1
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Doulames VM, Marquardt LM, Hefferon ME, Baugh NJ, Suhar RA, Wang AT, Dubbin KR, Weimann JM, Palmer TD, Plant GW, Heilshorn SC. Custom-engineered hydrogels for delivery of human iPSC-derived neurons into the injured cervical spinal cord. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122400. [PMID: 38134472 PMCID: PMC10846596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cervical damage is the most prevalent type of spinal cord injury clinically, although few preclinical research studies focus on this anatomical region of injury. Here we present a combinatorial therapy composed of a custom-engineered, injectable hydrogel and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived deep cortical neurons. The biomimetic hydrogel has a modular design that includes a protein-engineered component to allow customization of the cell-adhesive peptide sequence and a synthetic polymer component to allow customization of the gel mechanical properties. In vitro studies with encapsulated iPSC-neurons were used to select a bespoke hydrogel formulation that maintains cell viability and promotes neurite extension. Following injection into the injured cervical spinal cord in a rat contusion model, the hydrogel biodegraded over six weeks without causing any adverse reaction. Compared to cell delivery using saline, the hydrogel significantly improved the reproducibility of cell transplantation and integration into the host tissue. Across three metrics of animal behavior, this combinatorial therapy significantly improved sensorimotor function by six weeks post transplantation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that design of a combinatorial therapy that includes a gel customized for a specific fate-restricted cell type can induce regeneration in the injured cervical spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Doulames
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - L M Marquardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - M E Hefferon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N J Baugh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - R A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - A T Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - K R Dubbin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J M Weimann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - T D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - G W Plant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - S C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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2
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Martinez HA, Koliesnik I, Kaber G, Reid JK, Nagy N, Barlow G, Falk BA, Medina CO, Hargil A, Zihsler S, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Pérez-Cruz M, Tang SW, Meyer EH, Wrenshall LE, Lord JD, Garcia KC, Palmer TD, Steinman L, Nepom GT, Wight TN, Bollyky PL, Kuipers HF. Regulatory T cells use heparanase to access IL-2 bound to extracellular matrix in inflamed tissue. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1564. [PMID: 38378682 PMCID: PMC10879116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) depend on IL-2 produced by other cells for their survival and function, the levels of IL-2 in inflamed tissue are low, making it unclear how Treg access this critical resource. Here, we show that Treg use heparanase (HPSE) to access IL-2 sequestered by heparan sulfate (HS) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of inflamed central nervous system tissue. HPSE expression distinguishes human and murine Treg from conventional T cells and is regulated by the availability of IL-2. HPSE-/- Treg have impaired stability and function in vivo, including in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, endowing monoclonal antibody-directed chimeric antigen receptor (mAbCAR) Treg with HPSE enhances their ability to access HS-sequestered IL-2 and their ability to suppress neuroinflammation in vivo. Together, these data identify a role for HPSE and the ECM in immune tolerance, providing new avenues for improving Treg-based therapy of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter A Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Reid
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham Barlow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ben A Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - James D Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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3
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Martinez HA, Koliesnik I, Kaber G, Reid JK, Nagy N, Barlow G, Falk BA, Medina CO, Hargil A, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Pérez-Cruz M, Tang SW, Meyer EH, Wrenshall LE, Lord JD, Garcia KC, Palmer TD, Steinman L, Nepom GT, Wight TN, Bollyky PL, Kuipers HF. FOXP3 + regulatory T cells use heparanase to access IL-2 bound to ECM in inflamed tissues. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.26.529772. [PMID: 36909599 PMCID: PMC10002643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.529772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) depend on exogenous IL-2 for their survival and function, but circulating levels of IL-2 are low, making it unclear how Treg access this critical resource in vivo. Here, we show that Treg use heparanase (HPSE) to access IL-2 sequestered by heparan sulfate (HS) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of inflamed central nervous system tissue. HPSE expression distinguishes human and murine Treg from conventional T cells and is regulated by the availability of IL-2. HPSE-/- Treg have impaired stability and function in vivo, including the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, endowing Treg with HPSE enhances their ability to access HS-sequestered IL-2 and their tolerogenic function in vivo. Together, these data identify novel roles for HPSE and the ECM in immune tolerance, providing new avenues for improving Treg-based therapy of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter A Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Reid
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Graham Barlow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Ben A Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Tumor Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University; Uppsala, Finland
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University; Dayton, USA
| | - James D Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University; Stanford, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
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4
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Moore AR, Vivanco Gonzalez N, Plummer KA, Mitchel OR, Kaur H, Rivera M, Collica B, Goldston M, Filiz F, Angelo M, Palmer TD, Bendall SC. Gestationally dependent immune organization at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111651. [PMID: 36384130 PMCID: PMC9681661 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and placenta have a dynamic relationship across gestation to accommodate fetal growth and development. High-resolution characterization of this maternal-fetal interface is necessary to better understand the immunology of pregnancy and its complications. We developed a single-cell framework to simultaneously immuno-phenotype circulating, endovascular, and tissue-resident cells at the maternal-fetal interface throughout gestation, discriminating maternal and fetal contributions. Our data reveal distinct immune profiles across the endovascular and tissue compartments with tractable dynamics throughout gestation that respond to a systemic immune challenge in a gestationally dependent manner. We uncover a significant role for the innate immune system where phagocytes and neutrophils drive temporal organization of the placenta through remarkably diverse populations, including PD-L1+ subsets having compartmental and early gestational bias. Our approach and accompanying datasets provide a resource for additional investigations into gestational immunology and evoke a more significant role for the innate immune system in establishing the microenvironment of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Moore
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nora Vivanco Gonzalez
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine A Plummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olivia R Mitchel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Moises Rivera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian Collica
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mako Goldston
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ferda Filiz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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5
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Roth JG, Muench KL, Asokan A, Mallett VM, Gai H, Verma Y, Weber S, Charlton C, Fowler JL, Loh KM, Dolmetsch RE, Palmer TD. 16p11.2 microdeletion imparts transcriptional alterations in human iPSC-derived models of early neural development. eLife 2020; 9:58178. [PMID: 33169669 PMCID: PMC7695459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdeletions and microduplications of the 16p11.2 chromosomal locus are associated with syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders and reciprocal physiological conditions such as macro/microcephaly and high/low body mass index. To facilitate cellular and molecular investigations into these phenotypes, 65 clones of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated from 13 individuals with 16p11.2 copy number variations (CNVs). To ensure these cell lines were suitable for downstream mechanistic investigations, a customizable bioinformatic strategy for the detection of random integration and expression of reprogramming vectors was developed and leveraged towards identifying a subset of ‘footprint’-free hiPSC clones. Transcriptomic profiling of cortical neural progenitor cells derived from these hiPSCs identified alterations in gene expression patterns which precede morphological abnormalities reported at later neurodevelopmental stages. Interpreting clinical information—available with the cell lines by request from the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative—with this transcriptional data revealed disruptions in gene programs related to both nervous system function and cellular metabolism. As demonstrated by these analyses, this publicly available resource has the potential to serve as a powerful medium for probing the etiology of developmental disorders associated with 16p11.2 CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G Roth
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Kristin L Muench
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Aditya Asokan
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Victoria M Mallett
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hui Gai
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Yogendra Verma
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Stephen Weber
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Carol Charlton
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jonas L Fowler
