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Syahrulawal L, Torske MO, Sapkota R, Næss G, Khanal P. Improving the nutritional values of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as an animal feed ingredient: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:146. [PMID: 38042833 PMCID: PMC10693714 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm larvae (YML; Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggawastu Syahrulawal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Magnhild Oust Torske
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Geir Næss
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Prabhat Khanal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway.
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Mane S, Kumari P, Singh A, Taneja NK, Chopra R. Amelioration for oxidative stability and bioavailability of N-3 PUFA enriched microalgae oil: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2579-2600. [PMID: 36128949 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Technological improvements in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have highlighted the significance of bioactive molecules in a healthy lifestyle. Eicosapentaenoic acid and Cervonic acid (DHA), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to be famed for their ability to prevent diverse physiological abnormalities. Selection of appropriate pretreatments and extraction techniques for extraction of lipids from robust microalgae cell wall are very important to retain their stability and bioactivity. Therefore, extraction techniques with optimized extraction parameters offer an excellent approach for obtaining quality oil with a high yield. Oils enriched in omega-3 are particularly imperiled to oxidation which ultimately affects customer acceptance. Bio active encapsulation could be one of the effective approaches to overcome this dilemma. This review paper aims to give insight into the cultivation methods, and downstream processes, various lipid extraction approaches, techniques for retaining oxidative stability, bioavailability and food applications based on extracted or encapsulated omega-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Mane
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Purnima Kumari
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Neetu Kumra Taneja
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Rahman M, Islam R, Rabbi F, Islam MT, Sultana S, Ahmed M, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Behl T. Bioactive Compounds and Diabetes Mellitus: Prospects and Future Challenges. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1304-1320. [PMID: 35418280 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220412090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that influences the endocrine framework. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are two of the most widely recognized metabolic irregularities in diabetes, just as two of the most well-known reasons for diabetic intricacies. Diabetes mellitus is a persistent illness brought about by metabolic irregularities in hyperglycemic pancreatic cells. Hyperglycemia can be brought about by an absence of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) or inadequate insulin creation that does not work effectively (Type 2 diabetes mellitus). Present diabetes medication is directed toward directing blood glucose levels in the systemic circulation to the typical levels. Numerous advanced prescription medicines have many negative results that can bring about unexpected severe issues during treatment of the bioactive compound from a different source that is beneficially affected by controlling, adjusting metabolic pathways or cycles. Moreover, a few new bioactive medications disengaged from plants have shown antidiabetic action with more noteworthy adequacy than the oral hypoglycemic agent that specialists have utilized in clinical treatment lately. Since bioactive mixtures are collected from familiar sources, they have a great activity in controlling diabetes mellitus. This study discusses bioactive compounds and their activity to manage diabetes mellitus and their prospects. Though bioactive compound has many health beneficial properties, adequate clinical studies still need to gain large acknowledge that they are effective in the management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Lawal KG, Kavle RR, Akanbi TO, Mirosa M, Agyei D. Enrichment in specific fatty acids profile of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens larvae through feeding. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Khoshnoudi-Nia S, Forghani Z, Jafari SM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of fish oil encapsulation within different micro/nanocarriers. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2061-2082. [PMID: 33207958 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1848793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil is one of the most important sources of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid which are the most important PUFAs with several health benefits. However, PUFAs are prone to oxidation and have a poor water solubility which limits the use of fish oils into food formulations. Encapsulation techniques can be applied to overcome these challenges. There is a large number of published micro/nanoencapsulation papers, where each of them contains a limited number of wall materials, feed formulation, encapsulation technique, and storage conditions. Therefore, without systematic evaluation of the data extracted from available studies, the design of functional foods containing fish oil would not be very successful. The objective of this systematic review is a meta-analysis of published researches on the nano/microencapsulation of fish oil. A comprehensive literature