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Birla RK. State of the art in Purkinje bioengineering. Tissue Cell 2024; 90:102467. [PMID: 39053130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This review article will cover the recent developments in the new evolving field of Purkinje bioengineering and the development of human Purkinje networks. Recent work has progressed to the point of a methodological and systematic process to bioengineer Purkinje networks. This involves the development of 3D models based on human anatomy, followed by the development of tunable biomaterials, and strategies to reprogram stem cells to Purkinje cells. Subsequently, the reprogrammed cells and the biomaterials are coupled to bioengineer Purkinje networks, which are then tested using a small animal injury model. In this article, we discuss this process as a whole and then each step separately. We then describe potential applications of bioengineered Purkinje networks and challenges in the field that need to be overcome to move this field forward. Although the field of Purkinje bioengineering is new and in a state of infancy, it holds tremendous potential, both for therapeutic applications and to develop tools that can be used for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Birla
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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Brimmer S, Ji P, Heinle JS, Grande-Allen J, Keswani SG. Development of a novel 3D perfusable vascular graft model to elucidate the mechanisms for congenital heart disorders. Artif Organs 2024; 48:821-830. [PMID: 38975726 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric heart transplantation is hampered by a chronic shortage of donor organs. This problem is further confounded by graft rejection. Identification of earlier indicators of pediatric graft rejection and development of subsequent strategies to counteract these effects will increase the longevity of transplanted pediatric hearts. Heart transplant reject is due to a complex series of events, resulting in CAV, which is thought to be mediated through a host immune response. However, the earlier events leading to CAV are not very well known. We hypothesize that early events related to ischemia reperfusion injury during pediatric heart transplantation are responsible for CAV and subsequent graft rejection. Identification of the molecular markers of ischemia reperfusion injury and development of subsequent therapies to block these pathways can potentially lead to a therapeutic strategy to reduce CAV and increase the longevity of the transplanted heart. To accomplish this goal, we have developed a perfusable vascular graft model populated with endothelial cells and demonstrated the feasibility of this model to understand the early events of ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Brimmer
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengfei Ji
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Heinle
- Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sundeep G Keswani
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Congenital Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Birla RK. A methodological nine-step process to bioengineer heart muscle tissue. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101425. [PMID: 32853859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of heart muscle tissue engineering is focused on the fabrication of heart muscle tissue which can be utilized to repair, replace and/or augment functionality of damaged and/or diseased tissue. In the simplest embodiment, bioengineering heart muscle tissue constructs involves culture of cardiomyocytes within natural or synthetic scaffolds. Functional integration of the cells with the scaffold and subsequent remodeling lead to the formation of 3D heart muscle tissue and physiological cues like mechanical stretch, electrical stimulation and perfusion are necessary to guide tissue maturation and development. Potential applications for bioengineered heart muscle include use as grafts to repair or replace damaged tissue, as models for basic research and as tools for high-throughput screening of pharmacological agents. In this article, we provide a methodological process to bioengineer functional 3D heart muscle tissue and discuss state of the art and potential challenges in each of the nine-step tissue fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Birla
- BIOLIFE4D, 2450 Holcombe Blvd; Houston, TX, 77204, United States.