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ricardo E Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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6
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Panagiotakos G, Haveles C, Arjun A, Petrova R, Rana A, Portmann T, Paşca SP, Palmer TD, Dolmetsch RE. Aberrant calcium channel splicing drives defects in cortical differentiation in Timothy syndrome. eLife 2019; 8:51037. [PMID: 31868578 PMCID: PMC6964969 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Timothy syndrome (TS) is caused by a point mutation in the alternatively spliced exon 8A of the calcium channel Cav1.2. Using mouse brain and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we provide evidence that the TS mutation prevents a normal developmental switch in Cav1.2 exon utilization, resulting in persistent expression of gain-of-function mutant channels during neuronal differentiation. In iPSC models, the TS mutation reduces the abundance of SATB2-expressing cortical projection neurons, leading to excess CTIP2+ neurons. We show that expression of TS-Cav1.2 channels in the embryonic mouse cortex recapitulates these differentiation defects in a calcium-dependent manner and that in utero Cav1.2 gain-and-loss of function reciprocally regulates the abundance of these neuronal populations. Our findings support the idea that disruption of developmentally regulated calcium channel splicing patterns instructively alters differentiation in the developing cortex, providing important in vivo insights into the pathophysiology of a syndromic ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Panagiotakos
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christos Haveles
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arpana Arjun
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ralitsa Petrova
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anshul Rana
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Thomas Portmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Sergiu P Paşca
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ricardo E Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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7
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De Miguel Z, Haditsch U, Palmer TD, Azpiroz A, Sapolsky RM. Adult-generated neurons born during chronic social stress are uniquely adapted to respond to subsequent chronic social stress. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1178-1188. [PMID: 29311652 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a recognized risk factor for psychiatric and psychological disorders and a potent modulator of adult neurogenesis. Numerous studies have shown that during stress, neurogenesis decreases; however, during the recovery from the stress, neurogenesis increases. Despite the increased number of neurons born after stress, it is unknown if the function and morphology of those neurons are altered. Here we asked whether neurons in adult mice, born during the final 5 days of chronic social stress and matured during recovery from chronic social stress, are similar to neurons born with no stress conditions from a quantitative, functional and morphological perspective, and whether those neurons are uniquely adapted to respond to a subsequent stressful challenge. We observed an increased number of newborn neurons incorporated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during the 10-week post-stress recovery phase. Interestingly, those new neurons were more responsive to subsequent chronic stress, as they showed more of a stress-induced decrease in spine density and branching nodes than in neurons born during a non-stress period. Our results replicate findings that the neuronal survival and incorporation of neurons in the adult dentate gyrus increases after chronic stress and suggest that such neurons are uniquely adapted in the response to future social stressors. This finding provides a potential mechanism for some of the long-term hippocampal effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurine De Miguel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Arantza Azpiroz
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Robert M Sapolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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8
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Pașca AM, Park JY, Shin HW, Qi Q, Revah O, Krasnoff R, O'Hara R, Willsey AJ, Palmer TD, Pașca SP. Human 3D cellular model of hypoxic brain injury of prematurity. Nat Med 2019; 25:784-791. [PMID: 31061540 PMCID: PMC7020938 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to recent medical and technological advances in neonatal care, infants born extremely premature have increased survival rates1,2. After birth, these infants are at high risk of hypoxic episodes because of lung immaturity, hypotension and lack of cerebral-flow regulation, and can develop a severe condition called encephalopathy of prematurity3. Over 80% of infants born before post-conception week 25 have moderate-to-severe long-term neurodevelopmental impairments4. The susceptible cell types in the cerebral cortex and the molecular mechanisms underlying associated gray-matter defects in premature infants remain unknown. Here we used human three-dimensional brain-region-specific organoids to study the effect of oxygen deprivation on corticogenesis. We identified specific defects in intermediate progenitors, a cortical cell type associated with the expansion of the human cerebral cortex, and showed that these are related to the unfolded protein response and changes. Moreover, we verified these findings in human primary cortical tissue and demonstrated that a small-molecule modulator of the unfolded protein response pathway can prevent the reduction in intermediate progenitors following hypoxia. We anticipate that this human cellular platform will be valuable for studying the environmental and genetic factors underlying injury in the developing human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca M Pașca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Young Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Stanford Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Stanford Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qihao Qi
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Omer Revah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Stanford Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Krasnoff
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Stanford Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Stanford Human Brain Organogenesis Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Lombardo MV, Moon HM, Su J, Palmer TD, Courchesne E, Pramparo T. Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1001-1013. [PMID: 28322282 PMCID: PMC5608645 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how MIA disrupts fetal brain gene expression in ways that may explain this increased risk. Here we examine how MIA dysregulates rat fetal brain gene expression (at a time point analogous to the end of the first trimester of human gestation) in ways relevant to ASD-associated pathophysiology. MIA downregulates expression of ASD-associated genes, with the largest enrichments in genes known to harbor rare highly penetrant mutations. MIA also downregulates expression of many genes also known to be persistently downregulated in the ASD cortex later in life and which are canonically known for roles in affecting prenatally late developmental processes at the synapse. Transcriptional and translational programs that are downstream targets of highly ASD-penetrant FMR1 and CHD8 genes are also heavily affected by MIA. MIA strongly upregulates expression of a large number of genes involved in translation initiation, cell cycle, DNA damage and proteolysis processes that affect multiple key neural developmental functions. Upregulation of translation initiation is common to and preserved in gene network structure with the ASD cortical transcriptome throughout life and has downstream impact on cell cycle processes. The cap-dependent translation initiation gene, EIF4E, is one of the most MIA-dysregulated of all ASD-associated genes and targeted network analyses demonstrate prominent MIA-induced transcriptional dysregulation of mTOR and EIF4E-dependent signaling. This dysregulation of translation initiation via alteration of the Tsc2-mTor-Eif4e axis was further validated across MIA rodent models. MIA may confer increased risk for ASD by dysregulating key aspects of fetal brain gene expression that are highly relevant to pathophysiology affecting ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lombardo
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
| | - H M Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Pramparo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
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10
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Ramanathan M, Majzoub K, Rao DS, Neela PH, Zarnegar BJ, Mondal S, Roth JG, Gai H, Kovalski JR, Siprashvili Z, Palmer TD, Carette JE, Khavari PA. RNA-protein interaction detection in living cells. Nat Methods 2018; 15:207-212. [PMID: 29400715 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA-protein interactions play numerous roles in cellular function and disease. Here we describe RNA-protein interaction detection (RaPID), which uses proximity-dependent protein labeling, based on the BirA* biotin ligase, to rapidly identify the proteins that bind RNA sequences of interest in living cells. RaPID displays utility in multiple applications, including in evaluating protein binding to mutant RNA motifs in human genetic disorders, in uncovering potential post-transcriptional networks in breast cancer, and in discovering essential host proteins that interact with Zika virus RNA. To improve the BirA*-labeling component of RaPID, moreover, a new mutant BirA* was engineered from Bacillus subtilis, termed BASU, that enables >1,000-fold faster kinetics and >30-fold increased signal-to-noise ratio over the prior standard Escherichia coli BirA*, thereby enabling direct study of RNA-protein interactions in living cells on a timescale as short as 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Ramanathan
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deepti S Rao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Poornima H Neela
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian J Zarnegar
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Smarajit Mondal
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julien G Roth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hui Gai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joanna R Kovalski
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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11
