1
|
Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147703. [PMID: 34299322 PMCID: PMC8306669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA’s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA’s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA’s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang H, Du X, He Z, Yan Z, Han W. Nanoparticles for Stem Cell Tracking and the Potential Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662406. [PMID: 34277609 PMCID: PMC8283769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have been shown potential in regenerative medicine. In these cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability of self-renewal and being differentiated into different types of cells, such as cardiovascular cells. Moreover, MSCs have low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties, and can protect the myocardium, which are ideal qualities for cardiovascular repair. Transplanting mesenchymal stem cells has demonstrated improved outcomes for treating cardiovascular diseases in preclinical trials. However, there still are some challenges, such as their low rate of migration to the ischemic myocardium, low tissue retention, and low survival rate after the transplantation. To solve these problems, an ideal method should be developed to precisely and quantitatively monitor the viability of the transplanted cells in vivo for providing the guidance of clinical translation. Cell imaging is an ideal method, but requires a suitable contrast agent to label and track the cells. This article reviews the uses of nanoparticles as contrast agents for tracking MSCs and the challenges of clinical use of MSCs in the potential treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Huang
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuejun Du
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiguo He
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Yan
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Han
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu Z, Wenyan T, Xuewen S, Baixiang D, Qian W, Zhaoyan W, Yinxiang Y, Suqing Q, Zuo L. Immunological effects of the intraparenchymal administration of allogeneic and autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after the acute phase of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Transl Med 2018; 16:339. [PMID: 30518375 PMCID: PMC6280522 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) therapy can promote recovery from cerebral ischemia; however, more information regarding appropriate sources of ADMSCs is required. This study was aimed at analyzing the immunogenicity of rat ADMSCs by comparing the immunological effects of intraparenchymal administration of allogeneic ADMSCs (allo-ADMSCs) and autologous ADMSCs (auto-ADMSCs) after the acute phase of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. METHODS Allo- or auto-ADMSCs from rats (1 × 106 cells) were transplanted into Lewis rats 8 days post MCAO. The immunogenicity of ADMSCs was analyzed using coculture with T lymphocytes. The in vivo immune response induced by rat ADMSCs and the viability, migration, and differentiation of transplanted ADMSCs were detected using immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis within the populations of transplanted cells were detected using a TUNEL assay. Infarct volume was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Post-treatment neurological function was evaluated using a modified neurological severity score and rotarod test. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Compared with allo-ADMSCs, auto-ADMSCs showed lower immunogenicity and evoked weaker immunological responses. Allo-ADMSCs evoked significantly stronger protein expression of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, as well as the local accumulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and microglial cells. This indicates that auto-ADMSCs may contribute to higher survival rates, longer survival time, wider migratory scope, and fewer apoptotic cells. In addition, a small number of transplanted auto-ADMSCs expressed astrocyte-like and neuron-like markers 28 days after transplantation. We did not observe surviving transplanted allo-ADMSCs at this time point. We also found that auto-ADMSCs induced a greater degree of functional recovery and a greater reduction in infarct volume than allo-ADMSCs 28 days after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Auto-ADMSCs were more effective than allo-ADMSCs in promoting recovery and reducing the infarct volume of MCAO rats. This could be associated with better viability, migratory ability, and differentiation potential, as well as a lower rate of apoptosis. Confirmation of the superiority of auto-ADMSCs and clarification of the underlying mechanisms will provide a theoretical basis for the improved clinical treatment of cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.,Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 251, Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Tang Wenyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Su Xuewen
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Baixiang
- Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd., No. 14, Zhonghe Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wang Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wang Zhaoyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yang Yinxiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qu Suqing
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Luan Zuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, No. 6, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lippert T, Gelineau L, Napoli E, Borlongan CV. Harnessing neural stem cells for treating psychiatric symptoms associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:10-22. [PMID: 28365374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain insults with progressive neurodegeneration are inherent in pathological symptoms that represent many psychiatric illnesses. Neural network disruptions characterized by impaired neurogenesis have been recognized to precede, accompany, and possibly even exacerbate the evolution and progression of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Here, we focus on the neurodegeneration and the resulting psychiatric symptoms observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy, in an effort to show that these two diseases are candidate targets for stem cell therapy. In particular, we provide preclinical evidence in the transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in both conditions, highlighting the potential of this cell-based treatment for correcting the psychiatric symptoms that plague these two disorders. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of NSC transplantation and offer insights into the mechanisms that may mediate the therapeutic benefits and can be exploited to overcome the hurdles of translating this therapy from the laboratory to the clinic. Our ultimate goal is to advance stem cell therapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trenton Lippert
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lindsey Gelineau
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 3011 VM3B 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA..