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Schwach V, Passier R. Native cardiac environment and its impact on engineering cardiac tissue. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:3566-3580. [PMID: 31338495 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) generally have an immature fetal-like phenotype when directly compared to isolated CMs from human hearts, despite significant advance in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to multiple cardiac lineages. Therefore, hPSC-CMs may not accurately mimic all facets of healthy and diseased human adult CMs. During embryonic development, the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) experiences a gradual assembly of matrix proteins that transits along the maturation of CMs. Mimicking these dynamic stages may contribute to hPSC-CMs maturation in vitro. Thus, in this review, we describe the progressive build-up of the cardiac ECM during embryonic development, the ECM of the adult human heart and the application of natural and synthetic biomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering with hPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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Alrefai MT, Murali D, Paul A, Ridwan KM, Connell JM, Shum-Tim D. Cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration using cell-based therapy. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:81-101. [PMID: 25999743 PMCID: PMC4437607 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s54204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a forefront of current research in the treatment of heart disease. With these technologies, advancements are being made into therapies for acute ischemic myocardial injury and chronic, otherwise nonreversible, myocardial failure. The current clinical management of cardiac ischemia deals with reestablishing perfusion to the heart but not dealing with the irreversible damage caused by the occlusion or stenosis of the supplying vessels. The applications of these new technologies are not yet fully established as part of the management of cardiac diseases but will become so in the near future. The discussion presented here reviews some of the pioneering works at this new frontier. Key results of allogeneic and autologous stem cell trials are presented, including the use of embryonic, bone marrow-derived, adipose-derived, and resident cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Alrefai
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Division of Surgical Research, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada ; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Murali
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Khalid M Ridwan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Division of Surgical Research, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John M Connell
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Division of Surgical Research, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Division of Surgical Research, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mohamed MA, Hogan MK, Patel NM, Tao ZW, Gutierrez L, Birla RK. Establishing the Framework for Tissue Engineered Heart Pumps. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2015; 6:220-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13239-015-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hogan M, Mohamed M, Tao ZW, Gutierrez L, Birla R. Establishing the Framework to Support Bioartificial Heart Fabrication Using Fibrin-Based Three-Dimensional Artificial Heart Muscle. Artif Organs 2014; 39:165-71. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cullen College of Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cullen College of Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Ze-Wei Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cullen College of Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Laura Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cullen College of Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Ravi Birla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cullen College of Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
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Video Evaluation of the Kinematics and Dynamics of the Beating Cardiac Syncytium: An Alternative to the Langendorff Method. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:546-58. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many important observations and discoveries in heart physiology have been made possible using the isolated heart method of Langendorff. Nevertheless, the Langendorff method has some limitations and disadvantages such as the vulnerability of the excised heart to contusions and injuries, the probability of preconditioning during instrumentation, the possibility of inducing tissue edema, and high oxidative stress, leading to the deterioration of the contractile function. To avoid these drawbacks associated with the use of a whole heart, we alternatively used beating mouse cardiac syncytia cultured in vitro in order to assess possible ergotropic, chronotropic, and inotropic effects of drugs. To achieve this aim, we developed a method based on image processing analysis to evaluate the kinematics and the dynamics of the drug-stimulated beating syncytia starting from the video recording of their contraction movement. In this manner, in comparison with the physiological no-drug condition, we observed progressive positive ergotropic, positive chronotropic, and positive inotropic effects of 10 μM isoproterenol (β-adrenergic agonist) and early positive ergotropic, negative chronotropic, and positive inotropic effects of 10 μM phenylephrine (α-adrenergic agonist), followed by a late phase with negative ergotropic, positive chronotropic, and negative inotropic trends. Our method permitted a systematic study of in vitro beating syncytia, producing results consistent with previous works. Consequently, it could be used in in vitro studies of beating cardiac patches, as an alternative to Langendorff's heart in biochemical and pharmacological studies, and especially when the Langendorff technique is inapplicable (e.g., in studies about human cardiac syncytium in physiological and pathological conditions, patient-tailored therapeutics, and syncytium models derived from induced pluripotent/embryonic stem cells with genetic mutations). Furthermore, the method could be helpful in heart tissue engineering and bioartificial heart research to “engineer the heart piece by piece.” In particular, the proposed method could be useful in the identification of a suitable cell source, in the development and testing of “smart” biomaterials, and in the design and use of novel bioreactors and microperfusion systems.