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Hsieh CH, Shaltouki A, Gonzalez AE, Bettencourt da Cruz A, Burbulla LF, St Lawrence E, Schüle B, Krainc D, Palmer TD, Wang X. Functional Impairment in Miro Degradation and Mitophagy Is a Shared Feature in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:709-724. [PMID: 27618216 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial movements are tightly controlled to maintain energy homeostasis and prevent oxidative stress. Miro is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that anchors mitochondria to microtubule motors and is removed to stop mitochondrial motility as an early step in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. Here, using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and other complementary models, we build on a previous connection of Parkinson's disease (PD)-linked PINK1 and Parkin to Miro by showing that a third PD-related protein, LRRK2, promotes Miro removal by forming a complex with Miro. Pathogenic LRRK2G2019S disrupts this function, delaying the arrest of damaged mitochondria and consequently slowing the initiation of mitophagy. Remarkably, partial reduction of Miro levels in LRRK2G2019S human neuron and Drosophila PD models rescues neurodegeneration. Miro degradation and mitochondrial motility are also impaired in sporadic PD patients. We reveal that prolonged retention of Miro, and the downstream consequences that ensue, may constitute a central component of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Atossa Shaltouki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley E Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandre Bettencourt da Cruz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Erica St Lawrence
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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DeCarolis NA, Kirby ED, Wyss-Coray T, Palmer TD. The Role of the Microenvironmental Niche in Declining Stem-Cell Functions Associated with Biological Aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/12/a025874. [PMID: 26627453 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is strongly correlated with decreases in neurogenesis, the process by which neural stem and progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into new neurons. In addition to stem-cell-intrinsic factors that change within the aging stem-cell pool, recent evidence emphasizes new roles for systemic and microenvironmental factors in modulating the neurogenic niche. This article focuses on new insights gained through the use of heterochronic parabiosis models, in which an old mouse and a young circulatory system are joined. By studying the brains of both young and old mice, researchers are beginning to uncover circulating proneurogenic "youthful" factors and "aging" factors that decrease stem-cell activity and neurogenesis. Ultimately, the identification of factors that influence stem-cell aging may lead to strategies that slow or even reverse age-related decreases in neural-stem-cell (NSC) function and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A DeCarolis
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Elizabeth D Kirby
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Administration, Palo Alto Health Care Systems, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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13
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Li MD, Burns TC, Kumar S, Morgan AA, Sloan SA, Palmer TD. Aging-like changes in the transcriptome of irradiated microglia. Glia 2015; 63:754-67. [PMID: 25690519 PMCID: PMC4625786 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whole brain irradiation remains important in the management of brain tumors. Although necessary for improving survival outcomes, cranial irradiation also results in cognitive decline in long-term survivors. A chronic inflammatory state characterized by microglial activation has been implicated in radiation-induced brain injury. We here provide the first comprehensive transcriptional profile of irradiated microglia. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to isolate CD11b+ microglia from the hippocampi of C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice 1 month after 10 Gy cranial irradiation. Affymetrix gene expression profiles were evaluated using linear modeling and rank product analyses. One month after irradiation, a conserved irradiation signature across strains was identified, comprising 448 and 85 differentially up- and downregulated genes, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated enrichment for inflammation, including M1 macrophage-associated genes, but also an unexpected enrichment for extracellular matrix and blood coagulation-related gene sets, in contrast previously described microglial states. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis confirmed these findings and further revealed alterations in mitochondrial function. The RNA-seq transcriptome of microglia 24-h postradiation proved similar to the 1-month transcriptome, but additionally featured alterations in apoptotic and lysosomal gene expression. Reanalysis of published aging mouse microglia transcriptome data demonstrated striking similarity to the 1-month irradiated microglia transcriptome, suggesting that shared mechanisms may underlie aging and chronic irradiation-induced cognitive decline. GLIA 2015;63:754-767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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14
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Thompson AR, Palmer TD, Lynch CM, Miller AD. Gene transfer as an approach to cure patients with hemophilia A or B. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transfus 2015:59-62. [PMID: 1954775 DOI: 10.1159/000419338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Phillips LK, Gould EA, Babu H, Krams SM, Palmer TD, Martinez OM. Natural killer cell-activating receptor NKG2D mediates innate immune targeting of allogeneic neural progenitor cell grafts. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1829-39. [PMID: 23733329 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy holds promise for a number of untreatable neurological or psychiatric diseases but the immunogenicity of cellular grafts remains controversial. Emerging stem cell and reprogramming technologies can be used to generate autologous grafts that minimize immunological concerns but autologous grafts may carry an underlying genetic vulnerability that reduces graft efficacy or survival. Healthy allogeneic grafts are an attractive and commercially scalable alternative if immunological variables can be controlled. Stem cells and immature neural progenitor cells (NPC) do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and can evade adaptive immune surveillance. Nevertheless, in an experimental murine model, allogeneic NPCs do not survive and differentiate as well as syngeneic grafts, even when traditional immunosuppressive treatments are used. In this study, we show that natural killer (NK) cells recognize the lack of self-MHC antigens on NPCs and pose a barrier to NPC transplantation. NK cells readily target both syngeneic and allogeneic NPC, and killing is modulated primarily by NK-inhibiting "self" class I MHC and NK-activating NKG2D-ligand expression. The absence of NKG2D signaling in NK cells significantly improves NPC-derived neuron survival and differentiation. These data illustrate the importance of innate immune mechanisms in graft outcome and the potential value of identifying and targeting NK cell-activating ligands that may be expressed by stem cell derived grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori K Phillips
- Program in Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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16
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Lee SW, Haditsch U, Cord BJ, Guzman R, Kim SJ, Boettcher C, Priller J, Ormerod BK, Palmer TD. Absence of CCL2 is sufficient to restore hippocampal neurogenesis following cranial irradiation. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30:33-44. [PMID: 23041279 PMCID: PMC3556199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation for the treatment of brain tumors causes a delayed and progressive cognitive decline that is pronounced in young patients. Dysregulation of neural stem and progenitor cells is thought to contribute to these effects by altering early childhood brain development. Earlier work has shown that irradiation creates a chronic neuroinflammatory state that severely and selectively impairs postnatal and adult neurogenesis. Here we show that irradiation induces a transient non-classical cytokine response with selective upregulation of CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Absence of CCL2 signaling in the hours after irradiation is alone sufficient to attenuate chronic microglia activation and allow the recovery of neurogenesis in the weeks following irradiation. This identifies CCL2 signaling as a potential clinical target for moderating the long-term defects in neural stem cell function following cranial radiation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Star W. Lee
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Branden J. Cord
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Chotima Boettcher
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charite-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charite-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brandi K. Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , The Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5454, 650-736-1482 phone, 650-736-1949 fax
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17
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Chen Z, Palmer TD. Differential roles of TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30:45-53. [PMID: 23402793 PMCID: PMC3641155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a potent inhibitor of neurogenesis in vitro but here we show that TNFα signaling has both positive and negative effects on neurogenesis in vivo and is required to moderate the negative impact of cranial irradiation on hippocampal neurogenesis. In vitro, basal levels of TNFα signaling through TNFR2 are required for normal neural progenitor cell proliferation while basal signaling through TNFR1 impairs neural progenitor proliferation. TNFR1 also mediates further reductions in proliferation and elevated cell death following exposure to recombinant TNFα. In vivo, TNFR1(-/-) and TNFα(-/-) animals have elevated baseline neurogenesis in the hippocampus, whereas absence of TNFR2 decreases baseline neurogenesis. TNFα is also implicated in defects in neurogenesis that follow radiation injury but we find that loss of TNFR1 has no protective effects on neurogenesis and loss of TNFα or TNFR2 worsened the effects of radiation injury on neurogenesis. We conclude that the immunomodulatory signaling of TNFα mediated by TNFR2 is more significant to radiation injury outcome than the proinflammatory signaling mediated through TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Building, G1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Building, G1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
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18
