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Zhang X, Jian Y, Li Z, Duo H, Guo Z, Fu Y. Optimization of single-tube nested PCR for the detection of Echinococcus spp. Exp Parasitol 2023; 247:108494. [PMID: 36849051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic life-threatening parasitic disease caused by metacestodes of Echinococcus spp., and appropriate sensitive diagnosis and genotyping techniques are required to detect infections and study the genetic characterization of Echinococcus spp. isolates. In this study, a single-tube nested PCR (STNPCR) method was developed and evaluated for the detection of Echinococcus spp. DNA based on the COI gene. STNPCR was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR and showed the same sensitivity to common nested PCR (NPCR); but with a lower risk of cross-contamination. The limit of detection of the developed STNPCR method was estimated to be 10 copies/μL of the recombinant standard plasmids of Echinococcus spp. COI gene. In clinical application, 8 cyst tissue samples and 12 calcification tissue samples were analysed by conventional PCR with outer and inner primers and resulted in 100.00% (8/8) and 8.33% (1/12), 100.00% (8/8) and 16.67% (2/12) positive reactions, respectively, while STNPCR and NPCR were all able to identify the presence of genomic DNA in 100.00% (8/8) and 83.33% (10/12) of the same samples. Due to its high sensitivity combined with the potential for the elimination of cross-contamination, the STNPCR method was suitable for epidemiological investigations and characteristic genetic studies of Echinococcus spp. tissue samples. The STNPCR method can effectively amplify low concentrations of genomic DNA from calcification samples and cyst residues infected with Echinococcus spp. Subsequently, the sequences of positive PCR products were obtained, which were useful for haplotype analysis, genetic diversity, and evolution studies of Echinococcus spp., and understanding of Echinococcus spp. dissemination and transmission among the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China.
| | - Yingna Jian
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Hong Duo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Yong Fu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China.
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Wind-borne dispersion of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs - a flight model. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e45. [PMID: 35762233 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar hydatid disease, also known as alveolar echinococcosis, of humans is certainly one of the most dangerous zoonoses worldwide. The disease is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis - the fox tapeworm. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are currently counted as the most important carriers (reservoirs) of E. multilocularis in the Northern Hemisphere. The possible routes of infection of E. multilocularis to humans are complex and still require research. Until now, it has been unknown whether E. multilocularis eggs can be moved by wind at all. This analysis shows, based on calculations, that E. multilocularis eggs can be transported by wind. Using a mathematical model, flight distances depending on wind speed and take-off heights are calculated for dense and less dense (coniferous) forest areas. The results - differentiated for seasons and as overall average - are based on mean values of wind speeds which were measured over a ten-year period in an experimental forest stand in the Solling (Germany). Due to their rate of descent, wind-related spreading of E. multilocularis eggs is possible. The average flight distance covered by E. multilocularis eggs in forest areas, depending on their starting altitude and wind speed, is between approximately 1.3 m and approximately 17 m. From the mathematical point of view, the wind factor can definitely be seen as one of the multiple vectors associated with environmental contamination by E. multilocularis eggs. Consequently, the possible wind-borne spread of E. multilocularis eggs poses an infection risk to humans that should be considered and requires further research.
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Abstract
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a rare but severe zoonosis caused by the pseudotumoral intrahepatic development of the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. HAE is present only in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in China. Currently, there is a significant resurgence of cases in historically endemic areas associated with emergence of HAE in countries not previously concerned. Today, in European countries, HAE is often discovered by chance; however, clinicians should be made aware of opportunistic infections that progressively emerged recently as a result of therapeutic or pathological immunosuppression. Ultrasonography is the key first-line diagnostic procedure, with specific serology providing confirmation in 95% of the cases. Albendazole, only parasitostatic, is the mainstay for treatment. Surgical resection, if feasible, is the gold standard for treatment, and more patients are currently eligible for this option because of an earlier diagnosis. The prognosis has considerably improved but remains poor in countries where access to care is less favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Bresson-Hadni
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Spahr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland
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Khan A, Umhang G, Ullah Z, Boué F, Bastid V, Ullah I, Mahmood S, Afzal MS, Ahmed H. Investigation of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and dogs in Pakistan by detection of copro-DNA. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:731-737. [PMID: 33442815 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, a heteroxenous parasite belonging to Cestoda class. AE is currently considered an important public health issue, but epidemiological and notably molecular data from several endemic countries, including Pakistan, are sparse. Here we report the first detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife from Pakistan after real-time PCR and sequencing confirmation in the faecal samples of three foxes from northern Kaghan and Siran regions. The occurrence is estimated at 4.4% (95% CI 0.9-12.4). In order to go further in the epidemiological investigations on E. multilocularis and due to the potential presence of other Echinococcus species, we suggest the need for further epidemiological surveys targeting E. multilocularis and E. granulosus sensu lato isolates from humans and intermediate hosts as well as definitive hosts from wildlife in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France.