search was performed between 1 October and 31 December 2019 with encapsulation, fish oil, and oxidative stability keywords. Overall, 39 qualified articles were selected for the statistical analysis. Based on the technique used for encapsulation, the fish oil-loaded carriers were classified into four main groups: (a) spray-dried particles; (b) freeze-dried particles; (c) electrospun fibers and electrosprayed capsules; and (d) other carriers prepared by supercritical antisolvent, gelation, liposomes, spray-freeze drying, and transglutaminase catalyzed cross-linking. The three most frequent methods applied for fish oil encapsulation were spray drying (42.86%), freeze drying (21.43%), and electrohydrodynamic (19.04%) methods, respectively. Averagely, the best encapsulation efficiency was obtained for electrohydrodynamic processes. Also, the combination of polysaccharide-protein based wall materials provided the best performance in terms of fish oil encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khoshnoudi-Nia
- Seafood Processing Research Group, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Forghani
- Department Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Fidalgo Rodríguez JL, Dynarowicz-Latka P, Minones Conde J. Interactions of cholesterol and 7‑ketocholesterol with unsaturated fatty acids of different unsaturation degree - The monolayer study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1428-1436. [PMID: 31189076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are known to lower the level of sterols in blood, which accounts for their cardioprotective effect. To understand the molecular basis of this effect, Langmuir monolayer studies have been performed. A series of UFAs differing in the length of the fatty acid chain and the number of double bonds (oleic acid, OA; linoleic acid, LA; stearidonic acid, SDA; eicosanoic acid, EA) were mixed with cholesterol and its more toxic oxidized derivative, 7‑ketocholesterol (7-KC), abundantly present in atheroma plaques. Strong attractive UFA-sterol interactions were attributed to the formation of "surface complexes", in which sterol molecules are bound, thereby reducing the amount of free sterol molecules. It has been found that strength of interactions increases with the degree of unsaturation of the acyl chain in UFA molecule. The most attractive interactions correspond to mixtures with SDA containing 70 mol% of 7-KC and 50 mol% of cholesterol. In both cases, the formation of high stability complexes of, respectively, 2:1 and 1:1 sterol/SDA stoichiometry has been proposed. Other complexes of lower stability and 1:2 stoichiometry were postulated for chol (or 7-KC)/LA systems. The complexes of the lowest stability correspond to chol (or 7-KC) mixtures with OA and EA of 1:1 stoichiometry. In all the cases, the interactions of 7-KC with UFAs are more energetically favorable versus cholesterol. The elongation of the hydrophobic chain of UFAs decreased the interactions with the studied sterols. The obtained results can be related to different conformations of the fatty acids chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fidalgo Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Dynarowicz-Latka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - J Minones Conde
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Physical and chemical stability under environmental stress of microemulsions formulated with fish oil. Food Res Int 2019; 119:283-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Souza LTDA, Moreno-Perez S, Fernández Lorente G, Cipolatti EP, de Oliveira D, Resende RR, Pessela BC. Immobilization of Moniliella spathulata R25L270 Lipase on Ionic, Hydrophobic and Covalent Supports: Functional Properties and Hydrolysis of Sardine Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101508. [PMID: 28946698 PMCID: PMC6151709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Moniliella spathulata R25L270 was the first yeast able to grow and produce extracellular lipase using Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeate) cake as substrate. The novel lipase was recently identified, and presented promising features for biotechnological applications. The M. spathulata R25L270 lipase efficiently hydrolyzed vegetable and animal oils, and showed selectivity for generating cis-5,8,11,15,17-eicosapentaenoic acid from sardine oil. The enzyme can act in a wide range of temperatures (25–48 °C) and pH (6.5–8.4). The present study deals with the immobilization of M. spathulata R25L270 lipase on hydrophobic, covalent and ionic supports to select the most active biocatalyst capable to obtain omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) from sardine oil. Nine immobilized agarose derivatives were prepared and biochemically characterized for thermostability, pH stability and catalytic properties (KM and Vmax). Ionic supports improved the enzyme–substrate affinity; however, it was not an effective strategy to increase the M. spathulata R25L270 lipase stability against pH and temperature. Covalent support resulted in a biocatalyst with decreased activity, but high thermostability. The enzyme was most stabilized when immobilized on hydrophobic supports, especially Octyl-Sepharose. Compared with the free enzyme, the half-life of the Octyl-Sepharose derivative at 60 °C increased 10-fold, and lipase stability under acidic conditions was achieved. The Octyl-Sepharose derivative was selected to obtain omega-3 fatty acids from sardine oil, and the maximal enzyme selectivity was achieved at pH 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia T de A Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Sonia Moreno-Perez
- Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Fernández Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eliane P Cipolatti
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.