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Ormerod BK, Hanft SJ, Asokan A, Haditsch U, Lee SW, Palmer TD. PPARγ activation prevents impairments in spatial memory and neurogenesis following transient illness. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 29:28-38. [PMID: 23108061 PMCID: PMC3570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of illness on cognition are familiar to virtually everyone. Some effects resolve quickly while others may linger after the illness resolves. We found that a transient immune response stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compromised hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. The immune event caused an ∼50% reduction in the number of neurons generated during the illness and the onset of the memory impairment was delayed and coincided with the time when neurons generated during the illness would have become functional within the hippocampus. Broad spectrum non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuated these effects but selective Cox-2 inhibition was ineffective while PPARγ activation was surprisingly effective at protecting both neurogenesis and memory from the effects of LPS-produced transient illness. These data may highlight novel mechanisms behind chronic inflammatory and neuroinflammatory episodes that are known to compromise hippocampus-dependent forms of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi K. Ormerod
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKnight Brain Institute and Neuroscience Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Brandi K. Ormerod: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1600 Center Drive, Room J296, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9222, Or Dr. Theo D. Palmer, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorey I Lokey Stem Cell Building, Rm1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305. Phone: 650-723-9306, Fax: 650-736-0936,
| | - Simon J. Hanft
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Aditya Asokan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKnight Brain Institute and Neuroscience Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Star W. Lee
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Brandi K. Ormerod: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1600 Center Drive, Room J296, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9222, Or Dr. Theo D. Palmer, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorey I Lokey Stem Cell Building, Rm1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305. Phone: 650-723-9306, Fax: 650-736-0936,
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19
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Horie N, Pereira MP, Niizuma K, Sun G, Keren-Gill H, Encarnacion A, Shamloo M, Hamilton SA, Jiang K, Huhn S, Palmer TD, Bliss TM, Steinberg GK. Transplanted stem cell-secreted vascular endothelial growth factor effects poststroke recovery, inflammation, and vascular repair. Stem Cells 2011; 29:274-85. [PMID: 21732485 DOI: 10.1002/stem.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation offers a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke; however, how transplanted cells function in vivo is poorly understood. We show for the first time that after subacute transplantation into the ischemic brain of human central nervous system stem cells grown as neurospheres (hCNS-SCns), the stem cell-secreted factor, human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF), is necessary for cell-induced functional recovery. We correlate this functional recovery to hVEGF-induced effects on the host brain including multiple facets of vascular repair and its unexpected suppression of the inflammatory response. We found that transplanted hCNS-SCns affected multiple parameters in the brain with different kinetics: early improvement in blood-brain barrier integrity and suppression of inflammation was followed by a delayed spatiotemporal regulated increase in neovascularization. These events coincided with a bimodal pattern of functional recovery, with, an early recovery independent of neovascularization, and a delayed hVEGF-dependent recovery coincident with neovascularization. Therefore, cell transplantation therapy offers an exciting multimodal strategy for brain repair in stroke and potentially other disorders with a vascular or inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5487, USA
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20
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Paşca SP, Portmann T, Voineagu I, Yazawa M, Shcheglovitov O, Paşca AM, Cord B, Palmer TD, Chikahisa S, Seiji N, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer J, Geschwind DH, Dolmetsch RE. Using iPSC-derived neurons to uncover cellular phenotypes associated with Timothy syndrome. Nat Med 2011; 17:1657-62. [PMID: 22120178 PMCID: PMC3517299 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders provide key insights into the pathogenesis of disease and help us understand how specific genes control the development of the human brain. Timothy syndrome is caused by a missense mutation in the L-type calcium channel Ca(v)1.2 that is associated with developmental delay and autism. We generated cortical neuronal precursor cells and neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from individuals with Timothy syndrome. Cells from these individuals have defects in calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling and activity-dependent gene expression. They also show abnormalities in differentiation, including decreased expression of genes that are expressed in lower cortical layers and in callosal projection neurons. In addition, neurons derived from individuals with Timothy syndrome show abnormal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased production of norepinephrine and dopamine. This phenotype can be reversed by treatment with roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and atypical L-type-channel blocker. These findings provide strong evidence that Ca(v)1.2 regulates the differentiation of cortical neurons in humans and offer new insights into the causes of autism in individuals with Timothy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu P. Paşca
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Portmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irina Voineagu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masayuki Yazawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Oleksandr Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anca M. Paşca
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Branden Cord
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sachiko Chikahisa
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nishino Seiji
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ricardo E. Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Byers B, Cord B, Nguyen HN, Schüle B, Fenno L, Lee PC, Deisseroth K, Langston JW, Pera RR, Palmer TD. SNCA triplication Parkinson's patient's iPSC-derived DA neurons accumulate α-synuclein and are susceptible to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26159. [PMID: 22110584 PMCID: PMC3217921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although common, the etiology of PD remains poorly understood. Genetic studies infer that the disease results from a complex interaction between genetics and environment and there is growing evidence that PD may represent a constellation of diseases with overlapping yet distinct underlying mechanisms. Novel clinical approaches will require a better understanding of the mechanisms at work within an individual as well as methods to identify the specific array of mechanisms that have contributed to the disease. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) strategies provide an opportunity to directly study the affected neuronal subtypes in a given patient. Here we report the generation of iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons from a patient with a triplication in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). We observed that the iPSCs readily differentiated into functional neurons. Importantly, the PD-affected line exhibited disease-related phenotypes in culture: accumulation of α-synuclein, inherent overexpression of markers of oxidative stress, and sensitivity to peroxide induced oxidative stress. These findings show that the dominantly-acting PD mutation is intrinsically capable of perturbing normal cell function in culture and confirm that these features reflect, at least in part, a cell autonomous disease process that is independent of exposure to the entire complexity of the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Byers
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Branden Cord
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ha Nam Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Lief Fenno
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. William Langston
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Renee Reijo Pera
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RRP); (TDP)
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RRP); (TDP)
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Carpentier PA, Dingman AL, Palmer TD. Placental TNF-α signaling in illness-induced complications of pregnancy. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:2802-10. [PMID: 21641402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal infections are implicated in a variety of complications during pregnancy, including pregnancy loss, prematurity, and increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the child. Here, we show in mice that even mild innate immune activation by low-dose lipopolysaccharide in early pregnancy causes hemorrhages in the placenta and increases the risk of pregnancy loss. Surviving fetuses exhibit hypoxia in the brain and impaired fetal neurogenesis. Maternal Toll-like receptor 4 signaling is a critical mediator of this process, and its activation is accompanied by elevated proinflammatory cytokines in the placenta. We evaluated the role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling and show that TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is necessary for the illness-induced placental pathology, accompanying fetal hypoxia, and neuroproliferative defects in the fetal brain. We also show that placental TNFR1 in the absence of maternal TNFR1 is sufficient for placental pathology to develop and that a clinically relevant TNF-α antagonist prevents placental pathology and fetal loss. Our observations suggest that the placenta is highly sensitive to proinflammatory signaling in early pregnancy and that TNF-α is an effective target for preventing illness-related placental defects and related risks to the fetus and fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Carpentier