| | - Zaib Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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5
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Bi XJ, Shao YM, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang CS, Lü GD, Aji T, Li J, Zhang WB, Wen H, Lin RY. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the immunoblotting and ELISA tests using recombinant Em18 antigen in human alveolar echinococcosis from Xingjiang China. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3155-3160. [PMID: 30214538 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a prevalent epidemic in the northern hemisphere, especially in central Europe and western China. Serum diagnosis is important for patients with AE, especially during the first screening. The present study purified the recombinant Em18-GST (rEm18-GST), and detected its diagnostic performance in human alveolar echinococcosis patients of Xinjiang, China with immunoblotting (IB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum samples were collected from 50 patients with AE, 222 patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE), 158 patients with other unrelated infections and 106 healthy individuals. The IB results showed that serum samples of 47 patients with AE and 12 patients with CE were rEm18-positive. However, only one sample from patients with cancer showed a cross-reaction with rEm18 in IB. The overall sensitivity was 94%, and the total specificity was 96.58%. For the rEm18 results using ELISA, the sera of 46 patients with AE were positive, and the overall sensitivity was 92%. In conclusion, compared with imaging tools, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, rEm18 has considerable advantages for AE serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Mei Shao
- Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Department, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Department, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
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Zhuo X, Yu Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Du A. Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip based on HSP70 for the rapid detection of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2017; 240:34-38. [PMID: 28576342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative pathogen of cystic echinococcosis, a serious disease endangering human and animal health. In this study, an immunochromatographic strip was developed based on the recombinant protein Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) for the serological detection of E. granulosus. The protocol completes within 20min requiring no specialized equipment or chemical reagents, while specificity tests confirmed no cross-reactivity with positive serum of Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The strips remained stable after storage at 4°C for up to 8 months. Both immunochromatographic strip and ELISA tests were applied to detect E. granulosus antibody in a total of 728 serum samples obtained from slaughter houses in Zhejiang Province. Our data revealed positive rates of 2.61 and 1.65% by immunochromatographic strip and ELISA methods, respectively. The immunochromatographic strip test developed in this study provides a simple, specific and rapid method of E. granulosus antibody detection and infected sheep monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunhui Zhuo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Yingchao Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Deqing County, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Animal Science Academy of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Deqing County, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313200, China; Animal Science Academy of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Yamashita M, Imagawa T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Yanagida T, Okamoto Y, Tsuka T, Osaki T, Ito A. Serological validation of an alveolar echinococcosis rat model with a single hepatic lesion. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:308-313. [PMID: 27890868 PMCID: PMC5326935 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Serology is important for the diagnosis and follow-up of human alveolar echinococcosis
(AE). However, patient conditions are highly variable among those with AE, and antibody
responses in serological follow-up have not been well-defined. We recently described a new
AE rat model established by implantation of small AE tissue into a single arbitrary
location in the liver; no metastasis and dissemination were observed. In the present
study, we examined the serological characteristics in our rat model before and after
surgical treatment. The results showed that antibody responses against crude antigens were
increased at one month after transplantation and similar to those of other model animals.