- Instituto Nanocell, Divinópolis MG 35500-041, Brazil.
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologías, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Tecnologías e Ciências (ISPTEC) Av. Luanda Sul, Rua Lateral Via S10, P.O. Box 1316, Talatona-Luanda Sul, Angola.
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Cito A, Longo S, Mazza G, Dreassi E, Francardi V. Chemical evaluation of the Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae fed on different substrates as human food source. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2017; 23:529-539. [PMID: 28429609 DOI: 10.1177/1082013217705718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the chemical composition of the weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae, traditionally used as human food in Asia and known worldwide as one of the most significant pest for palm trees. Total fat content and fatty acid composition were analyzed using standard methodologies in (1) weevil larvae reared on apple fruit slices and wild specimens collected from attacked (2) Phoenix canariensis and (3) Syagrus romanzoffiana palm trees. Total fat content was extremely high in all the specimens (ranged between 57.62 and 60.03% based on dry weight). Despite sharing the same prevalent fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, α-linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid), fatty acid composition of the wild weevil larvae significantly differed from that of the specimens raised on apple fruit, due to the presence of other minor compounds. In general, a good balance between unsaturated fatty acids (∼53.68% of total fatty acids) and saturated fatty acids (∼43.41% of total fatty acids) and a low cholesterol content (74.61-152.32 mg/kg based on dry matter) were detected in all the specimens. Conversely, the weevil larvae did not represent a good source of α-tocopherol (14.17-26.22 mg/kg based on dry matter). The ability of the protein extracts obtained from the weevil larvae to inhibit in vitro the angiotensin-converting enzyme, the main enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation, was also investigated. To simulate gastrointestinal digestion process, protein extracts were hydrolyzed by the gastrointestinal enzymes. A significantly lower IC50 (0.588-0.623 mg/ml) was measured in all the protein extracts after enzymatic hydrolysis versus the corresponding crude protein extracts (3.270-3.752 mg/ml). Given that the weevil larvae are able to provide interesting benefits for human health, this study supports their use as human food not just in the native countries where they are traditionally consumed and farmed but also throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Cito
- 1 CREA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e Pedologia (ABP), Firenze, Italy
| | - Santi Longo
- 2 Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, Sez. Entomologia applicata, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- 1 CREA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e Pedologia (ABP), Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- 3 Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Francardi
- 1 CREA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e Pedologia (ABP), Firenze, Italy
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Dreassi E, Cito A, Zanfini A, Materozzi L, Botta M, Francardi V. Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lipids 2017; 52:285-294. [PMID: 28083781 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fat is the second most abundant component of the nutrient composition of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) that represents also an interesting source of PUFA, especially n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, involved in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the possibility of modifying the fat content and the FA composition of yellow mealworms through feeding and how this would be influenced by developmental stages, pupal sex, and generation with the future aim of applying this coleopteran as a diet supplement for human health. Growth rate and cumulative mortality percentage on the different feeding substrates were also evaluated to select the optimal conditions for a mass-raising of this insect species. Despite the different fat content in the six different breeding substrates used, T. molitor larvae and pupae contained a constant fat percentage (>34% in larvae and >30% in pupae). A similar total fat content was found comparing larvae and male and female pupae of the second generation to those of the first generation. On the contrary, FA composition differed both in larvae and pupae reared on the different feeding substrates. However, the exemplars reared on the diets based on 100% bread and 100% oat flour showed SFA, PUFA percentages, and an n-6/n-3 ratio more suitable for human consumption; the diet based on beer yeast, wheat flour, and oat flour resulted in a contemporary diet that most satisfied the balance between a fat composition of high quality and favorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annarita Cito
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology, Cascine del Riccio, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125, Florence, Italy
| | - Assunta Zanfini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lara Materozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena Srl, via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Francardi