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Modulation of Post-Stroke Plasticity and Regeneration by Stem Cell Therapy and Exogenic Factors. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO REGENERATION AND REPAIR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Rao G, Mashkouri S, Aum D, Marcet P, Borlongan CV. Contemplating stem cell therapy for epilepsy-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:585-596. [PMID: 28260906 PMCID: PMC5328607 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating disease that impacts millions of people worldwide. While unprovoked seizures characterize its cardinal symptom, an important aspect of epilepsy that remains to be addressed is the neuropsychiatric component. It has been documented for millennia in paintings and literature that those with epilepsy can suffer from bouts of aggression, depression, and other psychiatric ailments. Current treatments for epilepsy include the use of antiepileptic drugs and surgical resection. Antiepileptic drugs reduce the overall firing of the brain to mitigate the rate of seizure occurrence. Surgery aims to remove a portion of the brain that is suspected to be the source of aberrant firing that leads to seizures. Both options treat the seizure-generating neurological aspect of epilepsy, but fail to directly address the neuropsychiatric components. A promising new treatment for epilepsy is the use of stem cells to treat both the biological and psychiatric components. Stem cell therapy has been shown efficacious in treating experimental models of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, and neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression. Additional research is necessary to see if stem cells can treat both neurological and neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy. Currently, there is no animal model that recapitulates all the clinical hallmarks of epilepsy. This could be due to difficulty in characterizing the neuropsychiatric component of the disease. In advancing stem cell therapy for treating epilepsy, experimental testing of the safety and efficacy of allogeneic and autologous transplantation will require the optimization of cell dosage, delivery, and timing of transplantation in a clinically relevant model of epilepsy with both neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms of the disease as the primary outcome measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Aum
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul Marcet
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Neural Stem Cell and Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Co-transplants on Tissue Remodelling After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Adult Rat. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1599-1609. [PMID: 28120153 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective transplant-mediated repair of ischemic brain lesions entails extensive tissue remodeling, especially in the ischemic core. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are promising reparative candidates for stroke induced lesions, however, their survival and integration with the host-tissue post-transplantation is poor. In this study, we address this challenge by testing whether co-grafting of NSCs with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a special type of glia with proven neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic effects, can promote graft survival and host tissue remodelling. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced in adult rats by a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by reperfusion. Ischemic lesions were verified by neurological testing and magnetic resonance imaging. Transplantation into the globus pallidus of NSCs alone or in combination with OECs was performed at two weeks post-MCAo, followed by histological analyses at three weeks post-transplantation. We found evidence of extensive vascular remodelling in the ischemic core as well as evidence of NSC motility away from the graft and into the infarct border in severely lesioned animals co-grafted with OECs. These findings support a possible role of OECs as part of an in situ tissue engineering paradigm for transplant mediated repair of ischemic brain lesions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hypoxic Preconditioning Augments the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1115-1129. [PMID: 27858286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is a promising therapy for ischemic stroke, but the poor oxygen environment in brain lesions limits the efficacy of cell-based therapies. Here, we tested whether hypoxic preconditioning (HP) could augment the efficacy of BMSC transplantation in a rat ischemic stroke model and investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of HP. In vitro, BMSCs were divided into five passage (P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4) groups, and HP was applied to the groups by incubating the cells with 1% oxygen for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h, respectively. We demonstrated that the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was increased in the HP-treated BMSCs, while their viability was unchanged. We also found that HP decreased the apoptosis of BMSCs during subsequent simulated ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, especially in the 8-h HP group. In vivo, a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia model was established. These rats were administered normal cultured BMSCs (N-BMSCs), HP-treated BMSCs (H-BMSCs), or DMEM cell culture medium (control) at 24 h after the ischemic insult. Compared with the DMEM control group, the two BMSC-transplanted groups exhibited significantly improved functional recovery and reduced infarct volume, especially the H-BMSC group. Moreover, HP decreased neuronal apoptosis and enhanced the expression of BDNF and VEGF in the ischemic brain. Survival and differentiation of transplanted BMSCs were also increased by HP, and the quantity of engrafted BMSCs was significantly correlated with neurological function improvement. These results suggest that HP may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs in an ischemic stroke model. The underlying mechanism likely involves the inhibition of caspase-3 activation and an increasing expression of HIF-1α, which promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis and thereby reduces neuronal death and improves neurological function.