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Nguyen HN, Byers B, Cord B, Shcheglovitov A, Byrne J, Gujar P, Kee K, Schüle B, Dolmetsch RE, Langston W, Palmer TD, Pera RR. LRRK2 mutant iPSC-derived DA neurons demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:267-80. [PMID: 21362567 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been hindered by lack of access to affected human dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Here, we report generation of induced pluripotent stem cells that carry the p.G2019S mutation (G2019S-iPSCs) in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene, the most common PD-related mutation, and their differentiation into DA neurons. The high penetrance of the LRRK2 mutation and its clinical resemblance to sporadic PD suggest that these cells could provide a valuable platform for disease analysis and drug development. We found that DA neurons derived from G2019S-iPSCs showed increased expression of key oxidative stress-response genes and α-synuclein protein. The mutant neurons were also more sensitive to caspase-3 activation and cell death caused by exposure to stress agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, MG-132, and 6-hydroxydopamine, than control DA neurons. This enhanced stress sensitivity is consistent with existing understanding of early PD phenotypes and represents a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nam Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Andres RH, Choi R, Pendharkar AV, Gaeta X, Wang N, Nathan JK, Chua JY, Lee SW, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK, Guzman R. The CCR2/CCL2 interaction mediates the transendothelial recruitment of intravascularly delivered neural stem cells to the ischemic brain. Stroke 2011; 42:2923-31. [PMID: 21836091 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.606368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The inflammatory response is a critical component of ischemic stroke. In addition to its physiological role, the mechanisms behind transendothelial recruitment of immune cells also offer a unique therapeutic opportunity for translational stem cell therapies. Recent reports have demonstrated homing of neural stem cells (NSC) into the injured brain areas after intravascular delivery. However, the mechanisms underlying the process of transendothelial recruitment remain largely unknown. Here we describe the critical role of the chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in targeted homing of NSC after ischemia. METHODS Twenty-four hours after induction of stroke using the hypoxia-ischemia model in mice CCR2+/+ and CCR2-/- reporter NSC were intra-arterially delivered. Histology and bioluminescence imaging were used to investigate NSC homing to the ischemic brain. Functional outcome was assessed with the horizontal ladder test. RESULTS Using NSC isolated from CCR2+/+ and CCR2-/- mice, we show that receptor deficiency significantly impaired transendothelial diapedesis specifically in response to CCL2. Accordingly, wild-type NSC injected into CCL2-/- mice exhibited significantly decreased homing. Bioluminescence imaging showed robust recruitment of CCR2+/+ cells within 6 hours after transplantation in contrast to CCR2-/- cells. Mice receiving CCR2+/+ grafts after ischemic injury showed a significantly improved recovery of neurological deficits as compared to animals with transplantation of CCR2-/- NSC. CONCLUSIONS The CCL2/CCR2 interaction is critical for transendothelial recruitment of intravascularly delivered NSC in response to ischemic injury. This finding could have significant implications in advancing minimally invasive intravascular therapeutics for regenerative medicine or cell-based drug delivery systems for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Andres
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive R211, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
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25
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Chen Z, Phillips LK, Gould E, Campisi J, Lee SW, Ormerod BK, Zwierzchoniewska M, Martinez OM, Palmer TD. MHC mismatch inhibits neurogenesis and neuron maturation in stem cell allografts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14787. [PMID: 21479168 PMCID: PMC3068158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of histocompatibility and immune recognition in stem cell transplant therapy has been controversial, with many reports arguing that undifferentiated stem cells are protected from immune recognition due to the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers. This argument is even more persuasive in transplantation into the central nervous system (CNS) where the graft rejection response is minimal. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we evaluate graft survival and neuron production in perfectly matched vs. strongly mismatched neural stem cells transplanted into the hippocampus in mice. Although allogeneic cells survive, we observe that MHC-mismatch decreases surviving cell numbers and strongly inhibits the differentiation and retention of graft-derived as well as endogenously produced new neurons. Immune suppression with cyclosporine-A did not improve outcome but non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin or rosiglitazone, were able to restore allogeneic neuron production, integration and retention to the level of syngeneic grafts. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest an important but unsuspected role for innate, rather than adaptive, immunity in the survival and function of MHC-mismatched cellular grafts in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lori K. Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Campisi
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Star W. Lee
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Brandi K. Ormerod
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Monika Zwierzchoniewska
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia M. Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, California, United States of America
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26
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Renault VM, Rafalski VA, Morgan AA, Salih DAM, Brett JO, Webb AE, Villeda SA, Thekkat PU, Guillerey C, Denko NC, Palmer TD, Butte AJ, Brunet A. FoxO3 regulates neural stem cell homeostasis. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 5:527-39. [PMID: 19896443 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the nervous system, neural stem cells (NSCs) are necessary for the generation of new neurons and for cognitive function. Here we show that FoxO3, a member of a transcription factor family known to extend lifespan in invertebrates, regulates the NSC pool. We find that adult FoxO3(-/-) mice have fewer NSCs in vivo than wild-type counterparts. NSCs isolated from adult FoxO3(-/-) mice have decreased self-renewal and an impaired ability to generate different neural lineages. Identification of the FoxO3-dependent gene expression profile in NSCs suggests that FoxO3 regulates the NSC pool by inducing a program of genes that preserves quiescence, prevents premature differentiation, and controls oxygen metabolism. The ability of FoxO3 to prevent the premature depletion of NSCs might have important implications for counteracting brain aging in long-lived species.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lie at the heart of central nervous system development and repair, and deficiency or dysregulation of NSCs or their progeny can have significant consequences at any stage of life. Immune signaling is emerging as one of the influential variables that define resident NSC behavior. Perturbations in local immune signaling accompany virtually every injury or disease state, and signaling cascades that mediate immune activation, resolution, or chronic persistence influence resident stem and progenitor cells. Some aspects of immune signaling are beneficial, promoting intrinsic plasticity and cell replacement, while others appear to inhibit the very type of regenerative response that might restore or replace neural networks lost in injury or disease. Here we review known and speculative roles that immune signaling plays in the postnatal and adult brain, focusing on how environments encountered in disease or injury may influence the activity and fate of endogenous or transplanted NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Carpentier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road MSLS P320, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-736-1482
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road MSLS P320, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-736-1482
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28
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Haditsch U, Leone DP, Farinelli M, Chrostek-Grashoff A, Brakebusch C, Mansuy IM, McConnell SK, Palmer TD. A central role for the small GTPase Rac1 in hippocampal plasticity and spatial learning and memory. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:409-19. [PMID: 19394428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases that are important for structural aspects of the mature neuronal synapse including basal spine density and shape, activity-dependent spine enlargement, and AMPA receptor clustering in vitro. Here we demonstrate that selective elimination of Rac1 in excitatory neurons in the forebrain in vivo not only affects spine structure, but also impairs synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus with consequent defects in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning. Furthermore, Rac1 mutants display deficits in working/episodic-like memory in the delayed matching-to-place (DMP) task suggesting that Rac1 is a central regulator of rapid encoding of novel spatial information in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Haditsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P304, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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29
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Daadi MM, Lee SH, Arac A, Grueter BA, Bhatnagar R, Maag AL, Schaar B, Malenka RC, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK. Functional engraftment of the medial ganglionic eminence cells in experimental stroke model. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:815-26. [PMID: 19500468 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x470829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there are no effective treatments targeting residual anatomical and behavioral deficits resulting from stroke. Evidence suggests that cell transplantation therapy may enhance functional recovery after stroke through multiple mechanisms. We used a syngeneic model of neural transplantation to explore graft-host communications that enhance cellular engraftment.The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells were derived from 15-day-old transgenic rat embryos carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP), a marker, to easily track the transplanted cells. Adult rats were subjected to transient intraluminal occlusion of the medial cerebral artery. Two weeks after stroke, the grafts were deposited into four sites, along the rostro-caudal axis and medially to the stroke in the penumbra zone. Control groups included vehicle and fibroblast transplants. Animals were subjected to motor behavioral tests at 4 week posttransplant survival time. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the grafted MGE cells differentiated into multiple neuronal subtypes, established synaptic contact with host cells, increased the expression of synaptic markers, and enhanced axonal reorganization in the injured area. Initial patch-clamp recording demonstrated that the MGE cells received postsynaptic currents from host cells. Behavioral analysis showed reduced motor deficits in the rotarod and elevated body swing tests. These findings suggest that graft-host interactions influence the fate of grafted neural precursors and that functional recovery could be mediated by neurotrophic support, new synaptic circuit elaboration, and enhancement of the stroke-induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M Daadi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5487, USA.