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology, Cascine del Riccio, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Novel n-3 PUFA monoacylglycerides of pharmacological and medicinal interest: Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 792:70-77. [PMID: 27818127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Newly-synthesized, eicosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAG-EPA), docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAG-DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAG-DPA) have been demonstrated to display beneficial effects in several disorders including chronic airway inflammatory diseases, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and lung and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Recent evidence reveals that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) precursors provide a window to explore the pathobiology of inflammatory disease as well as structural templates for the design of novel pro-resolving precursors that are well absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and metabolized into bioactive metabolites. These metabolites are found in blood circulation and tissues thereby mediating numerous immuno-modulatory effects through the activation of specific receptors. Bioactive metabolites regulate cell membrane functions, lipid signaling and gene expressions encoding for enzymes responsible for lipid storage and fatty acid metabolism. This review highlights recent experimental findings regarding n-3 PUFA monoacylglyceride research, as well as the pharmacological and medicinal relevance of these stereospecific derivatives in the resolution of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Fukunaga K, Hosomi R, Fukao M, Miyauchi K, Kanda S, Nishiyama T, Yoshida M. Hypolipidemic Effects of Phospholipids (PL) Containing n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Are Not Dependent on Esterification of n-3 PUFA to PL. Lipids 2016; 51:279-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Furutani A, Ikeda Y, Itokawa M, Nagahama H, Ohtsu T, Furutani N, Kamagata M, Yang ZH, Hirasawa A, Tahara Y, Shibata S. Fish Oil Accelerates Diet-Induced Entrainment of the Mouse Peripheral Clock via GPR120. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132472. [PMID: 26161796 PMCID: PMC4498928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian peripheral clock is entrained by restricted feeding (RF) at a fixed time of day, and insulin secretion regulates RF-induced entrainment of the peripheral clock in mice. Thus, carbohydrate-rich food may be ideal for facilitating RF-induced entrainment, although the role of dietary oils in insulin secretion and RF-induced entrainment has not been described. The soybean oil component of standard mouse chow was substituted with fish or soybean oil containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Tuna oil (high DHA/EPA), menhaden oil (standard), and DHA/EPA dissolved in soybean oil increased insulin secretion and facilitated RF-induced phase shifts of the liver clock as represented by the bioluminescence rhythms of PER2::LUCIFERASE knock-in mice. In this model, insulin depletion blocked the effect of tuna oil and fish oil had no effect on mice deficient for GPR120, a polyunsaturated fatty acid receptor. These results suggest food containing fish oil or DHA/EPA is ideal for adjusting the peripheral clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Furutani
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misa Itokawa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagahama
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teiji Ohtsu
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Furutani
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayo Kamagata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd., Nanakuni 1-32-3, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Sciences, Kyoto University, 46–29, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Kawada-cho 8–1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Tahara
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2–2, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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MAG-EPA and 17,18-EpETE target cytoplasmic signalling pathways to reduce short-term airway hyperresponsiveness. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1591-1605. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Genome-wide screen for serum microRNA expression profile in mfat-1 transgenic mice. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9717-23. [PMID: 24972971 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) contribute to preventing many types of diseases, including cancer; however, a high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) intake in modern diets has the opposite effect. Previously, we developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses a gene, fat-1, encoding an n-3 fatty acid desaturase, which converts n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in vivo. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in serum are stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals of the same species and serve as potential biomarkers for the detection of cancers and other diseases. Employing illumina sequencing, we analyzed all the serum miRNAs in wild-type and mfat-1 transgenic mice. Using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), we identified 12 miRNAs that were highly expressed in mfat-1 mice. Pathway analysis of targets regulated by these miRNAs revealed a significant number of genes involved in the development of cancer, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which suggested a relationship between n-3 PUFAs and cancer prevention.