For the antigen Em18, antibody responses were slower in our rat model than in other animal
models. After surgical resection, changes in antibody responses against Em18 were similar
to those observed in human patients with AE. Because of the slow growth of lesions,
establishment of a single hepatic lesion and patterns of antibody responses, our rat model
may be useful for clarifying follow-up serodiagnoses in human AE and determining the
mechanisms of multi-organ involvement by primary infection with oncospheres rather than
metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamashita
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Amer S, Helal IB, Kamau E, Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from farm animals in Egypt. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118509. [PMID: 25760944 PMCID: PMC4356597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known on the diversity and public health significance of Echinococcus species in livestock in Egypt. In this study, 37 individual hydatid cysts were collected from dromedary camels (n=28), sheep (n=7) and buffalos (n=2). DNA was extracted from protoscoleces/germinal layer of individual cysts and amplified by PCR targeting nuclear (actin II) and mitochondrial (COX1 and NAD1) genes. Direct sequencing of amplicons indicated the presence of Echinococcus canadenesis (G6 genotype) in 26 of 28 camel cysts, 3 of 7 sheep cysts and the 2 buffalo derived cysts. In contrast, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype) was detected in one cyst from a camel and 4 of 7 cysts from sheep, whereas Echinococcus ortleppi (G5 genotype) was detected in one cyst from a camel. This is the first identification of E. ortleppi in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Amer
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim B. Helal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Evelyne Kamau
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, ISSB, Universite d’Evry val d’Essonne, France
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Aoki T, Hagiwara M, Yabuki H, Ito A. Unique MRI findings for differentiation of an early stage of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-208123. [PMID: 25697300 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-208123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CT scan and ultrasonography images revealed two small uniformly low-density and hypoechoic lesions in the liver, respectively, 7 years after curative resection of rectal cancer, in a 74-year-old man. The area of the liver including the two lesions was segmentally resected. Two lesions were histopathologically confirmed as early but active stage alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis. This case is very unique and rare, since early stage hepatic AE cases have only accidentally been confirmed from cases in which malignant hepatic tumours were suspected, and because two independent AE lesions were detected. Abdominal MRI showed two isointense tumour lesions with small areas of high-signal intensity in their centres on T2-weighted images. MRI findings appear to reflect the macroscopic view and microscopic findings of early stage AE with active cyst in the centre of each hepatic lesion well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Aoki
- Department of Surgery, Hokkaido Kouseiren Engaru-Kousei General Hospital, Engaru, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hagiwara
- Department of Surgery, Hokkaido Kouseiren Engaru-Kousei General Hospital, Engaru, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Yabuki
- Department of Surgery, Hokkaido Kouseiren Engaru-Kousei General Hospital, Engaru, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Ito A. Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections:Hymenolepis,TaeniaandEchinococcus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:53-69. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ito
- Department of Parasitology and NTD Research Laboratory; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
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12
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Ito A, Dorjsuren T, Davaasuren A, Yanagida T, Sako Y, Nakaya K, Nakao M, Bat-Ochir OE, Ayushkhuu T, Bazarragchaa N, Gonchigsengee N, Li T, Agvaandaram G, Davaajav A, Boldbaatar C, Chuluunbaatar G. Cystic echinococcoses in Mongolia: molecular identification, serology and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2937. [PMID: 24945801 PMCID: PMC4063745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed cestode zoonosis that causes hepatic cysts. Although Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the major causative agent of CE worldwide, recent molecular epidemiological studies have revealed that E. canadensis is common in countries where camels are present. One such country is Mongolia. Methodology/Principal Findings Forty-three human hepatic CE cases that were confirmed histopathologically at the National Center of Pathology (NCP) in Ulaanbaatar (UB) were identified by analysis of mitochondrial cox 1 gene as being caused by either E. canadensis (n = 31, 72.1%) or E. granulosus s.s. (n = 12, 27.9%). The majority of the E. canadensis cases were strain G6/7 (29/31, 93.5%). Twenty three haplotypes were identified. Sixteen of 39 CE cases with data on age, sex and province of residence were citizens of UB (41.0%), with 13 of the 16 cases from UB caused by E. canadensis (G6/7) (81.3%). Among these 13 cases, nine were children (69.2%). All pediatric cases (n = 18) were due to E. canadensis with 17 of the 18 cases (94.4%) due to strain G6/7. Serum samples were available for 31 of the 43 CE cases, with 22 (71.0%) samples positive by ELISA to recombinant Antigen B8/1 (rAgB). Nine of 10 CE cases caused by E. granulosus s.s. (90.0%) and 13 of 20 CE cases by E. canadensis (G6/7) (65.0%) were seropositive. The one CE case caused by E. canadensis (G10) was seronegative. CE cases caused by E. granulosus s.s. showed higher absorbance values (median value 1.131) than those caused by E. canadensis (G6/7) (median value 0.106) (p = 0.0137). Conclusion/Significance The main species/strains in the study population were E. canadenis and E. granulossus s.s. with E. canadensis the predominant species identified in children. The reason why E. canadensis appears to be so common in children is unknown. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis with a cosmopolitan distribution. Molecular analysis was carried out on 43 hepatic CE cysts from 43 cases confirmed histopathologically at the NCP, Mongolia. Molecular analysis revealed two species, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus granulosus s.s. Twenty three haplotypes of the cox1 gene were identified. All pediatric cases (n = 18) were by E. canadensis. Sixteen of 39 CE cases with data on age, sex and province of residence were from UB (41.0%), and 13 of these 16 cases were caused by E. canadensis (81.3%). Among the 13 cases from UB, nine were children (69.2%). A total of 31 serum samples from these 43 cases were analyzed for antibody response to rAgB with 22 (71.0%) samples positive by ELISA to rAgB. Thirteen of 20 E. canadensis (G6/7) (65%) and nine of 10 E. granulosus s.s. (90%) were seropositive. CE cases by E. granulosus s.s. showed a higher absorbance value than cases by E. canadensis (p = 0.0137). This is the first study to evaluate age distribution of and antibody responses to rAgB in CE cases caused by the two species in Mongolia. It remains unknown why E. canadensis appears to be more common in pediatric cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Temuulen Dorjsuren
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Medical Biology and Histology, School of Biomedicine, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Anu Davaasuren
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakaya
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiaoying Li
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Gurbadam Agvaandaram
- Department of Medical Biology and Histology, School of Biomedicine, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Abmed Davaajav
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Chinchuluun Boldbaatar
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gantigmaa Chuluunbaatar
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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13
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Itoh M, Sako Y, Itoh S, Ishikawa Y, Akabane H, Nakaya K, Nagaoka F, Ito A. Immunodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis using urine samples. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:514-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jeong JS, Han SY, Kim YH, Sako Y, Yanagida T, Ito A, Chai JY. Serological and molecular characteristics of the first Korean case of Echinococcus multilocularis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:595-7. [PMID: 24327789 PMCID: PMC3857511 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In December 2011, we reported an autochthonous case of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in a 42-year-old woman in Korea. The diagnosis was based on histopathological findings of the surgically resected liver cyst. In the present study, we evaluated the serological and molecular characteristics of this Korean E. multilocularis case. The patient's serum strongly reacted with affinity-purified native Em18 and recombinant Em18 antigens (specific for E. multilocularis) but negative for recombinant antigen B8/1 (reactive for Echinococcus granulosus). In immunoaffinity chromatography, the serum also strongly reacted with E. multilocularis and only weakly positive for E. granulosus. We determined the whole nucleotide sequence of cox1 (1,608 bp) using the paraffin-embedded cystic tissue which was compared with E. multilocularis isolates from China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Austria, France, and Slovakia. The Korean case showed 99.8-99.9% similarity with isolates from Asia (the highest similarity with an isolate from Sichuan, China), whereas the similarity with European isolates ranged from 99.5 to 99.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 602-714, Korea
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15
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Yamashita M, Imagawa T, Nakaya K, Sako Y, Okamoto Y, Tsuka T, Osaki T, Okamoto M, Ito A. Echinococcus multilocularis: Single hepatic lesion experimentally established without metastasis in rats. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang JY, Gao CH, Steverding D, Wang X, Shi F, Yang YT. Differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of specific antibodies. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3627-33. [PMID: 23949310 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are zoonotic diseases caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. As the diseases are co-endemic in many areas of the world, a simple and rapid test for the differential diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinocoocosis (AE) is needed. Here, we describe the development of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) using crude hydatid cyst fluid and a recombinant 18-kDa protein (rEm18) as antigens for the detection of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis antibodies in serum samples. The ICT was evaluated with serum samples from 195 echinococcosis patients from different endemic areas in northwestern China. These included 144 from CE patients, 51 from AE patients, 67 from patients with other parasitic diseases, 13 from patients with serous hepatic cysts, and 60 from healthy individuals. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICT for CE were 91.0 and 96.9% and for AE were 98.0 and 99.3% with diagnostic efficiencies of 94.1 and 99.1%, respectively. No significant differences and high degrees of agreement were found between the ICT and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both CE and AE. Five serum samples from cysticercosis patients and one serum sample from a healthy control were found positive for CE with the ICT. These findings indicate that this test allows for discrimination between both forms of human echinococcosis. In conclusion, the ICT developed in this study is a promising tool for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of CE and AE. This test will be useful for serodiagnosis of CE and AE in clinical settings and screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China,
