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Joseph A, Thirupathamma M, Mathews E, Alagu M. Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian and Global Population: A Review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022; 23:135. [PMID: 37192883 PMCID: PMC9438889 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and diabetes contribute to the majority of deaths in India. Public health programmes on non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevention primarily target the behavioural risk factors of the population. Hereditary is known as a risk factor for most NCDs, specifically, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hence, understanding of the genetic markers of T2DM may facilitate prevention, early case detection and management. Main body We reviewed the studies that explored marker-trait association with type 2 diabetes mellitus globally, with emphasis on India. Globally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7903146 of Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene was common, though there were alleles that were unique to specific populations. Within India, the state-wise data were also taken to foresee the distribution of risk/susceptible alleles. The findings from India showcased the common and unique alleles for each region. Conclusion Exploring the known and unknown genetic determinants might assist in risk prediction before the onset of behavioural risk factors and deploy prevention measures. Most studies were conducted in non-representative groups with inherent limitations such as smaller sample size or looking into only specific marker-trait associations. Genome-wide association studies using data from extensive prospective studies are required in highly prevalent regions worldwide. Further research is required to understand the singular effect and the interaction of genes in predicting diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaly Joseph
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
| | - Maradana Thirupathamma
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
| | - Elezebeth Mathews
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
| | - Manickavelu Alagu
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
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Venkatesan V, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Arya R, Ramu D, Koshy T, Ravichandran U, Ponnala AR, Sharma SK, Lodha S, Sharma KK, Shaik MV, Resendez RG, Venugopal P, R P, Saju N, Ezeilo JA, Bejar C, Wander GS, Ralhan S, Singh JR, Mehra NK, Vadlamudi RR, Almeida M, Mummidi S, Natesan C, Blangero J, Medicherla KM, Thanikachalam S, Panchatcharam TS, Kandregula DK, Gupta R, Sanghera DK, Duggirala R, Paul SFD. Burden of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Cardiometabolic Traits and Their Heritability Estimates in Endogamous Ethnic Groups of India: Findings From the INDIGENIUS Consortium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:847692. [PMID: 35498404 PMCID: PMC9048207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.847692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its genetic profile in endogamous populations of India given the paucity of data, we aimed to determine the prevalence of T2D and estimate its heritability using family-based cohorts from three distinct Endogamous Ethnic Groups (EEGs) representing Northern (Rajasthan [Agarwals: AG]) and Southern (Tamil Nadu [Chettiars: CH] and Andhra Pradesh [Reddys: RE]) states of India. For comparison, family-based data collected previously from another North Indian Punjabi Sikh (SI) EEG was used. In addition, we examined various T2D-related cardiometabolic traits and determined their heritabilities. These studies were conducted as part of the Indian Diabetes Genetic Studies in collaboration with US (INDIGENIUS) Consortium. The pedigree, demographic, phenotypic, covariate data and samples were collected from the CH, AG, and RE EEGs. The status of T2D was defined by ADA guidelines (fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and/or use of diabetes medication/history). The prevalence of T2D in CH (N = 517, families = 21, mean age = 47y, mean BMI = 27), AG (N = 530, Families = 25, mean age = 43y, mean BMI = 27), and RE (N = 500, Families = 22, mean age = 46y, mean BMI = 27) was found to be 33%, 37%, and 36%, respectively, Also, the study participants from these EEGs were found to be at increased cardiometabolic risk (e.g., obesity and prediabetes). Similar characteristics for the SI EEG (N = 1,260, Families = 324, Age = 51y, BMI = 27, T2D = 75%) were obtained previously. We used the variance components approach to carry out genetic analyses after adjusting for covariate effects. The heritability (h2) estimates of T2D in the CH, RE, SI, and AG were found to be 30%, 46%, 54%, and 82% respectively, and statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Other T2D related traits (e.g., BMI, lipids, blood pressure) in AG, CH, and RE EEGs exhibited strong additive genetic influences (h2 range: 17% [triglycerides/AG and hs-CRP/RE] - 86% [glucose/non-T2D/AG]). Our findings highlight the high burden of T2D in Indian EEGs with significant and differential additive genetic influences on T2D and related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vettriselvi Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Juan Carlos Lopez-Alvarenga
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Rector Arya
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Deepika Ramu
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Teena Koshy
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Umarani Ravichandran
- Department of Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - Amaresh Reddy Ponnala
- Department of Endocrinology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) Hospital, Nellore, India
| | | | - Sailesh Lodha
- Departments of Preventive Cardiology, Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Mount Sinai New York Affiliate, Jaipur, India
| | - Krishna K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Pharmacy, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Mahaboob Vali Shaik