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren WQ, Yin F, Zhang JN, Lu WS, Liang YK, Adlerberth J, Tian ZM. Neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of primary torsion dystonia: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:661-666. [PMID: 27446258 PMCID: PMC4950735 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary torsion dystonia (PTD) occurs due to a genetic mutation and often advances gradually. Currently, there is no therapy available that is able to inhibit progression. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are being investigated as potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke and trauma. The present study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of NSC transplantation in an 18-year-old male patient with PTD, to assess the ability of this therapy to inhibit PTD progression. Genetic testing of the patient revealed a mutation in the torsion dystonia-1 (DYT1) gene (907–909 delGAG). NSCs were bilaterally implanted in the globus pallidus of the patient through stereotactic surgery. Prior to surgery, the patient's Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia movement score (BFMDMS) was 21, which progressively decreased after surgery to 18, 17, 15 and 13 at 1, 2, 3 and 4 postoperative years, respectively. BFMDMS was improved by 38.1% over the 4 postoperative years. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations showed no significant changes prior to and following surgery, postoperative brain positron emission tomography scans revealed increased glucose metabolism in the transplanted region. The clinical efficacy of NSC transplantation in this patient suggests its potential for the treatment of DYT1-positive patients with PTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Ren
- Institute of Neurosurgery, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yin
- Institute of Neurosurgery, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Neurosurgery, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Sheng Lu
- Institute of Neurosurgery, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Kui Liang
- PET Center, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Josefin Adlerberth
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, 22100 Scania, Sweden
| | - Zeng-Min Tian
- Institute of Neurosurgery, The PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hosseini SM, Samimi N, Farahmandnia M, Shakibajahromi B, Sarvestani FS, Sani M, Mohamadpour M. The Preventive Effects of Neural Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Intra-ventricular Injection on Brain Stroke in Rats. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 7:390-6. [PMID: 26605202 PMCID: PMC4630731 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.166216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stroke is one of the most important causes of disability in developed countries and, unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for this major problem of central nervous system (CNS); cell therapy may be helpful to recover this disease. In some conditions such as cardiac surgeries and neurosurgeries, there are some possibilities of happening brain stroke. Inflammation of CNS plays an important role in stroke pathogenesis, in addition, apoptosis and neural death could be the other reasons of poor neurological out come after stroke. In this study, we examined the preventive effects of the neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) intra-ventricular injected on stroke in rats. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of neural and MSCs for stroke in rats. Materials and Methods: The MSCs were isolated by flashing the femurs and tibias of the male rats with appropriate media. The NSCs were isolated from rat embryo ganglion eminence and they cultured NSCs media till the neurospheres formed. Both NSCs and MSCs were labeled with PKH26-GL. One day before stroke, the cells were injected into lateral ventricle stereotactically. Results: During following for 28 days, the neurological scores indicated that there are better recoveries in the groups received stem cells and they had less lesion volume in their brain measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, the activities of caspase-3 were lower in the stem cell received groups than control group and the florescent microscopy images showed that the stem cells migrated to various zones of the brains. Conclusion: Both NSCs and MSCs are capable of protecting the CNS against ischemia and they may be good ways to prevent brain stroke consequences situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Samimi
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmandnia
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benafshe Shakibajahromi
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sabet Sarvestani
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sani
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Cell and Molecular Medicine Student Research Group, Medical Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Mohamadpour