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17
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Xiao N, Yao JW, Ding W, Giraudoux P, Craig PS, Ito A. Priorities for research and control of cestode zoonoses in Asia. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:16. [PMID: 23915395 PMCID: PMC3750256 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, cestode zoonoses cause serious public health problems, particularly in Asia. Among all neglected zoonotic diseases, cestode zoonoses account for over 75% of global disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. An international symposium on cestode zoonoses research and control was held in Shanghai, China between 28th and 30th October 2012 in order to establish joint efforts to study and research effective approaches to control these zoonoses. It brought together 96 scientists from the Asian region and beyond to exchange ideas, report on progress, make a gap analysis, and distill prioritizing settings with a focus on the Asian region. Key objectives of this international symposium were to agree on solutions to accelerate progress towards decreasing transmission, and human mortality and morbidity caused by the three major cestode zoonoses (cystic echinococcosis, alveolar echinococcosis, and cysticercosis); to critically assess the potential to control these diseases; to establish a research and validation agenda on existing and new approaches; and to report on novel tools for the study and control of cestode zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Nothing is perfect! Trouble-shooting in immunological and molecular studies of cestode infections. Parasitology 2013; 140:1551-65. [PMID: 23790247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This personal review focuses on ways to approach and overcome some of the more common issues encountered while studying cestode zoonoses. The information presented here is based on the author's own experiences with immunological and molecular approaches for the detection of these parasites. There are many incongruities between immunological and molecular studies due to biased work. Nothing is perfect. Indirect approaches using either immunological, or even molecular tools, are limited without confirmation from direct evidence of infection. The dilemma of whether developing countries should develop their own diagnostic tests or rely on commercially available kits is also discussed.
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Zeng H, Wang J, Xie W, Liu W, Wen H. Assessment of early hepatic echinococcus multilocularis infection in rats with real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:1982-1988. [PMID: 22929653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate characteristic imaging and accurate evaluation of blood perfusion in early stage of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). The early stage of experimentally induced secondary HAE in 45 rats was studied. Thirty-six HAE lesions in 33 rats, confirmed by pathologic examination, were examined by ultrasound (US), color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and then CEUS. Thirty-three lesions were found in 30 rats by US, and 30 lesions were detected in 27 rats by CEUS. The sensitivity of US and CEUS was 92% (95% CI 76%-98%) and 82% (95% CI 65%-93%), respectively. US imaging characteristics were categorized into four types: hyperechoic spot (type 1, 45.5%, 15/33), granular hyperechoic spots (type 2, 12.1%, 4/33), hyperechoic lesion (type 3, 30.3%, 10/33) and mixed pattern (type 4, 12.1%, 4/33). CDFI failed to detect blood flow signals in any lesions. CEUS results for 30 lesions showed ring enhancement in the peripheral area during the arterial phase and no filling effect in either the portal or the delayed phase (46.7%, 14/30); ring enhancement combined with central septa enhancement during the arterial phase and portal venous phase (46.7, 14/30), and no enhancement (6.6%, 2/30). The enhanced area, confirmed by pathologic examination, was an inflammatory reaction belt surrounding the lesion. The results of this study suggest that US, with high sensitivity, can be used as a screening method for early HAE lesions in the animal model, while CEUS can be used for displaying the peripheral blood perfusion and vesicle structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Zeng
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
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20
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Monteiro KM, Cardoso MB, Follmer C, da Silveira NP, Vargas DM, Kitajima EW, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B structure: subunit composition and oligomeric states. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1551. [PMID: 22413028 PMCID: PMC3295803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen B (AgB) is the major protein secreted by the Echinococcus granulosus metacestode and is involved in key host-parasite interactions during infection. The full comprehension of AgB functions depends on the elucidation of several structural aspects that remain unknown, such as its subunit composition and oligomeric states. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The subunit composition of E. granulosus AgB oligomers from individual bovine and human cysts was assessed by mass spectrometry associated with electrophoretic analysis. AgB8/1, AgB8/2, AgB8/3 and AgB8/4 subunits were identified in all samples analyzed, and an AgB8/2 variant (AgB8/2v8) was found in one bovine sample. The exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) was used to estimate the relative abundance of the AgB subunits, revealing that AgB8/1 subunit was relatively overrepresented in all samples. The abundance of AgB8/3 subunit varied between bovine and human cysts. The oligomeric states formed by E. granulosus AgB and recombinant subunits available, rAgB8/1, rAgB8/2 and rAgB8/3, were characterized by native PAGE, light scattering and microscopy. Recombinant subunits showed markedly distinct oligomerization behaviors, forming oligomers with a maximum size relation of rAgB8/3>rAgB8/2>rAgB8/1. Moreover, the oligomeric states formed by rAgB8/3 subunit were more similar to those observed for AgB purified from hydatid fluid. Pressure-induced dissociation experiments demonstrated that the molecular assemblies formed by the more aggregative subunits, rAgB8/2 and rAgB8/3, also display higher structural stability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, AgB subunit composition was analyzed in samples from single hydatid cysts, revealing qualitative and quantitative differences between samples. We showed that AgB oligomers are formed by different subunits, which have distinct abundances and oligomerization properties. Overall, our findings have significantly contributed to increase the current knowledge on AgB expression and structure, highlighting issues that may help to understand the parasite adaptive response during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mateus B. Cardoso
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Follmer
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nádya P. da Silveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daiani M. Vargas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elliot W. Kitajima
- Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos and Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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21
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Beiromvand M, Akhlaghi L, Fattahi Massom SH, Mobedi I, Meamar AR, Oormazdi H, Motevalian A, Razmjou E. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran using mitochondrial DNA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1379. [PMID: 22132245 PMCID: PMC3222634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus multilocularis is the source of alveolar echinococcosis, a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. This investigation assessed the presence of E. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts in the Chenaran region of Razavi Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran. Methodology/Principal Findings Fecal samples from 77 domestic and stray dogs and 14 wild carnivores were examined using the flotation/sieving method followed by multiplex PCR of mitochondrial genes. The intestinal scraping technique (IST) and the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) revealed adult Echinococcus in the intestines of five of 10 jackals and of the single wolf examined. Three jackals were infected only with E. multilocularis but two, and the wolf, were infected with both E. multilocularis and E. granulosus. Multiplex PCR revealed E. multilocularis, E. granulosus, and Taenia spp. in 19, 24, and 28 fecal samples, respectively. Echinococcus multilocularis infection was detected in the feces of all wild carnivores sampled including nine jackals, three foxes, one wolf, one hyena, and five dogs (6.5%). Echinococcus granulosus was found in the fecal samples of 16.9% of dogs, 66.7% of jackals, and all of the foxes, the wolf, and the hyena. The feces of 16 (21.8%) dogs, 7 of 9 (77.8%) jackals, and all three foxes, one wolf and one hyena were infected with Taenia spp. Conclusions/Significance The prevalence of E. multilocularis in wild carnivores of rural areas of the Chenaran region is high, indicating that the life cycle is being maintained in northeastern Iran with the red fox, jackal, wolf, hyena, and dog as definitive hosts. Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious zoonotic disease present in many areas of the world. The parasite is maintained in nature through a life cycle in which adult worms in the intestine of carnivores transmit infection to small mammals, predominantly rodents, via eggs in the feces. Humans may accidentally ingest eggs of E. multilocularis through contact with the definitive host or by direct ingestion of contaminated water or foods, causing development of a multivesicular cyst in the viscera, especially liver and lung. We found adult E. multilocularis in the intestine and/or eggs in feces of all wild carnivores examined and in some stray and domestic dogs in villages of Chenaran region, northeastern Iran. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is being maintained in this area by wild carnivores, and the local population and visitors are at risk of infection with alveolar echinococcosis. Intensive health initiatives for control of the parasite and diagnosis of this potentially fatal disease in humans, in this area of Iran, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molouk Beiromvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Fattahi Massom
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hormozd Oormazdi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Nakamura K, Ito A, Yara S, Haranaga S, Hibiya K, Hirayasu T, Sako Y, Fujita J. A case of pulmonary and hepatic cystic Echinococcosis of CE1 stage in a healthy Japanese female that was suspected to have been acquired during her stay in the United Kingdom. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:456-9. [PMID: 21896804 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a case of a young Japanese female who was confirmed to have cystic echinococcosis (CE) 1 stage based on the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis pathological classification of CE, and she was also suspected to be infected with eggs of the G1 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto during her stay in the United Kingdom and therefore, suffered from synchronous pulmonary and hepatic CE. Oral albendazole was administered initially, but rupture of a lung hydatid cyst was observed. To avoid additional rupture, we performed two surgeries. CE is very rare in Japan; all CE cases in Japan during the past two decades have been confirmed to be imported, and almost all cases are hepatic CE. This case is the first case report of a Japanese patient who had concomitant giant lung and liver CE with early-stage CE1 and was successfully treated by surgery and pharmacotherapy with a serological follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Nakamura
- Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan.