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30
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Keravala A, Ormerod BK, Palmer TD, Calos MP. Long-term transgene expression in mouse neural progenitor cells modified with phiC31 integrase. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:299-305. [PMID: 18606184 PMCID: PMC2615000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can potentially be utilized in combined gene/cell therapies for neural diseases. We examined the ability of the non-viral phiC31 integrase system to promote stable transgene expression in mouse neural progenitor cells (mNPCs). phiC31 integrase catalyzes the sequence-specific integration of attB-containing plasmids into pseudo attP sites in mammalian genomes, to produce long-term transgene expression. We achieved gene transfer by co-nucleofection of a plasmid carrying the luciferase marker gene and an attB site and a plasmid expressing integrase in mNPCs that had been generated in a neurosphere preparation. Luciferase expression was quantified in live cells for 8 weeks, revealing persistence of gene expression. Sequence-specific integration at a preferred pseudo attP site in the mouse genome was detected by using PCR. Furthermore, sustained transgene expression was demonstrated in genetically modified NPCs that were cultured in conditions that promoted either growth or differentiation into neurons and astrocytes. Our results demonstrate that the phiC31 integrase system produces stable transgene expression in adult mNPCs and their progeny and may be useful in strategies for combating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annahita Keravala
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford. CA 94305
| | - Brandi K. Ormerod
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford. CA 94305
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford. CA 94305
| | - Michele P. Calos
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford. CA 94305
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Abstract
Cellular repair is a promising strategy for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Several strategies have been contemplated including replacement of neurons or glia that have been lost due to injury or disease, use of cellular grafts to modify or augment the functions of remaining neurons and/or use of cellular grafts to protect neural tissue by local delivery of growth or trophic factors. Depending on the specific disease target, there may be one or many cell types that could be considered for therapy. In each case, an additional variable must be considered--the role of the immune system in both the injury process itself and in the response to incoming cells. Cellular transplants can be roughly categorized into autografts, allografts and xenografts. Despite the immunological privilege of the CNS, allografts and xenografts can elicit activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this article, we evaluate the various effects that immune cells and signals may have on the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration/integration of transplanted cells in therapeutic approaches to CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ermini FV, Grathwohl S, Radde R, Yamaguchi M, Staufenbiel M, Palmer TD, Jucker M. Neurogenesis and alterations of neural stem cells in mouse models of cerebral amyloidosis. Am J Pathol 2008; 172:1520-8. [PMID: 18467698 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease is burdened with amyloid plaques and is one of the few locations where neurogenesis continues throughout adult life. To evaluate the impact of amyloid-beta deposition on neural stem cells, hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and doublecortin staining in two amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse models. In 5-month-old APP23 mice prior to amyloid deposition, neurogenesis showed no robust difference relative to wild-type control mice, but 25-month-old amyloid-depositing APP23 mice showed significant increases in neurogenesis compared to controls. In contrast, 8-month-old amyloid-depositing APPPS1 mice revealed decreases in neurogenesis compared to controls. To study whether alterations in neurogenesis are the result of amyloid-induced changes at the level of neural stem cells, APPPS1 mice were crossed with mice expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) under a central nervous system-specific nestin promoter. Eight-month-old nestin-GFP x APPPS1 mice exhibited decreases in quiescent nestin-positive astrocyte-like stem cells, while transient amplifying progenitor cells did not change in number. Strikingly, both astrocyte-like and transient-amplifying progenitor cells revealed an aberrant morphologic reaction toward congophilic amyloid-deposits. A similar reaction toward the amyloid was no longer observed in doublecortin-positive immature neurons. Results provide evidence for a disruption of neural stem cell biology in an amyloidogenic environment and support findings that neurogenesis is differently affected among various transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian V Ermini
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed ground-breaking advances in human stem cell biology with scientists validating adult neurogenesis and establishing methods to isolate and propagate stem cell populations suitable for transplantation. These advances have forged promising strategies against human neurodegenerative diseases. For example, growth factor administration could stimulate intrinsic repair from endogenous neural stem cells, and cultured stem cells engineered into biopumps could be transplanted to deliver neuroprotective or restorative agents. Stem cells could also be transplanted to generate new neural elements that augment and potentially replace degenerating central nervous system (CNS) circuitry. Early efforts in neural tissue transplantation have shown that these strategies can improve functional outcome, but the ultimate success of clinical stem cell-based strategies will depend on detailed understanding of stem cell biology in the degenerating brain and detailed evaluation of their functional efficacy and safety in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi K Ormerod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University300 Pasteur Drive, Boswell Building, A301, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University300 Pasteur Drive, Boswell Building, A301, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineAddenbrooke's Hospital, Box 111, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2SP, UK
- Author and address for correspondence: Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK ()
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Monje ML, Vogel H, Masek M, Ligon KL, Fisher PG, Palmer TD. Impaired human hippocampal neurogenesis after treatment for central nervous system malignancies. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:515-20. [PMID: 17786983 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cancer treatments such as cranial radiation and chemotherapy on human hippocampal neurogenesis remain unknown. In this study, we examine neuropathological markers of neurogenesis and inflammation in the human hippocampus after treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia or medulloblastoma. We demonstrate a persistent radiation-induced microglial inflammation that is accompanied by nearly complete inhibition of neurogenesis after cancer treatment. These findings are consistent with preclinical animal studies and suggest potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Monje
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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35
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Guzman R, Uchida N, Bliss TM, He D, Christopherson KK, Stellwagen D, Capela A, Greve J, Malenka RC, Moseley ME, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK. Long-term monitoring of transplanted human neural stem cells in developmental and pathological contexts with MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10211-6. [PMID: 17553967 PMCID: PMC1891235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608519104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive monitoring of stem cells, using high-resolution molecular imaging, will be instrumental to improve clinical neural transplantation strategies. We show that labeling of human central nervous system stem cells grown as neurospheres with magnetic nanoparticles does not adversely affect survival, migration, and differentiation or alter neuronal electrophysiological characteristics. Using MRI, we show that human central nervous system stem cells transplanted either to the neonatal, the adult, or the injured rodent brain respond to cues characteristic for the ambient microenvironment resulting in distinct migration patterns. Nanoparticle-labeled human central nervous system stem cells survive long-term and differentiate in a site-specific manner identical to that seen for transplants of unlabeled cells. We also demonstrate the impact of graft location on cell migration and describe magnetic resonance characteristics of graft cell death and subsequent clearance. Knowledge of migration patterns and implementation of noninvasive stem cell tracking might help to improve the design of future clinical neural stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Guzman
- *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327
| | - Nobuko Uchida
- StemCells, Inc., 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1213
| | - Tonya M. Bliss
- *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327
| | - Dongping He
- StemCells, Inc., 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1213
| | | | - David Stellwagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS P104, Stanford, CA 94305-5485; and
