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Avula K, Singh B, Kumar PV, Syed GH. Role of Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) in the Viral Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673509. [PMID: 34248884 PMCID: PMC8260984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the host cell machinery for their replication and dissemination. Cellular lipids play a central role in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as entry, replication, morphogenesis, and egress. Most viruses reorganize the host cell membranes for the establishment of viral replication complex. These specialized structures allow the segregation of replicating viral RNA from ribosomes and protect it from host nucleases. They also facilitate localized enrichment of cellular components required for viral replication and assembly. The specific composition of the lipid membrane governs its ability to form negative or positive curvature and possess a rigid or flexible form, which is crucial for membrane rearrangement and establishment of viral replication complexes. In this review, we highlight how different viruses manipulate host lipid transfer proteins and harness their functions to enrich different membrane compartments with specific lipids in order to facilitate multiple aspects of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Avula
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Bharati Singh
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Preethy V Kumar
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Gulam H Syed
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
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2
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Quantifying simultaneous innovations in evolutionary medicine. Theory Biosci 2020; 139:319-335. [PMID: 33241494 PMCID: PMC7719117 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-020-00333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do simultaneous innovations occur and are independently from each other? In this paper we use a novel persistent keyword framework to systematically identify innovations in a large corpus containing academic papers in evolutionary medicine between 2007 and 2011. We examine whether innovative papers occurring simultaneously are independent from each other by evaluating the citation and co-authorship information gathered from the corpus metadata. We find that 19 out of 22 simultaneous innovative papers do, in fact, occur independently from each other. In particular, co-authors of simultaneous innovative papers are no more geographically concentrated than the co-authors of similar non-innovative papers in the field. Our result suggests producing innovative work draws from a collective knowledge pool, rather than from knowledge circulating in distinct localized collaboration networks. Therefore, new ideas can appear at multiple locations and with geographically dispersed co-authorship networks. Our findings support the perspective that simultaneous innovations are the outcome of collective behavior.
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3
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Istvan ES, Das S, Bhatnagar S, Beck JR, Owen E, Llinas M, Ganesan SM, Niles JC, Winzeler E, Vaidya AB, Goldberg DE. Plasmodium Niemann-Pick type C1-related protein is a druggable target required for parasite membrane homeostasis. eLife 2019; 8:40529. [PMID: 30888318 PMCID: PMC6424564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites possess a protein with homology to Niemann-Pick Type C1 proteins (Niemann-Pick Type C1-Related protein, NCR1). We isolated parasites with resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum NCR1 (PfNCR1) during selections with three diverse small-molecule antimalarial compounds and show that the mutations are causative for compound resistance. PfNCR1 protein knockdown results in severely attenuated growth and confers hypersensitivity to the compounds. Compound treatment or protein knockdown leads to increased sensitivity of the parasite plasma membrane (PPM) to the amphipathic glycoside saponin and engenders digestive vacuoles (DVs) that are small and malformed. Immuno-electron microscopy and split-GFP experiments localize PfNCR1 to the PPM. Our experiments show that PfNCR1 activity is critically important for the composition of the PPM and is required for DV biogenesis, suggesting PfNCR1 as a novel antimalarial drug target. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Istvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Suyash Bhatnagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Josh R Beck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Edward Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Manuel Llinas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Suresh M Ganesan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Elizabeth Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, United States
| | - Akhil B Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
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4