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Siracusano A, Delunardo F, Teggi A, Ortona E. Host-parasite relationship in cystic echinococcosis: an evolving story. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:639362. [PMID: 22110535 PMCID: PMC3206507 DOI: 10.1155/2012/639362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries. Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system, E. granulosus modulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite. In vitro and in vivo immunological approaches, together with molecular biology and immunoproteomic technologies, provided us exciting insights into the mechanisms involved in the initiation of E. granulosus infection and the consequent induction and regulation of the immune response. Although the last decade has clarified many aspects of host-parasite relationship in human cystic echinococcosis, establishing the full mechanisms that cause the disease requires more studies. Here, we review some of the recent developments and discuss new avenues in this evolving story of E. granulosus infection in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Immunochromatographic test with recombinant Em18 antigen for the follow-up study of alveolar echinococcosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1302-5. [PMID: 21715578 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05156-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a rapid and simple immunochromatographic test (ICT) with recombinant Em18 (rEm18) antigen for serological follow-up of Echinococcus multilocularis infection was evaluated by comparison with that of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with rEm18, using serum samples from patients who underwent surgery and/or received antiparasitic chemotherapy. The degree of Em18-band intensity on the ICT correlated highly with the absorbance value obtained by the ELISA. The kinetics of antibody levels obtained by the ICT paralleled those of the ELISA. These data suggest that the ICT has high potential as an easy-to-handle, fast, and reliable follow-up tool to monitor the status of alveolar echinococcosis in different stages.
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Abstract
Benign pathologies of the liver often include several cystic diseases, such as simple cysts, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, and Caroli's disease. The differential of hepatic cysts also includes infectious pathologies, such as pyogenic liver abscess, hydatid cysts, and parasitic infections if the appropriate clinic setting. Understanding of the various causes, clinical presentation, and treatment options is required to ensure the appropriate surgical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaye M Reid-Lombardo
- Division of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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26
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Tappe D, Kern P, Frosch M, Kern P. A hundred years of controversy about the taxonomic status of Echinococcus species. Acta Trop 2010; 115:167-74. [PMID: 20227377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic diseases which we know today as cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are zoonoses known since antique times, and 1855, respectively. Whether the two clinically and morphologically distinct diseases were caused, according to a "unicistic" and a "dualistic" theory, by only one or two different cestode species was the subject of a fierce, 100 years long debate involving scientists from many countries. The natural life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus was fully clarified in 1855 after successful animal experiments. In contrast, the natural final and intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis remained unknown, and the advocates of either theory had to draw on a number of surrogate arguments to defend their positions. The seesaw of reasoning and mutual defeats of the two theories, and the final recognition of E. multilocularis as an independent species in the 1950s are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tappe
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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27
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Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Knapp J, Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Ito A. State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ito A, Agvaandaram G, Bat-Ochir OE, Chuluunbaatar B, Gonchigsenghe N, Yanagida T, Sako Y, Myadagsuren N, Dorjsuren T, Nakaya K, Nakao M, Ishikawa Y, Davaajav A, Dulmaa N. Histopathological, serological, and molecular confirmation of indigenous alveolar echinococcosis cases in Mongolia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:266-9. [PMID: 20134004 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis cases diagnosed histopathologically in 2002, 2006, 2007, and 2009 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were reconfirmed by evaluating the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent three cases using paraffin-embedded and ethanol-fixed specimens revealed that one was of the "Asian" haplotype, whereas two others were of the "Inner Mongolian" type. All patients were born in the western provinces of Mongolia, they never resided outside of Mongolia, and they were given a preliminary diagnosis of malignant hepatic tumor or abscess. The most recent two cases were also confirmed serologically to be active alveolar echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Knapp J, Chirica M, Simonnet C, Grenouillet F, Bart JM, Sako Y, Itoh S, Nakao M, Ito A, Millon L. Echinococcus vogeli infection in a hunter, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 15:2029-31. [PMID: 19961693 PMCID: PMC3044547 DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.090940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus vogeli infection in a hunter from the rain forest of French Guiana was confirmed by imaging and mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. Serologic examination showed typical patterns for both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Polycystic echinococcis caused by E. vogeli may be an emerging parasitic disease in Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Universite de Franche-Comte, Besancon, France
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Gurbadam A, Nyamkhuu D, Nyamkhuu G, Tsendjav A, Sergelen O, Narantuya B, Batsukh Z, Battsetseg G, Oyun-Erdene B, Uranchimeg B, Otgonbaatar D, Temuulen D, Bayarmaa E, Abmed D, Tsogtsaikhan S, Usukhbayar A, Smirmaul K, Gereltuya J, Ito A. Mongolian and Japanese Joint Conference on "Echinococcosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Mongolia" June 4, 2009. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:8. [PMID: 20181114 PMCID: PMC2829607 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Mongolian-Japanese Joint Conference on "Echinococcosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Mongolia" was held in Ulaanbaatar on June 4th, 2009. It was the first chance for Mongolian experts (clinicians, pathologists, parasitologists, biologists, epidemiologists, veterinarians and others working on echinococcosis) joined together. Increase in the number of cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases year by year was stressed. CE in children may be more than adult cases. Alveolar echinococcosis was suspected chronic malignant hepatic tumors or abscesses. Main discussion was as to how to introduce modern diagnostic tools for pre-surgical diagnosis, how to establish the national system for the data base of echinococcosis with the establishment of a network system by experts from different areas. The importance of molecular identification of the parasites in domestic and wild animals was also stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gurbadam
- Asahikawa Medical College (AMC), Asahikawa, Japan.