- Department of Endocrinology, Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, India
| | - Roy G. Resendez
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Priyanka Venugopal
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Parthasarathy R
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Noelta Saju
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Juliet A. Ezeilo
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Cynthia Bejar
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Gurpreet S. Wander
- Hero Dayanand Medical College (DMC) Heart Institute, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhaina, India
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero Dayanand Medical College (DMC) Heart Institute, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhaina, India
| | - Jai Rup Singh
- Honorary or Emeritus Faculty, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Narinder K. Mehra
- Honorary or Emeritus Faculty, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Marcio Almeida
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Chidambaram Natesan
- Department of Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | | | - Sadagopan Thanikachalam
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Departments of Preventive Cardiology, Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Mount Sinai New York Affiliate, Jaipur, India
| | - Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Solomon F. D. Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Solomon F. D. Paul,
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Syed R, Jamil K, Asimuddin M, Alqahtani MS, Alshehri M, Mateen A, Wahab Ali Aduderman A, Ola MS, Malik A. Molecular & biochemical analysis of Pro12Ala variant of PPAR-γ2 gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2439-2443. [PMID: 32884427 PMCID: PMC7451741 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to human life globally. Genomic studies have found a significant link between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene with incidence as well as occurrence of the risk of metabolic syndrome. The present study was aimed at assessing the PPAR-γ2 variant in an Asian Indian cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and its correlation with metabolic parameters. The present case-control study involved 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 asymptomatic healthy volunteers enrolled in random. Assessment of demographic factors and biochemical parameters were done for all enrolled. In addition, genotyping for the Pro12Ala (CCA to GCA) polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. The genotyping study detected the frequency of the CC genotype (Pro12Pro) to be higher in frequency in comparison to the heterozygous CG genotype in both, cases and controls. The homozygous GG genotype (Ala12Ala) was not detected in any of the cases or controls assessed. Biochemical analysis of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected a significant increase (p < 0.0001). Additionally, increase in levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and parameters of the liver and renal function tests were detected. This study detected the PPAR-γ2 to be a significant biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - M Asimuddin
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wahab Ali Aduderman
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mohan V, Amutha A, Ranjani H, Unnikrishnan R, Datta M, Anjana RM, Staimez L, Ali MK, Narayan KMV. Associations of β-cell function and insulin resistance with youth-onset type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15:315-22. [PMID: 23484483 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2012.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examined β-cell function and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) in Asian Indian youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM-Y) and prediabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty-two subjects with non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes and age of onset below 25 years were recruited within 18 months of diagnosis and compared with age- and sex-matched subjects with prediabetes (n=31) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 83). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured, and blood samples were taken in the fasting state and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of an oral glucose load for assessment of plasma glucose and insulin levels. Insulin sensitivity/resistance measures was calculated by using the reciprocal of the fasting insulin, the HOMA-IR equation, and the composite whole body insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda Index), and β-cell function was calculated by the oral disposition index (DIo). RESULTS T2DM-Y and prediabetes subjects had higher BMI, waist circumference, and fasting insulin than NGT subjects (P<0.05 for each). The 30-min insulin levels were lower in T2DM-Y and higher in prediabetes subjects compared with NGT (57 and 140 vs. 129 μIU/mL, P<0.001). The T2DM-Y group had greater insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, 1.87 vs. 0.97; P<0.05) and lower β-cell function (DIo, 0.36 vs. 3.28; P<0.001) than NGT. In separate models, the Matsuda Index and DIo were independently associated with prediabetes and T2DM-Y (P<0.05). However, when both were included together, only DIo remained associated with T2DM-Y, whereas both DIo and Matsuda Index were associated with prediabetes (P<0.05). When controlled for adiposity (BMI and waist circumference), an association was observed but in opposite directions, with waist being positively associated with prediabetes (P = 0.016) and BMI negatively associated with T2DM-Y (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Among Asian Indians, β-cell dysfunction appears to be more strongly associated with T2DM-Y than insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control and IDF Centre for Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
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