- and post-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. Serum interleukin-10 levels decreased during pre-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration, but remained unchanged during post-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. The Treg and platelet P-selectin expression rates significantly increased at 24 h compared to 0 h during post-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. Neutrophil phagocytic ability at 24 h was significantly decreased compared to that at 0 h during post-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. No significant changes in leukocyte and platelet function were observed during pre-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration. CONCLUSION: Pre-dilution veno-venous hemofiltration demonstrates superior biocompatibility in terms of decreased leukocyte function and platelet activation in septic shock patients with acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Chihara
- 1 Division of Clinical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Masuda
- 2 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tatsumi
- 2 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Costa E Silva VT, Caires RA, Bezerra JS, Costalonga EC, Oliveira APL, Oliveira Coelho F, Fukushima JT, Soares CM, Oikawa L, Hajjar LA, Burdmann EA. Use of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemodialysis in critically ill cancer patients with acute kidney injury. J Crit Care 2018; 47:302-309. [PMID: 29859647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) protocol for continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) in cancer patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred twenty two consecutive ICU cancer patients with AKI treated with citrate-based CVVHD were prospectively evaluated in this prospective observational study. RESULTS A total of 7198 h of CVVHD therapy (250 filters) were performed. Patients were 61.3 ± 15.7 years old, 78% had solid cancer and the main AKI cause was sepsis (50%). The in-hospital mortality was 78.7%. Systemic ionized calcium (SCai) was 4.35 (4.10-4.60) mg/dL, severe hypocalcemia (SCai <3.6 mg/dL) was observed in 4.3% of procedures and post-filter ionized calcium was 1.60 (1.40-1.80) mg/dL. Median filter patency was 24.8 (11-43) hours. Factors related to filter clotting were: no tumor evidence (OR 0.44, CI 0.18-0.99); genitourinary tumor (OR 1.83, CI 1.18-2.81); platelets number (each 10,000/mm3) (OR 1.02, CI 1.00-1.04); International Normatized Ratio (INR) (OR 0.59, CI 0.41-0.85) and citrate dose (each 10 mL/h) (OR 0.88, CI 0.82-0.95). CONCLUSION Filter patency was relatively short and clotting was associated with active cancer disease, genitourinary tumor, lower citrate dose and lower INR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Torres Costa E Silva
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renato Antunes Caires
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Bezerra
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elerson C Costalonga
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Leandro Oliveira
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Coelho
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia T Fukushima
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo School Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cilene Muniz Soares
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Oikawa
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludhmila Abrahão Hajjar
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo School Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel A Burdmann
- Nephrology Division, Sao Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Romagnoli S, Clark WR, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Renal replacement therapy for AKI: When? How much? When to stop? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31:371-385. [PMID: 29248144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a serious clinical disorder in the intensive care unit (ICU), occurring in a significant proportion of critically ill patients. However, many questions remain about the optimal administration of RRT with regard to several important considerations, including treatment dose, timing of treatment initiation and cessation, therapy mode, type of anticoagulation, and management of fluid overload. While Level 1 evidence exists for RRT dosing in AKI, all the studies contributing to this evidence base employed fixed-dose regimens throughout a patient's continuous RRT (CRRT) course, without regard for the possibility of individualizing treatment dose according to the clinical status of a given patient at a specific time. As opposed to CRRT dose, no consensus about the timing of RRT in critically ill AKI patients exists currently. While numerous clinical trials over the past 40 years have attempted to assess "early" versus "late" initiation of RRT, they have been plagued by a myriad of methodological problems, including their largely observational nature and the widely varying definitions of early and late initiation. Although questions about the appropriate timing of CRRT discontinuation arise very frequently in clinical practice, even less information is available in the literature to guide this important decision. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on RRT delivery to critically ill AKI patients, with specific attention paid to treatment dose and timing and emphasis on addressing the practical questions that arise in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - William R Clark
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Zaccaria Ricci
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
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Experimental and Clinical Evaluation of Predilution and Postdilution Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration on Clearance Characteristics. ASAIO J 2017; 63:229-234. [PMID: 27861424 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the clearance characteristics of low-to-high molecular weight substances during pre-and postdilution continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in experimental and clinical conditions. Experimental circuits for pre- and postdilution CVVH were prepared using a test solution containing creatinine (110 Da), inulin (5,000 Da), interleukin (IL)-8 (8,000 Da), IL-6 (22,000 Da), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (51,000 Da). Quantity of test solution flow and filtration flow (QF) were set to 150 ml/min and 10, 20, and 35 ml/min, respectively. Clinical CVVH settings were blood flow (QB): 150 ml/min and QF: 35 ml/min. Samples were obtained from pre- and posthemofilters, and clearance of target substances was determined during pre- and postdilution CVVH in experimental and clinical conditions. Clearance changed according to QF during both pre- and postdilution CVVH in the experiment. Clearance of creatinine, inulin (experiment only), and IL-8 during postdilution CVVH was superior to that during predilution CVVH. Few differences were seen in clearance of IL-6 and TNF-α between dilution methods in the experiment and clinical practice. Clearance of IL-8 and IL-6 decreased during postdilution CVVH over 24 hr but did not change during predilution CVVH in clinical practice. Predilution CVVH is useful for stable cytokine clearance in septic patients with acute kidney injury.