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31
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McManus DP. Echinococcosis with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:267-303. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Specific IgG responses to recombinant antigen B and em18 in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in china. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:470-5. [PMID: 20042519 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00466-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the correlation of the specific antibody responses and the disease phase is essential in evaluating diagnostic values of immunological tests in human echinococcosis. In this study, 422 echinococcosis patients diagnosed by ultrasonography, including 246 with cystic echinococcosis (CE), 173 with alveolar echinococcosis (AE), and 3 with dual infection, were tested for specific IgG in sera against recombinant AgB (rAgB) and recombinant Em18 (rEm18) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a result, rAgB-specific antibody was detected in 77.6% of CE and 86.1% of AE patients, while rEm18-specific antibody was present in 28.9% of CE and 87.3% of AE patients. Additionally, all three patients with dual infection exhibited specific antibodies responding to rAgB and rEm18. Further analysis revealed that rAgB-specific antibody was elevated in a significantly greater proportion (87.3%) of CE patients with cysts at active or transitional stages (CE1, CE2, or CE3), compared to 54.8% of other patients with cysts at an early or an inactive stage (CL or CE4 or CE5). Furthermore, rAgB-specific antibody was detected in 95.6% of CE2 cases, which was statistically greater than that (73.7%) in CE1 patients. Although rEm18-specific antibody was elevated in 28.9% of CE patients, the positive reaction was much weaker in CE than in AE cases. Serum levels and concentrations of rEm18-specific antibody were further indicated to be strongly disease phase correlated in AE patients, with positive rates of 97.4% in cases with alveolar lesions containing central necrosis and 66.7% in patients with early alveolar lesions that measured </=5 cm.
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33
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Serological monitoring of progression of alveolar echinococcosis with multiorgan involvement by use of recombinant Em18. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3191-6. [PMID: 19656973 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01111-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) with multiple-organ involvement (the liver, lungs, and bone) were monitored by imaging and serology for 20 years. Resection of the bone lesion was complete in one case but incomplete in the other case. Albendazole treatment was markedly to moderately effective against hepatic and pulmonary AE lesions in both cases, whereas it had almost no effect against the bone lesion in one case. The results of the serological tests with recombinant Em18 antigen coincided with the clinical findings in each case. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, especially IgG4 responses, is expected to be a real-time indicator of the dynamics of active AE.
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34
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Continuous albendazole therapy in alveolar echinococcosis: long-term follow-up observation of 20 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:768-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Maurelli MP, Rinaldi L, Capuano F, Perugini AG, Cringoli G. Development of a real-time PCR for the differentiation of the G1 and G2/G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:255-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Development of an immunochromatographic test to detect antibodies against recombinant Em18 for diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:252-4. [PMID: 18987172 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01476-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunochromatographic test (ICT) for the rapid detection of antibodies to Echinococcus multilocularis was developed. The ICT showed a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 95.4%. High degrees of agreement were observed between the ICT and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (kappa = 0.93) and between the ICT and immunoblot analysis (kappa = 0.97). It is expected that the ICT developed in this study will be useful for the serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis.
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Hüttner M, Nakao M, Wassermann T, Siefert L, Boomker JD, Dinkel A, Sako Y, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Ito A. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic position of Echinococcus felidis Ortlepp, 1937 (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the African lion. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:861-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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