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16
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Brown EM, Allsopp PJ, Magee PJ, Gill CIR, Nitecki S, Strain CR, McSorley EM. Seaweed and human health. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:205-16. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Pamela J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Chris IR Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Sonja Nitecki
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Conall R Strain
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; University of Ulster; County Londonderry UK
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17
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Saw CLL, Yang AY, Guo Y, Kong ANT. Astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids individually and in combination protect against oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:869-75. [PMID: 24157545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major driver of many diseases, including cancer. The induction of Nrf2-ARE-mediated antioxidant enzymes provides a cellular defense against oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (AST), a red dietary carotenoid, possesses potent antioxidant activity, and inhibits oxidative damages. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are important nutritional essentials and potent antioxidants found in fish oil. In the present study, we investigated whether AST in combination with low concentrations of DHA or EPA has a synergistic antioxidant effect in a HepG2-C8-ARE-luciferase cell line system. Using free radical scavenging DPPH assay, AST was more potent DPPH radical scavenger than DHA and EPA. MTS assay revealed that AST was non-toxic up to 100μM compared with more toxic DHA and EPA. The three compounds alone and in combination elevated cellular GSH levels, increased the total antioxidant activity, induced mRNA expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2 downstream target genes NQO1, HO-1, and GSTM2. Lower concentrations of AST show synergistic effects when combined with DHA or EPA. In summary, our study shows synergistic antioxidant effects of AST and PUFAs at low concentrations. The Nrf2/ARE pathway plays an important role in the antioxidative effects induced by AST, DHA, and EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lay Lay Saw
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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18
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García-Hernández VM, Gallar M, Sánchez-Soriano J, Micol V, Roche E, García-García E. Effect of omega-3 dietary supplements with different oxidation levels in the lipidic profile of women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:993-1000. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.812619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Ellingrod VL, Taylor SF, Brook RD, Evans SJ, Zöllner SK, Grove TB, Gardner KM, Bly MJ, Pop-Busui R, Dalack G. Dietary, lifestyle and pharmacogenetic factors associated with arteriole endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs). Schizophr Res 2011; 130:20-6. [PMID: 21504842 PMCID: PMC3139795 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Within schizophrenia cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent secondary to atypical antipsychotic (AAP) use. Thorough assessments of diet, lifestyle, and endothelial functioning have not been done in this population. Omega 3 Fatty Acids (N-3 FAs) have garnered attention in relation to psychopathology as well as cardioprotection. This study examined the status of endothelial function within the schizophrenia population and determined pharmacogenetic, medication, dietary, and lifestyle factors associated with this functioning. METHODS Schizophrenia subjects were screened for the metabolic syndrome along with physical activity, smoking, and variants related to folate pharmacogenetics in this cross-sectional analysis. Arteriole endothelial-dependent vasodilatation was measured using non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT, EndoPAT2000). A 24h dietary food recall was used to construct intake profiles using the Nutrition Data Systems for Research software (NDSR). We examined associations between AAP use and RH-PAT values, and the influence of N-3 FA dietary intake on this measure. Preliminary data are reported in 83 subjects with a mean age (±s.d.) of 45.89 (±11.49), 64% were Caucasian (n=53), 64% were male (n=53), and 77% were receiving AAP treatment (n=63). RESULTS A significant positive relationship was found between RH-PAT values and N-3 FA intake (F=17.7(1,16), p=0.0007) in subjects not receiving AAPs. This relationship was lost in those treated with AAPs (F=0.25(1,43), p>0.6). Regression analysis confirmed the interaction effect of AAP treatment on the relationship between RH-PAT and N-3 FAs (p=0.0105). Endothelial dysfunction was also related to folate pharmacogenetic variants. CONCLUSIONS AAPs may counteract some vascular health benefits of a diet high in N-3 FAs. AAP use may necessitate a higher N-3 FA dose to regain these effects, but additional research is necessary to strengthen the preliminary findings. Pharmacogenetic variants related to folate and homocysteine metabolism may also increase endothelial dysfunction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Ellingrod
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephan F. Taylor
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert D. Brook
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Simon J. Evans
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sebastian K. Zöllner
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 1415 Washington Heights, 1700 SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tyler B. Grove
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen M. Gardner
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael J. Bly
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Social and Administrative Sciences, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Suite 5100, Brehm Tower 1000 Wall Street, 5th floor SPC 5714 Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Gregory Dalack