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Annigeri RA, Ostermann M, Tolwani A, Vazquez-Rangel A, Ponce D, Bagga A, Chakravarthi R, Mehta RL. Renal Support for Acute Kidney Injury in the Developing World. Kidney Int Rep 2017. [PMCID: PMC5678608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev A. Annigeri
- Department of Nephrology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
- Correspondence: Dr. Rajeev A. Annigeri, Apollo Hospitals, Department of Nephrology, 21, Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006, India.Apollo Hospitals, Department of Nephrology21, Greams Lane, Off Greams RoadChennaiTamil Nadu 600006India
| | - Marlies Ostermann
- Department of Nephrology & Critical Care, Guy’s & St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ashita Tolwani
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Daniela Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravindra L. Mehta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Clark WR, Leblanc M, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Quantification and Dosing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: A Reappraisal. Blood Purif 2017; 44:140-155. [PMID: 28586767 DOI: 10.1159/000475457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Delivered dialysis therapy is routinely measured in the management of patients with end-stage renal disease; yet, the quantification of renal replacement prescription and delivery in acute kidney injury (AKI) is less established. While continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely understood to have greater solute clearance capabilities relative to intermittent therapies, neither urea nor any other solute is specifically employed for CRRT dose assessments in clinical practice at present. Instead, the normalized effluent rate is the gold standard for CRRT dosing, although this parameter does not provide an accurate estimation of actual solute clearance for different modalities. METHODS Because this situation has created confusion among clinicians, we reappraise dose prescription and delivery for CRRT. RESULTS A critical review of RRT quantification in AKI is provided. CONCLUSION We propose an adaptation of a maintenance dialysis parameter (standard Kt/V) as a benchmark to supplement effluent-based dosing of CRRT. Video Journal Club "Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco" at http://www.karger.com/?doi=475457.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Clark
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Romano TG, Azevedo LCP, Mendes PV, Costa ELV, Park M. Effect of continuous dialysis on blood ph in acidemic hypercapnic animals with severe acute kidney injury: a randomized experimental study comparing high vs. low bicarbonate affluent. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:28. [PMID: 28560615 PMCID: PMC5449359 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling blood pH during acute ventilatory failure and hypercapnia in individuals suffering from severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is of paramount importance in critical care settings. In this situation, the optimal concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the dialysate is still an unsolved question in critical care since high concentrations may worsen carbon dioxide levels and low concentrations may not be as effective in controlling pH. Methods We performed a randomized, non-blinded, experimental study. AKI was induced in 12 female pigs via renal hilum ligation and hypoventilation by reducing the tidal volume during mechanical ventilation with the goal of achieving a pH between 7.10–7.15. After achieving the target pH, animals were randomized to undergo isovolemic hemodialysis with one of two bicarbonate concentrations in the dialysate (40 mEq/L [group 40] vs. 20 mEq/L [group 20]). Results Hemodynamic, respiratory, and laboratory data were collected. The median pH value at CRRT initiation was 7.14 [7.12, 7.15] in group 20 and 7.13 [7.09, 7.14] in group 40 (P = ns). The median baseline PaCO2 was 74 [72, 81] mmHg in group 20 vs. 79 [63, 85] mmHg in group 40 (P = ns). After 3 h of CRRT, the pH value was 7.05 [6.95, 7.09] in group 20 and 7.12 [7.1, 7.14] in group 40 (P < 0.05), with corresponding values of PaCO2 of 85 [79, 88] mmHg vs. 81 [63, 100] mmHg (P = ns). The difference in pH after 3 h was due to a metabolic component [standard base excess −10.4 [−12.5, −9.5] mEq/L in group 20 vs. –7.6 [−9.2, −5.1] mEq/L in group 40) (P < 0.05)]. Despite the increased infusion of bicarbonate in group 40, the blood CO2 content did not change during the experiment. The 12-h survival rate was higher in group 40 (67% vs. 0, P = 0.032). Conclusions A higher bicarbonate concentration in the dialysate of animals undergoing hypercapnic respiratory failure was associated with improved blood pH control without increasing the PaCO2 levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-017-0141-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gomes Romano
- Nephrology Department, ABC Medical School, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, Príncipe de Gales, Santo André, São Paulo, 09060-650, Brazil. .,Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Cesar Pontes Azevedo
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.,Emergency Medicine Discipline, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vitale Mendes
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.,Emergency Medicine Discipline, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Leite Vieira Costa
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.,Cardio-Pulmonary Department, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Park
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.,Emergency Medicine Discipline, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Finazzi S, Garbero E, Trussardi G, Bertolini G. The Hematocrit Affects the Volume of Plasma Treated With Coupled Plasma Filtration and Adsorption With Predilution. Artif Organs 2017; 41:E26-E29. [PMID: 28543387 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) is an extracorporeal blood purification technique proposed for the treatment of septic-shock. By removing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators from plasma, CPFA is supposed to have a therapeutic effect on the abnormal inflammatory response seen in this condition. Recently, blood predilution with citrate solution has been adopted to prevent clotting in the CPFA circuit-one of the main problems of the technique. Taking into account the patient's hematocrit, we worked out a formula for the volume of plasma effectively treated by CPFA after predilution. Neglecting this effect, as is commonly done, introduces significant distortions in the estimation of the volume, possibly causing under-treatment. The distortion is stronger when the hematocrit and the predilution fraction are large and weaker when both values shrink. By correctly indicating the daily dose of plasma adsorption received by patients, this formula is essential for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of CPFA and, subsequently, establishing its optimal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Finazzi
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
| | - Elena Garbero
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
| | | | - Guido Bertolini
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
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