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Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Nie G. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials with Inherent Optical and Magnetic Properties for Bioimaging and Imaging-Guided Nucleic Acid Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1234-1246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong 510700, China
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2
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Ren JM, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Wong EHH, Xu J, An Z, Shanmugam S, Davis TP, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Star Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6743-836. [PMID: 27299693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in controlled/living polymerization techniques and highly efficient coupling chemistries have enabled the facile synthesis of complex polymer architectures with controlled dimensions and functionality. As an example, star polymers consist of many linear polymers fused at a central point with a large number of chain end functionalities. Owing to this exclusive structure, star polymers exhibit some remarkable characteristics and properties unattainable by simple linear polymers. Hence, they constitute a unique class of technologically important nanomaterials that have been utilized or are currently under audition for many applications in life sciences and nanotechnologies. This article first provides a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies towards star polymers, then reviews the latest developments in the synthesis and characterization methods of star macromolecules, and lastly outlines emerging applications and current commercial use of star-shaped polymers. The aim of this work is to promote star polymer research, generate new avenues of scientific investigation, and provide contemporary perspectives on chemical innovation that may expedite the commercialization of new star nanomaterials. We envision in the not-too-distant future star polymers will play an increasingly important role in materials science and nanotechnology in both academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing M Ren
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 2000444, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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3
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Wang YY, Nunn KL, Harit D, McKinley SA, Lai SK. Minimizing biases associated with tracking analysis of submicron particles in heterogeneous biological fluids. J Control Release 2015; 220:37-43. [PMID: 26478013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the dynamic motion of individual nanoparticles or viruses offers quantitative insights into their real-time behavior and fate in different biological environments. Indeed, particle tracking is a powerful tool that has facilitated the development of drug carriers with enhanced penetration of mucus, brain tissues and other extracellular matrices. Nevertheless, heterogeneity is a hallmark of nanoparticle diffusion in such complex environments: identical particles can exhibit strongly hindered or unobstructed diffusion within microns of each other. The common practice in 2D particle tracking, namely analyzing all trackable particle traces with equal weighting, naturally biases towards rapidly diffusing sub-populations at shorter time scales. This in turn results in misrepresentation of particle behavior and a systematic underestimate of the time necessary for a population of nanoparticles to diffuse specific distances. We show here via both computational simulation and experimental data that this bias can be rigorously corrected by weighing the contribution by each particle trace on a 'frame-by-frame' basis. We believe this methodology presents an important step towards objective and accurate assessment of the heterogeneous transport behavior of submicron drug carriers and pathogens in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kenetta L Nunn
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dimple Harit
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott A McKinley
- Mathematics Department, University of Florida, 1400 Stadium Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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4
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Bagnall J, Boddington C, Boyd J, Brignall R, Rowe W, Jones NA, Schmidt L, Spiller DG, White MRH, Paszek P. Quantitative dynamic imaging of immune cell signalling using lentiviral gene transfer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:713-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bagnall
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - C. Boddington
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J. Boyd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R. Brignall
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - W. Rowe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - N. A. Jones
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - L. Schmidt
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - D. G. Spiller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - M. R. H. White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - P. Paszek
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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5
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ZHOU HAN, MA XIAOFENG, LIU YONGZE, DONG LEI, LUO YI, ZHU GUANGJIE, QIAN XIAOYUN, CHEN JIE, LU LIN, WANG JUNGUO, GAO XIA. Linear polyethylenimine-plasmid DNA nanoparticles are ototoxic to the cultured sensory epithelium of neonatal mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4381-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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6
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Paszek P. From measuring noise toward integrated single-cell biology. Front Genet 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25477903 PMCID: PMC4237129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Paszek
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni K Georgiou
- Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry; University of Hull; Hull HU6 7RX UK
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8
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Yang B, Lv Y, Wang Q, Liu Y, An H, Feng J, Zhang X, Zhuo R. Template-module assembly to prepare low-molecular-weight gene transport system with enhanced transmembrane capability. Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-5058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Krasia-Christoforou T, Georgiou TK. Polymeric theranostics: using polymer-based systems for simultaneous imaging and therapy. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3002-3025. [PMID: 32261003 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanomedicine is a large and fast growing field. Polymer-based systems have been extensively used as therapeutic carriers as well as bioimaging agents for example in tumour diagnosis. However, fewer polymeric systems have been able to combine both therapy and imaging in a new field that is called theranostics (theragnostics). This review aims to summarise the recent developments and trends on polymeric theranostics. Four different types of therapies/treatments are examined namely drug delivery, gene delivery, photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia treatment combined with different imaging moieties like magnetic resonance imaging agents, fluorescent agents and microbubbles for ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Krasia-Christoforou
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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10