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song M, Jue SS, Cho YA, Kim EC. Comparison of the effects of human dental pulp stem cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on ischemic human astrocytes in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:973-83. [PMID: 25663284 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the cytoprotective effects of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and conditioned medium from hDPSCs (CM-hDPSCs) on ischemic human astrocytes (hAs) in vitro compared with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Ischemia of hAs was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). CM-hDPSCs and hMSCs were collected after 48 hr of culture. Cell death was determined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthialzol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and cellular ATP assays. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and musashi-1 as markers of reactive astrogliosis was examined with immunochemical staining. mRNA expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. OGD increased cytotoxicity in a time-dependent manner and decreased cellular ATP content concomitantly in hAs. Pretreatment and posttreatment with hDPSCs were associated with greater recovery from OGD-induced cytotoxicity in hAs compared with hMSCs. Similarly, CM-hDPSCs had a greater effect on OGD-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Pre- and posttreatment with CM-hDPSCs or CM-hMSCs attenuated OGD-induced GFAP, nestin, and musashi-1 expression in hAs. Furthermore, treatment of cells with CM-hDPSCs and hMSCs blocked OGD-induced ROS production and interleukin-1ß upregulation. This study demonstrates for the first time that hDPSCs and CM-hDPSCs confer superior cytoprotection against cell death in an in vitro OGD model compared with hMSCs as shown by cell viability assay. Reactive gliosis, ROS production, and inflammatory mediators might contribute to this protective effect. Therefore, hDPSCs could represent an alternative source of cell therapy for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyeoun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Fu W, Zhang S, He X, Liu Z, Gao D, Xu T. CXCR-7 receptor promotes SDF-1α-induced migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2014; 1575:78-86. [PMID: 24924806 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (SDF-1/CXCR-4) axis plays an important role during stem cell recruitment. SDF-1 can also bind the more recently described CXCR-7 receptor, but effects of SDF-1/CXCR-7 signaling on stem cell migrating to ischemic brain injury area are little known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CXCR-7 on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) migration toward SDF-1α in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat hippocampus. We cultured BMSCs from rats and characterized them using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence to detect SDF-1α, CXCR-4, and CXCR-7 expression in third passage BMSCs (P3-BMSCs). We also prepared the model of transient cerebral I/R by four-vessel occlusion (4-VO), and BMSCs were transplanted into I/R rat brain via lateral ventricle (LV) injection (20μl, 1×10(6)/ml). After that, we examined the effect of BMSCs migration in the cerebral I/R rat hippocampus through Transwell chamber assay. Our results show that SDF-1α, CXCR-4, and CXCR-7 were expressed in P3-BMSCs. Moreover, SDF-1α expression was increased in I/R hippocampus. At 48h after transplant, green fluorescent BrdU-BMSCs were observed in transplant groups, but no green fluorescent BrdU-BMSCs were seen in medium group. Among BMSCs transplant groups, the number of BrdU-BMSCs positive cell was the highest in BMSC group. Treatment with AMD3100 and/or CXCR-7 neutralizing antibody decreased the number of BMSC migration. Collectively, these findings indicate that CXCR-4 and -7 receptors were co-expressed in BMSCs and synergistically promoted BMSC migration. The effect of CXCR-7 was stronger than that of CXCR-4. Moreover, BMSCs that migrated to hippocampus promoted the autocrine and paracrine signaling of SDF-1α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shichun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Zhi'an Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Diansuai Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tiejun Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, No. 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221004, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Byun JS, Kwak BK, Kim JK, Jung J, Ha BC, Park S. Engraftment of human mesenchymal stem cells in a rat photothrombotic cerebral infarction model : comparison of intra-arterial and intravenous infusion using MRI and histological analysis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2013; 54:467-76. [PMID: 24527188 PMCID: PMC3921273 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.6.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hypotheses that administration routes [intra-arterial (IA) vs. intravenous (IV)] affect the early stage migration of transplanted human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) in acute brain infarction. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were subjected to photothrombotic infarction. Three days after photothrombotic infarction, rats were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups [IA group : n=12, IV group : n=12, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) group : n=8, control group : n=8]. All groups were subdivided into 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours groups according to time point of sacrifice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) consisting of T2 weighted image (T2WI), T2* weighted image (T2*WI), susceptibility weighted image (SWI), and diffusion weighted image of rat brain were obtained prior to and at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours post-implantation. After final MRI, rats were sacrificed and grafted cells were analyzed in brain and lung specimen using Prussian blue and immunohistochemical staining. Results Grafted cells appeared as dark signal intensity regions at the peri-lesional zone. In IA group, dark signals in peri-lesional zone were more prominent compared with IV group. SWI showed largest dark signal followed by T2*WI and T2WI in both IA and IV groups. On Prussian blue staining, IA administration showed substantially increased migration and a large number of transplanted hBM-MSCs in the target brain than IV administration. The Prussian blue-positive cells were not detected in SPIO and control groups. Conclusion In a rat photothrombotic model of ischemic stroke, selective IA administration of human mesenchymal stem cells is more effective than IV administration. MRI and histological analyses revealed the time course of cell migration, and the numbers and distribution of hBM-MSCs delivered into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soo Byun