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Modulation of the Selectivity of Immobilized Lipases by Chemical and Physical Modifications: Release of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Fish Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Okano JI, Fujise Y, Abe R, Imamoto R, Murawaki Y. Chemoprevention against hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 2011; 4:185-197. [PMID: 26189518 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-011-0227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from a background of chronic liver diseases caused by infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), chemoprevention targeting patients at high risk of HCC is feasible. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge of chemoprevention against HCC mostly using phytochemicals which have less toxicity than pharmaceutical agents. We describe in vivo and in vitro evidence and proposed mechanisms of beneficial effects of several compounds on the liver, including acyclic retinoid (ACR), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), caffeine, capsaicin, cepharanthine (CEP), cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, diallyl sulfide (DAS), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), genistein, lycopene, resveratrol, silymarin, sulforaphane (SFN), and xanthohumol (XN). Because antihepatocarcinogenic effects by these compounds are mostly based on experimental studies, clinical evidence is urgently necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Okano
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Yuki Fujise
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Murawaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
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22
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Holub BJ, Swidinsky P, Park E. Oral docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) is differentially incorporated into phospholipid pools and differentially metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid in tissues from young rats. Lipids 2011; 46:399-407. [PMID: 21380793 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effect of oral supplementation with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) on the levels of serum and tissue lipid classes and their fatty acid compositions including individual phospholipid types in rat liver, heart, and kidney. Sprague-Dawley rats received daily oral gavage over 10 days as corn oil without (controls) or with purified DPA in free fatty acid form (21.2 mg/day). The DPA group exhibited significantly lower serum lipid concentrations. The concentrations in μmol/100 g serum or μmol/g tissue of DPA in the total lipid (TL) were higher by 2.3-, 2.4-, 10.9-, and 5.1-fold in the DPA group of serum, liver, heart, and kidney, respectively, with the phospholipids (PL) being the major DPA reservoir (45.2-52.1% of the DPA in the TL). No significant differences in DHA (22:6n-3) amounts in TL appeared. The highest relative mol% values as DPA were in heart tissue (means of 11.1% in PL and 16.2% in phosphatidylinositol) and lowest in kidney. The EPA (20:5n-3) concentrations were markedly higher in the DPA group and most pronounced in the kidney (5.1 times higher in the TL as compared to controls) relative to liver and heart yielding an estimated apparent % conversion of DPA to EPA of 67% and EPA:DPA ratios reaching 5.74 in kidney phosphatidylethanolamine. The serum lipid-lowering potential of dietary DPA and its impact in the kidney with the derived EPA warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Holub
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Science and Nutrition Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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23
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Mayurasakorn K, Williams JJ, Ten VS, Deckelbaum RJ. Docosahexaenoic acid: brain accretion and roles in neuroprotection after brain hypoxia and ischemia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:158-67. [PMID: 21178607 PMCID: PMC4201839 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328342cba5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With important effects on neuronal lipid composition, neurochemical signaling and cerebrovascular pathobiology, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, may emerge as a neuroprotective agent against cerebrovascular disease. This paper examines pathways for DHA accretion in brain and evidence for possible roles of DHA in prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for cerebrovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS DHA is a major n-3 fatty acid in the mammalian central nervous system and enhances synaptic activities in neuronal cells. DHA can be obtained through diet or to a limited extent via conversion from its precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LNA). DHA attenuates brain necrosis after hypoxic ischemic injury, principally by modulating membrane biophysical properties and maintaining integrity in functions between presynaptic and postsynaptic areas, resulting in better stabilizing intracellular ion balance in hypoxic-ischemic insult. Additionally, DHA alleviates brain apoptosis, by inducing antiapoptotic activities such as decreasing responses to reactive oxygen species, upregulating antiapoptotic protein expression, downregulating apoptotic protein expression, and maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function. SUMMARY DHA in brain relates to a number of efficient delivery and accretion pathways. In animal models DHA renders neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic injury by regulating multiple molecular pathways and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korapat Mayurasakorn
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jill J. Williams
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Vadim S. Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Richard J. Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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