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Evers R, Khait L, Birla RK. Fabrication of Functional Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth Muscle Pumps In Vitro. Artif Organs 2011; 35:69-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khait L, Hodonsky CJ, Birla RK. Variable optimization for the formation of three-dimensional self-organized heart muscle. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:592-601. [PMID: 19756885 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue-engineering research is focused on the development of functional three-dimensional (3D) heart muscle in vitro. These models allow the detailed study of critical events in organogenesis, such as the establishment of cell-cell communication and construction and modification of the extracellular matrix. We have previously described a model for 3D heart muscle, termed cardioids, formed by the spontaneous delamination of a cohesive monolayer of primary cells in the absence of any synthetic scaffolding material. In an earlier publication, we have shown that, upon electrical stimulation, cardioids generate a twitch force in the range of 200-300 microN, generate a specific force (twitch force normalized to total cross-sectional area) of 2-4 kN/m(2), and can be electrically paced at frequencies of up to 10 Hz without any notable fatigue. We have two objectives for the current study: model development and model optimization. Our model development efforts are focused on providing additional characterization of the cardioid model. In this study, we show for the first time that cardioids show a pattern of gene expression comparable to that of cells cultured in two dimensions on tissue culture plastic and normal mammalian heart muscle. Compared with primary cardiac cells cultured on tissue culture plastic, the expression of alpha-myosin heavy chain (MHC), beta-MHC, SERCA2, and phospholamban was significantly higher in cardioids. Our second objective, model optimization, is focused on evaluating the effect of several cell culture variables on cardioid formation and function. Specifically, we looked at the effect of plating density (1.0-4.0 x 10(6) cells per cardioid), concentration of two adhesion proteins (laminin at 0.2-2.0 microg/cm(2) and fibronectin at 1-10 microg/cm(2)), myocyte purity (using preplating times of 15 and 60 min), and ascorbic acid stimulation (1-100 microl/ml). For our optimization studies, we utilized twitch force in response to electrical stimulation as our endpoint metric. Based on these studies, we found that cardioids formed with a plating density in the range 3-4 x 10(6) cells per cardioid generated the maximum twitch force, whereas increasing the surface adhesion protein (using either laminin or fibronectin) and increasing the myocyte purity both resulted in a decrease in twitch force. In addition, increasing the ascorbic acid concentration resulted in an increase in the baseline force of cardioids, which was recorded in the absence of electrical stimulation. Based on the model development studies, we have shown that cardioids do indeed exhibit a gene expression pattern similar to normal mammalian heart muscle. This provides further validity for the cardioid model. Based on the model optimization studies, we have identified specific cell culture regimes which support cardioid formation and function. These results are specific to the cardioid model; however, they may be translated and applied to other tissue-engineering models. Collectively, the work described in this study provides insight into the formation of functional 3D heart muscle and the effect of several cell culture variables on tissue formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luda Khait
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Artificial Heart Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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Hecker L, Khait L, Radnoti D, Birla R. Novel bench-top perfusion system improves functional performance of bioengineered heart muscle. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lee EJ, Kim DE, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD. Engineered cardiac organoid chambers: toward a functional biological model ventricle. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:215-25. [PMID: 18333774 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing area in the field of tissue engineering is the development of tissue equivalents as model systems for in vitro experimentation and high-throughput screening applications. Although a variety of strategies have been developed to enhance the structure and function of engineered cardiac tissues, an inherent limitation with traditional myocardial patches is that they do not permit evaluation of the fundamental relationships between pressure and volume that characterize global contractile function of the heart. Therefore, in the following study we introduce fully biological, living engineered cardiac organoids, or simplified heart chambers, that beat spontaneously, develop pressure, eject fluid, contain residual stress, exhibit a functional Frank-Starling mechanism, and generate positive stroke work. We also demonstrate regional variations in pump function following local cryoinjury, yielding a novel engineered tissue model of myocardial infarction. With the unique ability to directly evaluate relevant pressure-volume characteristics and regulate wall stress, this organoid chamber culture system provides a flexible platform for developing a controllable biomimetic cardiac niche environment that can be adapted for a variety of high-throughput and long-term investigations of cardiac pump function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Effect of streptomycin on the active force of bioengineered heart muscle in response to controlled stretch. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 44:253-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang YC, Khait L, Birla RK. Modulating the Functional Performance of Bioengineered Heart Muscle Using Growth Factor Stimulation. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:1372-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Development of a Microperfusion System for the Culture of Bioengineered Heart Muscle. ASAIO J 2008; 54:284-94. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31817432dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hecker L, Birla RK. Intangible factors leading to success in research: strategy, innovation and leadership. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:85-92. [PMID: 20559961 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-007-9000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
At the heart of research is the scientific process, which includes identifying a knowledge gap, execution of experiments, and finally, presentation of scientific data. Identifying a systematic way to undertake research is important; however, equally important are intangible factors, including strategy, innovation and leadership, in determining the outcome of any research project. These intangible factors, although often unspoken, are the essence of success in research. Strategy determines the direction of research and the ability to respond to acute changes in the field to ensure a competitive advantage. Innovation involves generating novel ideas, and at the heart of innovation is the ability to create a positive work environment. Leadership is the ability to exercise influence so as to create change; empowerment and the ability to create leaders at every level are central to effective leadership. Collectively, defining and implementing aspects of these intangible factors will strengthen any research endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hecker
- Artificial Heart Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Khait L, Hecker L, Blan NR, Coyan G, Migneco F, Huang YC, Birla RK. Getting to the Heart of Tissue Engineering. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-007-9005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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