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kook Kwak
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisung Jung
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bon Chul Ha
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Serah Park
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Karussis D, Petrou P, Kassis I. Clinical experience with stem cells and other cell therapies in neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 2012; 324:1-9. [PMID: 23107343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the limited capacity of the CNS for regeneration, the theoretical alternative would be to use stem cells for more effective management of chronic degenerative and inflammatory neurological conditions, and also of acute neuronal damage from injuries or cerebrovascular diseases. Although the adult brain contains small numbers of stem cells in restricted areas, this intrinsic stem cell repertoire is small and does not measurably contribute to functional recovery. Embryonic cells carrying pluripotent and self-renewal properties represent the stem cell prototype, but there are additional somatic stem cells that may be harvested and expanded from various tissues during adult life. Stem cell transplantation is based on the assumption that such cells may have the potential to regenerate or support the survival of the existing, partially damaged cells. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art and the clinical worldwide experience with the use of various types of stem cells in neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karussis
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
SHEN L, YE M, DING X, HAN Q, ZHANG C, LIU X, HUANG H, WU E, HUANG H, GU X. Protective effects of MCI-186 on transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells in rat ischemic stroke model. Neuroscience 2012; 223:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Ramos-Zúñiga R, González-Pérez O, Macías-Ornelas A, Capilla-González V, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Ethical implications in the use of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:470949. [PMID: 22997522 PMCID: PMC3444931 DOI: 10.1155/2012/470949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent and growth of technological advances have led to new routes of knowledge. Thereby, we currently face new challenges. We have just started to get a glimpse of the structural and functional role of neural stem cells in differentiation and migration processes, the origin of synaptic networks, and subsequent readjustments in specific circuits. A whole range of treatment possibilities originates from this knowledge that potentially can be used for different neurological diseases in humans. Although this is an encouraging scenario, it implies that the human brain is the object of such study, as well as its potential manipulation and transplantation. It is, therefore, pertinent that ethical principles should be followed in such research to have proper balance between what can be done and what should be done, according to every specific context. Hence, it is wise to consider ethical implications in every research project, along with potential clinical applications, under the principle of causing no harm, following risk and benefit rules in decision making and with respect of the human condition as a priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramos-Zúñiga
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Oscar González-Pérez
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Ana Macías-Ornelas
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Vivian Capilla-González
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cells Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 4940, USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cells Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 4940, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Stroke, for some years now the neglected major indication in the pharmaceutical development cupboard, has recently become one of the hot areas for stem cell therapy development. This is driven by better understanding of potential therapeutic opportunities both in the acute and chronic phases and the launch of a series of new early phase clinical trials in a number of countries, driven by positive data in relevant animal models. In addition, the impetus for stem cell product development is motivated by patient demand, with thousands of victims seeking unproven treatments abroad. This article looks at the many challenges facing the development of a stem cell therapy for stroke. These range from product characterization and banking, through nonclinical safety and efficacy to the regulatory requirements for starting patient trials and beyond to maximizing value from carefully designed efficacy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith W. Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Felfly H, Xue J, Zambon AC, Muotri A, Zhou D, Haddad GG. Identification of a neuronal gene expression signature: role of cell cycle arrest in murine neuronal differentiation in vitro. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R727-45. [PMID: 21677276 PMCID: PMC3174756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a potential key strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases in which the generation of new neurons is critical. A better understanding of the characteristics and molecular properties of neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated neurons can help with assessing neuronal maturity and, possibly, in devising better therapeutic strategies. We have performed an in-depth gene expression profiling study of murine NSCs and primary neurons derived from embryonic mouse brains. Microarray analysis revealed a neuron-specific gene expression signature that distinguishes primary neurons from NSCs, with elevated levels of transcripts involved in neuronal functions, such as neurite development and axon guidance in primary neurons and decreased levels of multiple cytokine transcripts. Among the differentially expressed genes, we found a statistically significant enrichment of genes in the ephrin, neurotrophin, CDK5, and actin pathways, which control multiple neuronal-specific functions. We then artificially blocked the cell cycle of NSCs with mitomycin C (MMC) and examined cellular morphology and gene expression signatures. Although these MMC-treated NSCs displayed a neuronal morphology and expressed some neuronal differentiation marker genes, their gene expression patterns were very different from primary neurons. We conclude that 1) fully differentiated mouse primary neurons display a specific neuronal gene expression signature; 2) cell cycle block at the S phase in NSCs with MMC does not induce the formation of fully differentiated neurons; 3) cytokines change their expression pattern during differentiation of NSCs into neurons; and 4) signaling pathways of ephrin, neurotrophin, CDK5, and actin, related to major neuronal features, are dynamically enriched in genes showing changes in expression level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hady Felfly
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yuen CM, Sun CK, Lin YC, Chang LT, Kao YH, Yen CH, Chen YL, Tsai TH, Chua S, Shao PL, Leu S, Yip HK. Combination of cyclosporine and erythropoietin improves brain infarct size and neurological function in rats after ischemic stroke. J Transl Med 2011; 9:141. [PMID: 21864394 PMCID: PMC3177906 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the superiority of combined cyclosporine A (CsA)-erythropoietin (EPO) therapy compared with either one in limiting brain infarction area (BIA) and preserving neurological function in rat after ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS Fifty adult-male SD rats were equally divided into sham control (group 1), IS plus intra-peritoneal physiological saline (at 0.5/24/48 h after IS) (group 2), IS plus CsA (20.0 mg/kg at 0.5/24h, intra-peritoneal) (group 3), IS plus EPO (5,000IU/kg at 0.5/24/48h, subcutaneous) (group 4), combined CsA and EPO (same route and dosage as groups 3 and 4) treatment (group 5) after occlusion of distal left internal carotid artery. RESULTS BIA on day 21 after acute IS was higher in group 2 than in other groups and lowest in group 5 (all p < 0.01). The sensorimotor functional test showed higher frequency of left turning in group 2 than in other groups and lowest in group 5 (all p < 0.05). mRNA and protein expressions of apoptotic markers and number of apoptotic nuclei on TUNEL were higher in group 2 than in other groups and lowest in group 1 and 5, whereas the anti-apoptotic markers exhibited an opposite trend (all p < 0.05). The expressions of inflammatory and oxidized protein were higher in group 2 than in other groups and lowest in group 1 and 5, whereas anti-inflammatory markers showed reversed changes in group 1 and other groups (all p < 0.05). The number of aquaporin-4+ and glial fibrillary acid protein+ stained cells were higher in group 2 as compared to other groups and lowest in groups 1 and 5 (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION combined treatment with CsA and EPO was superior to either one alone in protecting rat brain from ischemic damage after IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Man Yuen
- Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Andres RH, Choi R, Pendharkar AV, Gaeta X, Wang N, Nathan JK, Chua JY, Lee SW, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK, Guzman R. The CCR2/CCL2 interaction mediates the transendothelial recruitment of intravascularly delivered neural stem cells to the ischemic brain. Stroke 2011; 42:2923-31. [PMID: 21836091 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.606368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The inflammatory response is a critical component of ischemic stroke. In addition to its physiological role, the mechanisms behind transendothelial recruitment of immune cells also offer a unique therapeutic opportunity for translational stem cell therapies. Recent reports have demonstrated homing of neural stem cells (NSC) into the injured brain areas after intravascular delivery. However, the mechanisms underlying the process of transendothelial recruitment remain largely unknown. Here we describe the critical role of the chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in targeted homing of NSC after ischemia. METHODS Twenty-four hours after induction of stroke using the hypoxia-ischemia model in mice CCR2+/+ and CCR2-/- reporter NSC were intra-arterially delivered. Histology and bioluminescence imaging were used to investigate NSC homing to the ischemic brain. Functional outcome was assessed with the horizontal ladder test. RESULTS Using NSC isolated from CCR2+/+ and CCR2-/- mice, we show that receptor deficiency significantly impaired transendothelial diapedesis specifically in response to CCL2. Accordingly, wild-type NSC injected into CCL2-/- mice exhibited significantly decreased homing. Bioluminescence imaging showed robust recruitment of CCR2+/+ cells within 6 hours after transplantation in contrast to CCR2-/- cells. Mice receiving CCR2+/+ grafts after ischemic injury showed a significantly improved recovery of neurological deficits as compared to animals with transplantation of CCR2-/- NSC. CONCLUSIONS The CCL2/CCR2 interaction is critical for transendothelial recruitment of intravascularly delivered NSC in response to ischemic injury. This finding could have significant implications in advancing minimally invasive intravascular therapeutics for regenerative medicine or cell-based drug delivery systems for central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Andres