| | - Alexandra Capela
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS P104, Stanford, CA 94305-5485; and
| | - Joan Greve
- Department of Radiology, Lucas Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, P286, Stanford, CA 94022
| | - Robert C. Malenka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS P104, Stanford, CA 94305-5485; and
| | - Michael E. Moseley
- Department of Radiology, Lucas Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, P286, Stanford, CA 94022
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327
| | - Gary K. Steinberg
- *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Babu H, Cheung G, Kettenmann H, Palmer TD, Kempermann G. Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. PLoS One 2007; 2:e388. [PMID: 17460755 PMCID: PMC1849968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell cultures are key tools of basic and applied research in Regenerative Medicine. In the adult mammalian brain, lifelong neurogenesis originating from local precursor cells occurs in the neurogenic regions of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Despite widespread interest in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the use of mouse models to study it, no protocol existed for adult murine long-term precursor cell cultures with hippocampus-specific differentiation potential. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe a new strategy to obtain serum-free monolayer cultures of neural precursor cells from microdissected dentate gyrus of adult mice. Neurons generated from these adherent hippocampal precursor cell cultures expressed the characteristic markers like transcription factor Prox1 and showed the TTX-sensitive sodium currents of mature granule cells in vivo. Similar to granule cells in vivo, treatment with kainic acid or brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) elicited the expression of GABAergic markers, further supporting the correspondence between the in vitro and in vivo phenotype. When plated as single cells (in individual wells) or at lowest density for two to three consecutive generations, a subset of the cells showed self-renewal and gave rise to cells with properties of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The precursor cell fate was sensitive to culture conditions with their phenotype highly influenced by factors within the media (sonic hedgehog, BMP, LIF) and externally applied growth factors (EGF, FGF2, BDNF, and NT3). Conclusions/Significance We report the conditions required to generate adult murine dentate gyrus precursor cell cultures and to analyze functional properties of precursor cells and their differentiated granule cell-like progeny in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Babu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- VolkswagenStiftung Research Group, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giselle Cheung
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- VolkswagenStiftung Research Group, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Daadi MM, Bliss T, Lee SH, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK. Grafts of Neural Precursors Derived from the Basal Forebrain Improve Motor Function in Experimental Stroke. Neurosurgery 2006. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000309937.29316.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Daadi MM, Bliss T, Lee SH, Palmer TD, Steinberg GK. Grafts of Neural Precursors Derived from the Basal Forebrain Improve Motor Function in Experimental Stroke. Neurosurgery 2006. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200608000-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Soen Y, Mori A, Palmer TD, Brown PO. Exploring the regulation of human neural precursor cell differentiation using arrays of signaling microenvironments. Mol Syst Biol 2006; 2:37. [PMID: 16820778 PMCID: PMC1681508 DOI: 10.1038/msb4100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of a developing embryo integrate a complex array of local and long-range signals that act in concert with cell-intrinsic determinants to influence developmental decisions. To systematically investigate the effects of molecular microenvironments on cell fate decisions, we developed an experimental method based on parallel exposure of cells to diverse combinations of extracellular signals followed by quantitative, multi-parameter analysis of cellular responses. Primary human neural precursor cells were captured and cultured on printed microenvironment arrays composed of mixtures of extracellular matrix components, morphogens, and other signaling proteins. Quantitative single cell analysis revealed striking effects of some of these signals on the extent and direction of differentiation. We found that Wnt and Notch co-stimulation could maintain the cells in an undifferentiated-like, proliferative state, whereas bone morphogenetic protein 4 induced an ‘indeterminate' differentiation phenotype characterized by simultaneous expression of glial and neuronal markers. Multi-parameter analysis of responses to conflicting signals revealed interactions more complex than previously envisaged including dominance relations that may reflect a cell-intrinsic system for robust specification of responses in complex microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Soen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, 279 Campus Dr, Beckman Center B439, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA. Tel.: +1 650 723 6902; Fax: +1 650 725 7811; E-mail:
| | - Akiko Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P309, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA. Tel.: +1 650 723 9306; Fax: +1 650 736 1949; E-mail:
| | - Patrick O Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Newborn cells may participate in repair following ischemic brain injury, but their survival and function may be influenced by inflammation. METHODS We investigated the effects of indomethacin, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, on the fate of newborn cells following transient focal ischemia. RESULTS Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells, including migrating neuroblasts, were observed in the neighboring striatum and overlying cortex 1 day poststroke. The density of BrdU+ cells labeled with doublecortin, nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, or NG2 was increased at 14 and 28 days. Indomethacin increased BrdU+ cells of all lineages and reduced microglial/monocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS Indomethacin enhanced the accumulation of newborn cells following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hoehn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hairston IS, Little MTM, Scanlon MD, Barakat MT, Palmer TD, Sapolsky RM, Heller HC. Sleep restriction suppresses neurogenesis induced by hippocampus-dependent learning. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:4224-33. [PMID: 16014798 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00218.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation impairs hippocampal-dependent learning, which, in turn, is associated with increased survival of newborn cells in the hippocampus. We tested whether the deleterious effects of sleep restriction on hippocampus-dependent memory were associated with reduced cell survival in the hippocampus. We show that sleep restriction impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and abolished learning-induced neurogenesis. Animals were trained in a water maze on either a spatial learning (hippocampus-dependent) task or a nonspatial (hippocampus-independent) task for 4 days. Sleep-restricted animals were kept awake for one-half of their rest phase on each of the training days. Consistent with previous reports, animals trained on the hippocampus-dependent task expressed increased survival of newborn cells in comparison with animals trained on the hippocampus-independent task. This increase was abolished by sleep restriction that caused overall reduced cell survival in all animals. Sleep restriction also selectively impaired spatial learning while performance in the nonspatial task was, surprisingly, improved. Further analysis showed that in both training groups fully rested animals applied a spatial strategy irrespective of task requirements; this strategy interfered with performance in the nonspatial task. Conversely, in sleep-restricted animals, this preferred spatial strategy was eliminated, favoring the use of nonspatial information, and hence improving performance in the nonspatial task. These findings suggest that sleep loss altered behavioral strategies to those that do not depend on the hippocampus, concomitantly reversing the neurogenic effects of hippocampus-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana S Hairston
- Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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Buckwalter MS, Yamane M, Lee S, Palmer TD, Wyss-Coray T. P1-253 Chronically increased brain TGF beta-1 leads to hippocampal microgliosis and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