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Rajakumar T, Munkacsi AB, Sturley SL. Exacerbating and reversing lysosomal storage diseases: from yeast to humans. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 4:278-293. [PMID: 28913343 PMCID: PMC5597791 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.09.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) arise from monogenic deficiencies in lysosomal proteins and pathways and are characterized by a tissue-wide accumulation of a vast variety of macromolecules, normally specific to each genetic lesion. Strategies for treatment of LSDs commonly depend on reduction of the offending metabolite(s) by substrate depletion or enzyme replacement. However, at least 44 of the ~50 LSDs are currently recalcitrant to intervention. Murine models have provided significant insights into our understanding of many LSD mechanisms; however, these systems do not readily permit phenotypic screening of compound libraries, or the establishment of genetic or gene-environment interaction networks. Many of the genes causing LSDs are evolutionarily conserved, thus facilitating the application of models system to provide additional insight into LSDs. Here, we review the utility of yeast models of 3 LSDs: Batten disease, cystinosis, and Niemann-Pick type C disease. We will focus on the translation of research from yeast models into human patients suffering from these LSDs. We will also discuss the use of yeast models to investigate the penetrance of LSDs, such as Niemann-Pick type C disease, into more prevalent syndromes including viral infection and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamayanthi Rajakumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6012
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6012.,Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6012
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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5
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Recent Advances in Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Regulation Mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:270-277. [PMID: 28904410 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell membrane, is not only essential for fungal growth and development but also very important for adaptation to stress in fungi. Ergosterol is also a direct precursor for steroid drugs. The biosynthesis of ergosterol can be divided into three modules: mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate (farnesyl-PP) and ergosterol biosynthesis. The regulation of ergosterol content is mainly achieved by feedback regulation of ergosterol synthase activity through transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. The synthesis of HMG-CoA, catalyzed by HMGR, is a major metabolic check point in ergosterol biosynthesis. Excessive sterols can be subsequently stored in lipid droplets or secreted into the extracellular milieu by esterification or acetylation to avoid toxic effects. As sterols are insoluble, the intracellular transport of ergosterol in cells requires transporters. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding ergosterol biosynthesis and its regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, few reviews have focused on these studies, especially the regulation of biosynthesis and intracellular transport. Therefore, this review summarizes recent research progress on the physiological functions, biosynthesis, regulation of biosynthesis and intracellular transportation of ergosterol in S. cerevisiae.
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6
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Munkacsi AB, Hammond N, Schneider RT, Senanayake DS, Higaki K, Lagutin K, Bloor SJ, Ory DS, Maue RA, Chen FW, Hernandez-Ono A, Dahlson N, Repa JJ, Ginsberg HN, Ioannou YA, Sturley SL. Normalization of Hepatic Homeostasis in the Npc1nmf164 Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick Type C Disease Treated with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:4395-4410. [PMID: 28031458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a fatal genetic lipidosis for which there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy. Vorinostat, an FDA-approved inhibitor of histone deacetylases, ameliorates lysosomal lipid accumulation in cultured NP-C patient fibroblasts. To assess the therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibition, we pursued these in vitro observations in two murine models of NP-C disease. Npc1nmf164 mice, which express a missense mutation in the Npc1 gene, were treated intraperitoneally, from weaning, with the maximum tolerated dose of vorinostat (150 mg/kg, 5 days/week). Disease progression was measured via gene expression, liver function and pathology, serum and tissue lipid levels, body weight, and life span. Transcriptome analyses of treated livers indicated multiple changes consistent with reversal of liver dysfunction that typifies NP-C disease. Significant improvements in liver pathology and function were achieved by this treatment regimen; however, NPC1 protein maturation and levels, disease progression, weight loss, and animal morbidity were not detectably altered. Vorinostat concentrations were >200 μm in the plasma compartment of treated animals but were almost 100-fold lower in brain tissue. Apolipoprotein B metabolism and the expression of key components of lipid homeostasis in primary hepatocytes from null (Npc1-/-) and missense (Npc1nmf164 ) mutant mice were altered by vorinostat treatment, consistent with a response by these cells independent of the status of the Npc1 locus. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors have utility to treat visceral NP-C disease. However, it is clear that improved blood-brain barrier penetration will be required to alleviate the neurological symptoms of human NP-C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Munkacsi
- From the School of Biological Sciences and .,Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Katsumi Higaki
- the Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | | | - Daniel S Ory
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert A Maue