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive R211, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin YC, Ko TL, Shih YH, Lin MYA, Fu TW, Hsiao HS, Hsu JYC, Fu YS. Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells promote recovery after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2011; 42:2045-53. [PMID: 21566227 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.603621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a cerebrovascular defect that leads to many adverse neurological complications. Current pharmacological treatments for stroke remain unclear in their effectiveness, whereas stem cell transplantation shows considerable promise. Previously, we have shown that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) can differentiate into neurons in neuronal-conditioned medium. Here we evaluate the therapeutic potential of HUMSC transplantation for ischemic stroke in rats. METHODS Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. The HUMSCs treated with neuronal-conditioned medium or not treated were transplanted into the ischemic cortex 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS Histology and MRI revealed that rats implanted with HUMSCs treated with neuronal-conditioned medium or not treated exhibited a trend toward less infarct volume and significantly less atrophy compared with the control group, which received no HUMSCs. Moreover, rats receiving HUMSCs showed significant improvements in motor function, greater metabolic activity of cortical neurons, and better revascularization in the infarct cortex. Implanted HUMSCs, treated or not treated, survived in the infarct cortex for at least 36 days and released neuroprotective and growth-associated cytokines, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, basic fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietin-2, CXCL-16, neutrophil-activating protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of HUMSC transplantation for ischemic stroke, likely due to the ability of the cells to produce growth-promoting factors. Thus, HUMSC transplantation may be an effective therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Sec. 2, Li-Nung Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Current treatments for stroke, such as the use of thrombolytic agents, are often limited by a narrow therapeutic time window. However, the regeneration of the brain after damage is still active days even weeks after stroke occurs, which might provide a second window for treatment. Cell-based therapy can be categorized into two strategies. One is transplantation of exogenous cells into the injured brain to replace the lost cells or support the remaining cells. The other strategy is to enhance the proliferation, differentiation, migration of endogenous stem or progenitor cells. Recent development in adult stem cell research and advancement in the induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic adult cells provide a tremendous opportunity for transplantation therapy. Understanding the mechanisms and regulations involved in the endogenous neurogenesis will also help develop novel therapeutic interventions to promote neurogenesis and functional recovery in stroke. This review describes up-to-date progresses in cell-based therapy for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, I.R.P., 251 Bayview BLVD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The central nervous system has limited capacity of regenerating lost tissue in slowly progressive, degenerative neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease or Huntington's disease (HD), or in acute injuries resulting in rapid cell loss for example, in cerebrovascular damage (for example, stroke) or spinal cord injury. Although the adult brain contains small numbers of stem cells in restricted areas, they do not contribute significantly to functional recovery. Transplantation of stem cells or stem cell-derived progenitors has long been seen as a therapeutic solution to repair the damaged brain. With the advent of the induced pluripotent stem cells technique a new and potentially better source for transplantable cells may be available in future. This review aims to highlight current strategies to replace lost cellular populations in neurodegenerative diseases with the focus on HD and PD and traumatic brain injuries such as stroke, discussing many of the technical and biological issues associated with central nervous system cell transplantation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pendharkar AV, Chua JY, Andres RH, Wang N, Gaeta X, Wang H, De A, Choi R, Chen S, Rutt BK, Gambhir SS, Guzman R. Biodistribution of neural stem cells after intravascular therapy for hypoxic-ischemia. Stroke 2010; 41:2064-70. [PMID: 20616329 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.575993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intravascular transplantation of neural stem cells represents a minimally invasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The cellular biodistribution after intravascular injection needs to be analyzed to determine the ideal delivery modality. We studied the biodistribution and efficiency of targeted central nervous system delivery comparing intravenous and intra-arterial (IA) administration of neural stem cells after brain ischemia. METHODS Mouse neural stem cells were transduced with a firefly luciferase reporter gene for bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Hypoxic-ischemia was induced in adult mice and reporter neural stem cells were transplanted IA or intravenous at 24 hours after brain ischemia. In vivo BLI was used to track transplanted cells up to 2 weeks after