We report the first isolation of progenitor cells from the hypothalamus, a derivative of the embryonic basal plate that does not exhibit neurogenesis postnatally. Neurons derived from hypothalamic progenitor cells were compared with those derived from progenitor cultures of hippocampus, an embryonic alar plate derivative that continues to support neurogenesis in vivo into adulthood. Aside from their different embryonic origins and their different neurogenic potential in vivo, these brain regions were chosen because they are populated with cells of three different categories: Category I cells are generated in both hippocampus and hypothalamus, Category II cells are generated in the hypothalamus but are absent from the hippocampus, and Category III is a cell type generated in the olfactory placode that migrates into the hypothalamus during development. Stem-like cells isolated from other brain regions, with the ability to generate neurons and glia, produce neurons of several phenotypes including gabaergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic lineages. In the present study, we extended our observations into neuroendocrine phenotypes. The cultured neural precursors from 7-week-old rat hypothalamus readily generated neuropeptide-expressing neurons. Hippocampal and hypothalamic progenitor cultures converged to indistinguishable populations and produced neurons of all three categories, confirming that even short-term culture confers or selects for immature progenitors with enough plasticity to elaborate neuronal phenotypes usually inhibited in vivo by the local microenvironment. The range of phenotypes generated from neuronal precursors in vitro now includes the peptides found in the neuroendocrine system: corticotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Markakis
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Deisseroth K, Singla S, Toda H, Monje M, Palmer TD, Malenka RC. Excitation-Neurogenesis Coupling in Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Neuron 2004; 42:535-52. [PMID: 15157417 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of in vivo manipulations influence neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. It is not known, however, if adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) can intrinsically sense excitatory neural activity and thereby implement a direct coupling between excitation and neurogenesis. Moreover, the theoretical significance of activity-dependent neurogenesis in hippocampal-type memory processing networks has not been explored. Here we demonstrate that excitatory stimuli act directly on adult hippocampal NPCs to favor neuron production. The excitation is sensed via Ca(v)1.2/1.3 (L-type) Ca(2+) channels and NMDA receptors on the proliferating precursors. Excitation through this pathway acts to inhibit expression of the glial fate genes Hes1 and Id2 and increase expression of NeuroD, a positive regulator of neuronal differentiation. These activity-sensing properties of the adult NPCs, when applied as an "excitation-neurogenesis coupling rule" within a Hebbian neural network, predict significant advantages for both the temporary storage and the clearance of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Deisseroth
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Aberg MAI, Aberg ND, Palmer TD, Alborn AM, Carlsson-Skwirut C, Bang P, Rosengren LE, Olsson T, Gage FH, Eriksson PS. IGF-I has a direct proliferative effect in adult hippocampal progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 24:23-40. [PMID: 14550766 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential direct effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on adult rat hippocampal stem/progenitor cells (AHPs). IGF-I-treated cultures showed a dose-dependent increase in thymidine incorporation, total number of cells, and number of cells entering the mitosis phase. Pretreatment with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) increased the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression, and both FGF-2 and IGF-I were required for maximal proliferation. Time-lapse recordings showed that IGF-I at 100 ng/ml decreased differentiation and increased proliferation of single AHPs. Specific inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), or the downstream effector of the PI3-K pathway, serine/threonine p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6K)), showed that both the MAPK and the PI3-K pathways participate in IGF-I-induced proliferation but that the MAPK activation is obligatory. These results were confirmed with dominant-negative constructs for these pathways. Stimulation of differentiation was found at a low dose (1 ng/ml) of IGF-I, clonal analysis indicating an instructive component of IGF-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A I Aberg
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience at the Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Blå Stråket 7, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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Limoli CL, Giedzinski E, Rola R, Otsuka S, Palmer TD, Fike JR. Radiation Response of Neural Precursor Cells: Linking Cellular Sensitivity to Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. Radiat Res 2004; 161:17-27. [PMID: 14680400 DOI: 10.1667/rr3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation of the brain can cause a progressive cognitive dysfunction that may involve defects in neurogenesis. In an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced stem cell dysfunction, neural precursor cells isolated from the adult rat hippocampus were analyzed for acute (0-24 h) and chronic (3-33 days) changes in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) after exposure to X rays. Irradiated neural precursor cells exhibited an acute dose-dependent apoptosis accompanied by an increase in ROS that persisted over a 3-4-week period. The radiation effects included the activation of cell cycle checkpoints that were associated with increased Trp53 phosphorylation and Trp53 and p21 (Cdkn1a) protein levels. In vivo, neural precursor cells within the hippocampal dentate subgranular zone exhibited significant sensitivity to radiation. Proliferating precursor cells and their progeny (i.e. immature neurons) exhibited dose-dependent reductions in cell number. These reductions were less severe in Trp53-null mice, possibly due to the disruption of apoptosis. These data suggest that the apoptotic and ROS responses may be tied to Trp53-dependent regulation of cell cycle control and stress-activated pathways. The temporal coincidence between in vitro and in vivo measurements of apoptosis suggests that oxidative stress may provide a mechanistic explanation for radiation-induced inhibition of neurogenesis in the development of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94103-0806, USA.
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Abstract
Cranial radiation therapy causes a progressive decline in cognitive function that is linked to impaired neurogenesis. Chronic inflammation accompanies radiation injury, suggesting that inflammatory processes may contribute to neural stem cell dysfunction. Here, we show that neuroinflammation alone inhibits neurogenesis and that inflammatory blockade with indomethacin, a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, restores neurogenesis after endotoxin-induced inflammation and augments neurogenesis after cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Monje
- Stanford University, Department of Neurosurgery, MSLS P309, Mail Code 5487, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5487, USA
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Abstract
Like a newly popular nightspot, the biology of adult stem cells has emerged from obscurity to become one of the most lively new disciplines of the decade. The neurosciences have not escaped this trendy pastime and, from amid the noise and excitement, the astrocyte emerges as a beguiling companion to the adult neural stem cell. A once receding partner to neurons and oligodendrocytes, the astrocyte even takes on an alter ego of the stem cell itself (S. Goldman, this issue of TINS). Putting ego aside, the 'astrocyte' is also (and perhaps more importantly) an integral component of neural progenitor hotspots, where the craziness or 'la vida loca' of the nightlife might not be so wild when compared with our traditional understanding of the astrocyte. Here, astrocytes contribute to the instructive confluence of location, atmosphere and cellular neighbors that define the daily 'vida local' or everyday local life of an adult stem cell. This review discusses astrocytes as influential components in the local stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Horner
- University of Washington, Department of Neurosurgery, Harborview R&T Building, 325 Ninth Ave - Box 359655, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Abstract
Declining learning and memory function is associated with the attenuation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. As in humans, chronic stress or depression in animals is accompanied by hippocampal dysfunction, and neurogenesis is correspondingly down regulated, in part, by the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as glutamatergic and serotonergic networks. Antidepressants can reverse this effect over time but one of the most clinically effective moderators of stress or depression and robust stimulators of neurogenesis is simple voluntary physical exercise such as running. Curiously, running also elevates circulating stress hormone levels yet neurogenesis is doubled in running animals. In evaluating the signalling that running provides to the central nervous system in mice, we have found that peripheral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is necessary for the effects of running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Peripheral blockade of VEGF abolished running-induced neurogenesis but had no detectable effect on baseline neurogenesis in non-running animals. These data suggest that VEGF is an important element of a 'somatic regulator' of adult neurogenesis and that these somatic signalling networks can function independently of the central regulatory networks that are typically considered in the context of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Fabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mail Code 5487, MSLS P309, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5487, USA
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