- the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Fannie W Chen
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | | | - Nicole Dahlson
- the Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Joyce J Repa
- the Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | | | - Yiannis A Ioannou
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- the Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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7
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Advances in Human Biology: Combining Genetics and Molecular Biophysics to Pave the Way for Personalized Diagnostics and Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/471836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in several biology-oriented initiatives such as genome sequencing and structural genomics, along with the progress made through traditional biological and biochemical research, have opened up a unique opportunity to better understand the molecular effects of human diseases. Human DNA can vary significantly from person to person and determines an individual’s physical characteristics and their susceptibility to diseases. Armed with an individual’s DNA sequence, researchers and physicians can check for defects known to be associated with certain diseases by utilizing various databases. However, for unclassified DNA mutations or in order to reveal molecular mechanism behind the effects, the mutations have to be mapped onto the corresponding networks and macromolecular structures and then analyzed to reveal their effect on the wild type properties of biological processes involved. Predicting the effect of DNA mutations on individual’s health is typically referred to as personalized or companion diagnostics. Furthermore, once the molecular mechanism of the mutations is revealed, the patient should be given drugs which are the most appropriate for the individual genome, referred to as pharmacogenomics. Altogether, the shift in focus in medicine towards more genomic-oriented practices is the foundation of personalized medicine. The progress made in these rapidly developing fields is outlined.
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8
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Klug L, Daum G. Yeast lipid metabolism at a glance. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:369-88. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Klug
- Institute of Biochemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
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9
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Perry G, DiNatale C, Xie W, Navabi A, Reinprecht Y, Crosby W, Yu K, Shi C, Pauls KP. A comparison of the molecular organization of genomic regions associated with resistance to common bacterial blight in two Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:318. [PMID: 24009615 PMCID: PMC3756299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, in Phaseolus vulgaris is conditioned by several loci on different chromosomes. Previous studies with OAC-Rex, a CBB-resistant, white bean variety of Mesoamerican origin, identified two resistance loci associated with the molecular markers Pv-CTT001 and SU91, on chromosome 4 and 8, respectively. Resistance to CBB is assumed to be derived from an interspecific cross with Phaseolus acutifolius in the pedigree of OAC-Rex. Our current whole genome sequencing effort with OAC-Rex provided the opportunity to compare its genome in the regions associated with CBB resistance with the v1.0 release of the P. vulgaris line G19833, which is a large seeded bean of Andean origin, and (assumed to be) CBB susceptible. In addition, the genomic regions containing SAP6, a marker associated with P. vulgaris-derived CBB-resistance on chromosome 10, were compared. These analyses indicated that gene content was highly conserved between G19833 and OAC-Rex across the regions examined (>80%). However, fifty-nine genes unique to OAC Rex were identified, with resistance gene homologues making up the largest category (10 genes identified). Two unique genes in OAC-Rex located within the SU91 resistance QTL have homology to P. acutifolius ESTs and may be potential sources of CBB resistance. As the genomic sequence assembly of OAC-Rex is completed, we expect that further comparisons between it and the G19833 genome will lead to a greater understanding of CBB resistance in bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Perry
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Claudia DiNatale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, WindsorON, Canada
| | - Weilong Xie
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, c/o Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Alireza Navabi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, c/o Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | | | - William Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, WindsorON, Canada
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, HarrowON, Canada
| | - Chun Shi
- Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, HarrowON, Canada
| | - K. Peter Pauls
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
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10