transplantation and ex vivo BLI was used to determine single organ biodistribution. RESULTS Immediately after transplantation, BLI signal from the brain was 12 times higher in IA versus intravenous injected animals (P<0.0001). After IA injection, 69% of the total luciferase activity arose from the brain early after transplantation and 93% at 1 week. After intravenous injection, 94% of the BLI signal was detected in the lungs (P=0.004) followed by an overall 94% signal loss at 1 week, indicating lack of cell survival outside the brain. Ex vivo single organ analysis showed a significantly higher BLI signal in the brain than in the lungs, liver, and kidneys at 1 week (P<0.0001) and 2 weeks in IA (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS IA transplantation results in superior delivery and sustained presence of neural stem cells in the ischemic brain in comparison to intravenous infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun V Pendharkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Transplantation of neural stem cells in anosmic mice. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 3:84-90. [PMID: 20607077 PMCID: PMC2896738 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2010.3.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treating olfactory dysfunction is a challenge for physicians. One of the therapeutic options could be transplantation of stem cells. In this study, neural stem cells were transplanted into anosmic mice. METHODS Neural stem cells were generated from the olfactory bulb of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic C57BL6 mice. Anosmia were induced by injection of intraperitoneal 3-methylindole. The neural stem cells were transplanted transnasally on the next day. The olfactory function was evaluated by a food-finding test once a week. The olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination and protein analysis at 4 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-five percent (6/24) of the control mice that were not transplanted with neural stem cells survived at 4 weeks while 67% (8/12) of the transplanted mice survived (P=0.029). The food finding test showed that the transplanted mice resumed finding food at 3 weeks while the control mice resumed finding food at 4 weeks. GFP-positive cells were observed in the olfactory neuroepithelium of the transplanted mice. Western blotting revealed that the olfactory marker protein expression was significantly lower in the control mice than that in the transplanted mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that improvement of mouse survival was achieved and recovery of olfactory function was promoted by transnasal transplantation of neural stem cells in the anosmic mouse model. These results indicate that stem cells might be one of the future modalities for treating olfactory impairment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Leu S, Lin YC, Yuen CM, Yen CH, Kao YH, Sun CK, Yip HK. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells markedly attenuate brain infarct size and improve neurological function in rats. J Transl Med 2010; 8:63. [PMID: 20584315 PMCID: PMC2913939 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) on brain infarction area (BIA) and neurological status in a rat model of acute ischemic stroke (IS) was investigated. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 30) were divided into IS plus intra-venous 1 mL saline (at 0, 12 and 24 h after IS induction) (control group) and IS plus intra-venous ADMSCs (2.0 × 106) (treated interval as controls) (treatment group) after occlusion of distal left internal carotid artery. The rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were harvested on day 21 after the procedure. Results The results showed that BIA was larger in control group than in treatment group (p < 0.001). The sensorimotor functional test (Corner test) identified a higher frequency of turning movement to left in control group than in treatment group (p < 0.05). mRNA expressions of Bax, caspase 3, interleukin (IL)-18, toll-like receptor-4 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were higher, whereas Bcl-2 and IL-8/Gro were lower in control group than in treatment group (all p < 0.05). Western blot demonstrated a lower CXCR4 and stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in control group than in treatment group (all p < 0.01). Immunohistofluorescent staining showed lower expressions of CXCR4, SDF-1, von Willebran factor and doublecortin, whereas the number of apoptotic nuclei on TUNEL assay was higher in control group than in treatment group (all p < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining showed that cellular proliferation and number of small vessels were lower but glial fibrillary acid protein was higher in control group than in treatment group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions ADMSC therapy significantly limited BIA and improved sensorimotor dysfunction after acute IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Optimizing the success of cell transplantation therapy for stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:275-83. [PMID: 19822211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has evolved as a promising experimental treatment approach for stroke. In this review, we address the major hurdles for successful translation from basic research into clinical applications and discuss possible strategies to overcome these issues. We summarize the results from present pre-clinical and clinical studies and focus on specific areas of current controversy and research: (i) the therapeutic time window for cell transplantation; (ii) the selection of patients likely to benefit from such a therapy; (iii) the optimal route of cell delivery to the ischemic brain; (iv) the most suitable cell types and sources; (v) the potential mechanisms of functional recovery after cell transplantation; and (vi) the development of imaging techniques to monitor cell therapy.
Collapse
|