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James ML, Gambhir SS. A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:897-965. [PMID: 22535898 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Humphries WH, Payne CK. Imaging lysosomal enzyme activity in live cells using self-quenched substrates. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:178-83. [PMID: 22387398 PMCID: PMC3327787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis, the internalization and transport of extracellular cargo, is an essential cellular process. The ultimate step in endocytosis is the intracellular degradation of extracellular cargo for use by the cell. While live cell imaging and single particle tracking have been well-utilized to study the internalization and transport of cargo, the final degradation step has required separate biochemical assays. We describe the use of self-quenched endocytic cargo to image the intracellular transport and degradation of endocytic cargo directly in live cells. We first outline the fluorescent labeling and quantification of two common endocytic cargos: a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a lipid nanoparticle, low-density lipoprotein. In vitro measurements confirm that self-quenching is a function of the number of fluorophores bound to the protein or particle and that recovery of the fluorescent signal occurs in response to enzymatic degradation. We then use confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to demonstrate the use of self-quenched bovine serum albumin with standard fluorescence techniques. Using live cell imaging and single particle tracking, we find that the degradation of bovine serum albumin occurs in an endo-lysosomal vesicle that is positive for LAMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William. H. Humphries
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Christine K. Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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12
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The emergence of multiple particle tracking in intracellular trafficking of nanomedicines. Biophys Rev 2012; 4:83-92. [PMID: 28510091 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-012-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of nanoparticle systems, termed "nanomedicines", are being developed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles can employ various cellular entry pathways and trafficking mechanisms to effectively deliver drugs, biomolecules, and imaging agents to precise sub-cellular locations. However, the dynamic transport of nanoparticles through the complex intracellular environment is not well understood, having been primarily studied with static or bulk averaged methods in the past. Such techniques do not provide detailed information regarding the transport mechanism and rates of individual nanoparticles, where understanding of the interaction of nanoparticles with the cellular environment remains incomplete. Recent advances in live-cell fluorescence microscopy and real-time multiple particle tracking (MPT) have facilitated an improved understanding of cell trafficking pathways. Understanding the dynamic transport of nanoparticles as they are delivered into complex cellular components may lead to rational improvements in the design of nanomedicines. This review discusses different cellular uptake and trafficking pathways of nanomedicines, briefly highlights current fluorescence microscopy tools, and provides examples from the recent literature on the use of MPT and its applications.
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Motion analysis of live objects by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2011; 2012:859398. [PMID: 22162725 PMCID: PMC3227432 DOI: 10.1155/2012/859398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Motion analysis plays an important role in studing activities or behaviors of live objects in medicine, biotechnology, chemistry, physics, spectroscopy, nanotechnology, enzymology, and biological engineering. This paper briefly reviews the developments in this area mostly in the recent three years, especially for cellular analysis in fluorescence microscopy. The topic has received much attention with the increasing demands in biomedical applications. The tasks of motion analysis include detection and tracking of objects, as well as analysis of motion behavior, living activity, events, motion statistics, and so forth. In the last decades, hundreds of papers have been published in this research topic. They cover a wide area, such as investigation of cell, cancer, virus, sperm, microbe, karyogram, and so forth. These contributions are summarized in this review. Developed methods and practical examples are also introduced. The review is useful to people in the related field for easy referral of the state of the art.
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Vercauteren D, Deschout H, Remaut K, Engbersen JFJ, Jones AT, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Dynamic colocalization microscopy to characterize intracellular trafficking of nanomedicines. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7874-84. [PMID: 21923168 DOI: 10.1021/nn2020858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of intracellular processing of nanomedicines, we employed quantitative live-cell fluorescence colocalization microscopy to study endosomal trafficking of polyplexes in retinal pigment epithelium cells. A new, dynamic colocalization algorithm was developed, based on particle tracking and trajectory correlation, allowing for spatiotemporal characterization of internalized polyplexes in comparison with endosomal compartments labeled with EGFP constructs. This revealed early trafficking of the polyplexes specifically to Rab5- and flotillin-2-positive vesicles and subsequent delivery to Rab7 and LAMP1-labeled late endolysosomes where the major fraction of the polyplexes remains entrapped for days, suggesting the functional loss of these nanomedicines. Colocalization of polyplexes with the autophagy marker LC3 suggests for the first time that the process of xenophagy could play an important role in the persistent endosomal entrapment of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vercauteren
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Bonner DK, Leung C, Chen-Liang J, Chingozha L, Langer R, Hammond PT. Intracellular trafficking of polyamidoamine-poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymers in DNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1519-25. [PMID: 21761838 DOI: 10.1021/bc200059v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acids has the potential to revolutionize medicine by allowing previously untreatable diseases to be clinically addressed. Viral delivery systems have shown immunogenicity and toxicity dangers, but synthetic vectors have lagged in transfection efficiency. Previously, we developed a modular, linear-dendritic block copolymer architecture with high gene transfection efficiency compared to commercial standards. This rationally designed system makes use of a cationic dendritic block to condense the anionic DNA and forms complexes with favorable endosomal escape properties. The linear block provides biocompatibility and protection from serum proteins, and can be functionalized with a targeting ligand. In this work, we quantitate performance of this system with respect to intracellular barriers to gene delivery using both high-throughput and traditional approaches. An image-based, high-throughput assay for endosomal escape is described and applied to the block copolymer system. Nuclear entry is demonstrated to be the most significant barrier to more efficient delivery and will be addressed in future versions of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Bonner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Ruthardt N, Lamb DC, Bräuchle C. Single-particle tracking as a quantitative microscopy-based approach to unravel cell entry mechanisms of viruses and pharmaceutical nanoparticles. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1199-211. [PMID: 21654634 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive fluorescence microscopy techniques allow single nanoparticles to be tracked during their uptake into living cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. From analysis of the trajectories, random motion can be discriminated from active transport and the average transport velocity and/or diffusion coefficient determined. Such an analysis provides important information regarding the uptake pathway and location of viruses and nanoparticles. In this review, we give an introduction into single-particle tracking (SPT) and determination of the mean-squared displacement. We also give an overview of recent advances in SPT. These include millisecond alternating-laser excitation for removal of spectral crosstalk, alternating wide-field (WF), and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for sensitive experiments at the plasma membrane and three-dimensional tracking strategies. Throughout the review, we highlight recent advances regarding the entry (and egress) of natural and artificial viruses obtained via SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ruthardt
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Szymanski CJ, Humphries WH, Payne CK. Single particle tracking as a method to resolve differences in highly colocalized proteins. Analyst 2011; 136:3527-33. [PMID: 21283889 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single particle tracking fluorescence microscopy was used to study two late endosomal proteins, Rab7 and LAMP1, that appear to be highly colocalized in static fluorescence microscopy images. Imaging these proteins simultaneously reveals that Rab7 and LAMP1 undergo periods of separation within the cell. Single particle tracking carried out during these periods of separation shows that Rab7-vesicles have greater velocities, but undergo less efficient transport than LAMP1-vesicles. This research demonstrates the use of single particle tracking as a tool to resolve functional differences in highly colocalized proteins in intact live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Szymanski
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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18
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Humphries WH, Fay NC, Payne CK. Intracellular degradation of low-density lipoprotein probed with two-color fluorescence microscopy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:536-44. [PMID: 20852797 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular vesicle-mediated degradation of extracellular cargo is an essential cellular function. Using two-color single particle tracking fluorescence microscopy, we have probed the intracellular degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in living cells. To detect degradation, individual LDL particles were heavily labeled with multiple fluorophores resulting in a quenched fluorescent signal. The degradation of the LDL particle then resulted in an increase in fluorescence. Endocytic vesicles were fluorescently labeled with variants of GFP. We imaged the transient colocalization of LDL with endocytic vesicles while simultaneously measuring the intensity of the LDL particle as an indicator of degradation. These studies demonstrate that late endosomes are active sites of degradation for LDL. Measurement of the time from colocalization with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) vesicles to degradation suggests that LAMP1-vesicles initiate the degradative event. Observing degradation as it occurs in living cells makes it possible to describe the complete endocytic pathway of LDL from internalization to degradation. More generally, this research provides a model for the intracellular degradation of extracellular cargo and a method for its study in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Humphries
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
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Ruthardt N, Bräuchle C. Visualizing uptake and intracellular trafficking of gene carriers by single-particle tracking. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:283-304. [PMID: 21504106 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle microscopy und live-cell single-particle tracking are powerful tools to follow the cellular internalization pathway of individual nanoparticles such as viruses and gene carriers and investigate their interaction with living cells. Those single-cell and single-particle methods can elucidate the "black box" between application of the gene carrier to the cell and the final gene expression and allow the essential bottlenecks to be identified in great detail on the cellular level. In this review we will give a short introduction into single-particle tracking microscopy and present an overview of the mechanisms of DNA delivery from attachment to the cell membrane over internalization towards nuclear entry unraveled by single-particle methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ruthardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitait Miinchen, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.
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20
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Reflections on more than 10 years of TGE approaches. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 64:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The timely availability of recombinant proteins in sufficient quantity and of validated quality is of utmost importance in driving drug discovery and the development of low molecular weight compounds, as well as for biotherapeutics. Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells has emerged as a promising technology for protein generation over the past decade as TGE meets all the prerequisites with respect to quantity and quality of the product as well as cost-effectiveness and speed of the process. Optimized protocols have been developed for both HEK293 and CHO cell lines which allow protein production at any desired scale up to >100 l and in milligram to gram quantities. Along with an overview on current scientific and technological knowledge, detailed protocols for expression of recombinant proteins on small, medium, and large scale are discussed in the following chapter.
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Andersson SB. Localization of a fluorescent source without numerical fitting. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:18714-18724. [PMID: 19581957 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.018714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an algebraic solution to the problem of localizing a single fluorescent particle with sub-diffraction-limit accuracy. The algorithm is derived and its performance studied experimentally. Isolated 20 nm fluorescent beads were imaged using a wide-field microscope at two different positions separated by 100 nm and at a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The data were analyzed using both the new algorithm and the standard approach of fitting the data to a Gaussian profile. Results indicate that the proposed approach is nearly as accurate as Gaussian fitting across a wide range of SNR while executing over 200 times faster. In addition, the new algorithm is able to localize at lower SNR than the fitting method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Andersson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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