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Lysosomal vitamin E accumulation in Niemann–Pick type C disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Munkacsi AB, Chen FW, Brinkman MA, Higaki K, Gutiérrez GD, Chaudhari J, Layer JV, Tong A, Bard M, Boone C, Ioannou YA, Sturley SL. An "exacerbate-reverse" strategy in yeast identifies histone deacetylase inhibition as a correction for cholesterol and sphingolipid transport defects in human Niemann-Pick type C disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23842-51. [PMID: 21489983 PMCID: PMC3129166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a fatal lysosomal lipid storage disorder for which no effective therapy exists. A genome-wide, conditional synthetic lethality screen was performed using the yeast model of NP-C disease during anaerobiosis, an auxotrophic condition that requires yeast to utilize exogenous sterol. We identified 12 pathways and 13 genes as modifiers of the absence of the yeast NPC1 ortholog (NCR1) and quantified the impact of loss of these genes on sterol metabolism in ncr1Δ strains grown under viable aerobic conditions. Deletion of components of the yeast NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex in ncr1Δ strains conferred anaerobic inviability and accumulation of multiple sterol intermediates. Thus, we hypothesize an imbalance in histone acetylation in human NP-C disease. Accordingly, we show that the majority of the 11 histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes are transcriptionally up-regulated in three genetically distinct fibroblast lines derived from patients with NP-C disease. A clinically approved HDAC inhibitor (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) reverses the dysregulation of the majority of the HDAC genes. Consequently, three key cellular diagnostic criteria of NP-C disease are dramatically ameliorated as follows: lysosomal accumulation of both cholesterol and sphingolipids and defective esterification of LDL-derived cholesterol. These data suggest HDAC inhibition as a candidate therapy for NP-C disease. We conclude that pathways that exacerbate lethality in a model organism can be reversed in human cells as a novel therapeutic strategy. This "exacerbate-reverse" approach can potentially be utilized in any model organism for any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fannie W. Chen
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | | | - Katsumi Higaki
- the Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | - Jagruti Chaudhari
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Jacob V. Layer
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Amy Tong
- the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Martin Bard
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Charles Boone
- the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Yiannis A. Ioannou
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Stephen L. Sturley
- From the Department of Pediatrics and
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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12
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Madra M, Sturley SL. Niemann-Pick type C pathogenesis and treatment: from statins to sugars. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:387-395. [PMID: 21394236 PMCID: PMC3050622 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of the causative genes for Niemann-Pick type C disease, a panethnic lysosomal lipid storage disorder, has provided models of how sterols and other lipids such as glycosphingolipids traverse the membranes of eukaryotic cells. Unfortunately, these molecular advances have yet to reciprocate with a cure for this devastating neurodegenerative disorder where neuronal replenishment will most likely yield the greatest benefit. In the meantime, stabilizing treatment strategies based on the removal of presumably toxic metabolites are in place. For example, the small molecule inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase by miglustat limits ganglioside accumulation and is now the only approved treatment of Niemann-Pick type C. In addition, 2-hydroxypropyl-B-cyclodextrin, a lipid chelator, relieves the lysosomal to endoplasmic reticulum blockage and markedly increases the life expectancy of the murine model. Ultimately, these strategies, targeting the primary biochemical lesion in these cells, and others will likely be combined to provide a synergistic cocktail approach to treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneek Madra
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, NY 10032, USA
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13
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Gulati S, Liu Y, Munkacsi AB, Wilcox L, Sturley SL. Sterols and sphingolipids: dynamic duo or partners in crime? Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:353-65. [PMID: 20362613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One manner in which eukaryotic cells respond to their environments is by optimizing the composition and proportions of sterols and sphingolipids in membranes. The physical association of the planar ring of sterols with the acyl chains of phospholipids, particularly sphingolipids, produces membrane micro-heterogeneity that is exploited to coordinate several crucial pathways. We hypothesize that these lipid molecules play an integrated role in human disease; when one of the partners is mis-regulated, pathology frequently ensues. Sterols and sphingolipid levels are not coordinated by the action of a single master regulator, however the cross-talk between their metabolic pathways is considerable. We describe our perspectives on the key components of synthesis, catabolism and transport of these lipid partners with an emphasis on evolutionarily conserved reactions that produce disease states when defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gulati
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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