1
|
Bianchi FP, Stefanizzi P, Migliore G, Martinelli A, Vimercati L, Germinario CA, Tafuri S. Prevalence of healthcare workers fully vaccinated against hepatitis B without circulating antibodies in Italy and role of age at baseline cycle vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:139-147. [PMID: 36564923 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2162507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers (HCWs) susceptible to hepatitis B represent an important public health concern. National and international guidelines recommend assessing the hepatitis B immune status of all HCWs and possibly vaccinating those found to be seronegative (non-responders). We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the rate of hepatitis B sero-susceptibility among HCWs in Italy and to explore possible options for the management of non-responders. AREAS COVERED Nineteen studies, selected from scientific articles available in the Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge databases between 1 January 2016 and 22 April 2022, were included. The prevalence of HBV-susceptible HCWs was 27.1% (95%CI = 23.2-31.7%). In a comparison by sex (males vs. females) the RR was 1.16 (95%CI = 1.03-1.31), and by full-cycle vaccination period (adolescence vs. infancy) the RR was 0.30 (95%CI = 0.25-0.37). Occupational health screenings for hepatitis B, with subsequent vaccination of non-responders, and exclusion of susceptible HCWs from high-risk settings have been common management strategies. EXPERT OPINION It is highly probable that a proportion of the next generation of medical students and HCWs will not show circulating IgG on serologic evaluation. Therefore, more targeted efforts are needed to identify these individuals and actively immunize them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Martinelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ledda C, Costantino C, Liberti G, Rapisarda V. The Italian Version of the Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (aVHS) for the Working-Age Population: Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020224. [PMID: 35214682 PMCID: PMC8874655 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (aVHS) is valid and reliable for evaluating attitudes toward vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Italian version of the aVHS. After cross-cultural adaptation of the aVHS, internal consistency (IC), intra-class correlation (ICC), and content validity (S-CVI) were evaluated through a survey on 160 workers. Results of the ICC were analyzed on questionnaires administered twice at a distance of two months and revealed a satisfactory reproducibility (0.87). The IC of the aVHS was assessed by the Cronbach alpha coefficient test, with a result of 0.94, demonstrating an excellent IC reliability. The S-CVI calculated for the total scale was 0.97. The aVHS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating vaccine hesitancy toward adult vaccinations. We suggest the use of this scale in upcoming surveys on opinions and perceptions of adult vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Liberti
- Commissioner Office in Acta for the COVID-19 Emergency, Provincial Health Authority of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Senia P, Vella F, Mucci N, Dounias G, Trovato A, Marconi A, Ledda C, Rapisarda V, Vitale E. Survey on COVID-19-related mortality associated with occupational infection during the first phase of the pandemic: A systematic review. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:10. [PMID: 34815762 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in 2020, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 was reported in Wuhan, China. The present review examined the literature to reveal the incidence of novel coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19) infections, underlying comorbidities, workplace infections and case fatality rates. A review was performed to identify the relevant publications available up to May 15, 2020. Since the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, the case fatality rate among healthcare workers (HCWs) has stood at 0.69% worldwide and 0.4% in Italy. Based on the current information, most patients have exhibited good prognoses in terms of after-effects or sequelae and low mortality rate. Patients that became critically ill were primarily in the elderly population or had chronic underlying diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Among all working sectors, HCWs, since they are front-line caregivers for patients with COVID-19, are considered to be in the high-risk population. Increased age and a number of comorbidity factors have been associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. The most frequent complications of COVID-19 reported that can cause fatality in patients were SARS, cardiac arrest, secondary infections and septic shock, in addition to acute kidney failure and liver failure. Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing challenge, which poses a threat to global health that requires close surveillance and prompt diagnosis, in coordination with research efforts to understand this pathogen and develop effective countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Senia
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Vella
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - George Dounias
- Department of Occupational & Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Trovato
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Marconi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ledda C, Rapisarda V, Maltezou HC, Contrino E, Conforto A, Maida CM, Tramuto F, Vitale F, Costantino C. Coverage rates against vaccine-preventable diseases among healthcare workers in Sicily (Italy). Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:56. [PMID: 33001212 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) reduces the risk of occupational vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), prevents their nosocomial transmission and preserves healthcare delivery during outbreaks. Extensive implementation of vaccination programmes for HCWs allowed the elimination or control of several VPDs within healthcare facilities; despite these, the vaccine adherence rates among HCWs are persistently suboptimal. METHODS A questionnaire was self-administered by HCWs to assess their vaccination rates against several VPDs and self-reported immunity in two university hospitals of Southern Italy (Catania and Palermo). RESULTS A total of 2586 questionnaires were analysed. More than 50% of HCWs did not know their own immunization status against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. More than half of the HCWs interviewed at University Hospital (UH) of Catania (UHC) was immune against measles (72.1%), in contrast with data reported at the UH of Palermo (UHP) (45.9%). Immunization status against mumps (67.5% UHC vs. 40.6% UHP), rubella (69.9% UHC vs. 46.6% UHP) and varicella (70.4% UHC vs. 50.7% UHP). Overall, about 30% of HCWs did not know their own immunization status against these VPDs. Moreover, 84.2% at UHC and 66.7% at UHP stated that was previously vaccinated against hepatitis B. CONCLUSION Vaccination coverage rates reported from the HCWs against influenza during the last three seasons were considerably low. In conclusion, totally inadequate vaccination rates against several VPDs were found in two university hospitals in Sicily, in terms of preventing not only disease transmission by susceptible HCWs, but also nosocomial outbreaks, confirming data from previous national and international studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance and Interventions for Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleonora Contrino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Conforto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Tramuto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rapisarda V, Vella F, Ledda C, Barattucci M, Ramaci T. What Prompts Doctors to Recommend COVID-19 Vaccines: Is It a Question of Positive Emotion? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060578. [PMID: 34205935 PMCID: PMC8229710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most successful and cost-effective public health tools and have greatly contributed to eliminating or controlling several serious vaccine-treatable diseases over the past century. To curb the spread of COVID-19, efficacious vaccination is emerging as essential in mitigating the disease and preventing deaths. Health care workers (HCW) are one of the first groups to receive vaccinations, so it is important to consider their attitudes to COVID-19 vaccination to better address barriers to widespread vaccination acceptance. This study aimed to evaluate variables that are linked with the recommendation of vaccines and intention to take-up vaccination against COVID-19 among the HCWs, in the context of the current pandemic. The study was conducted during the first week of the vaccination campaign dedicated to Italian HCWs, beginning in December 2020, and it involved all doctors in a public hospital in Sicily. The following questionnaires were administered: (1) The perceived vaccine trust questionnaire, measuring the degree of trust in vaccines by healthcare professionals both in general and for the protection of healthcare professionals themselves and patients; (2) the positive and negative affect scale-state (PANAS), for assessing positive and negative emotions in relation to their work as “frontline care providers”; (3) The locus of control of behaviour (LCB) to measure the extent to which subjects perceive responsibility for their personal behaviour (internal vs. external); (4) recommendation vaccines item, referring to the intention to recommend vaccination. The findings suggest that socio-demographic control variables (age, gender, and seniority) showed little or no predictive power in vaccine recommendation, while vaccine confidence, positive emotions, and internal locus of control were excellent predictors of vaccine recommendations by doctors. Younger doctors, both in age and experience, are more confident in vaccines and recommend them more frequently. It is essential to improve institutional communication addressed to doctors to enhance their role as vaccination facilitators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (V.R.); (F.V.); (C.L.)
| | - Francesca Vella
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (V.R.); (F.V.); (C.L.)
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (V.R.); (F.V.); (C.L.)
| | | | - Tiziana Ramaci
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Combined Multidisciplinary Intervention for Health Promotion in the Workplace: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071512. [PMID: 33916391 PMCID: PMC8038581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a joint health promotion intervention on a cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs) who had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. The HCWs were assessed at three different times, i.e., time zero (T0), after 6 months (T6), and after 12 months (T12). The following parameters were measured at a medical examination: physical activity, blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), routine laboratory tests, plicometric analysis, work ability index (WAI), and body image dissatisfaction (BID). Among the 447 HCWs, 38 HCWs were included in the study; 45% (n = 17) were male. At T12, the average blood pressure, waist/hip ratio (WHR) index, BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride level, and blood glucose values were reduced. The levels of physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet had progressively increased. The WAI showed a significant shift from low to good work performance at T12, as well as BID score. This is the first study that has analyzed work performance in relation to a workplace health promotion through a multidisciplinary approach. This health promotion intervention that combined diet and sport activity has led to a significant change in HCWs’ lifestyles and body perceptions, as well as their ability to work. This project highlights the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach and the workplace setting in health promotion programs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ledda C, Costantino C, Cuccia M, Maltezou HC, Rapisarda V. Attitudes of Healthcare Personnel towards Vaccinations before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052703. [PMID: 33800187 PMCID: PMC7967435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines constitute highly effective tools for controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and are assessed to avert between two to three million deaths per year globally. Healthcare personnel (HCP) constitute a priority group for several vaccinations. However, studies indicate significant rates of vaccine hesitancy among them and, therefore, of acceptance of vaccination recommendations. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a university hospital in Southern Italy to assess the knowledge and attitudes of HCP about VPDs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, estimate their intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and search for determinants that may influence their choice. A self-administered questionnaire was used. HCP improved their knowledge about VPDs and were more favorable to vaccinations in September–December 2020 compared to January–December 2019. Overall, 75% of respondents would get a COVID-19 vaccine. Our findings indicate a potential role of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Italian HCP’s knowledge and attitudes towards vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87 Edificio B Piano 0, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-095-378-2049
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Excellence Specialties, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Mario Cuccia
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Provincial Health Authority of Catania, Via Tevere, San Gregorio di Catania, 95027 Catania, Italy;
| | - Helena C. Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, 3-5 Agrafon Street, 11523 Athens, Greece;
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87 Edificio B Piano 0, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dowran R, Malekzadeh M, Nourollahi T, Sarkari B, Sarvari J. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers among Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Adv Biomed Res 2021; 10:7. [PMID: 33959564 PMCID: PMC8095257 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_173_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protection against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is based on the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Vaccination of newborns is the most effective means of prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of anti-HBs antibody (anti-HBsAb), anti-HB core Ab (anti-HBcAb), HBsAg, and HBV DNA among university students in Fars province, Southern Iran. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 272 students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, were enrolled. Venous blood (5 mL) was collected from each participant and centrifuged; the sera were stored at -20°C until use. Anti-HBsAb, Anti-HBcAb, and HBsAg were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. HBV DNA load was also measured by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The mean age of the participants was 19 ± 1 years. There were 171 (62.9%) females and 101 (37.1%) males. Anti-HBsAb at a protective level (>10 mIU/mL) were detected in the sera of 104 (38.5%) of the cases. Of the anti-HBsAb seropositive participants, 82 were female and 22 were male; the difference between the gender and seropositivity to anti-HBsAb was statistically significant (P = 0.001, odds ratio: 3.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.89-5.79). Anti-HBcAb was detected in only one participant that was negative for both HBsAg and HBV DNA. Conclusion Findings of the current study show that more than half of the students do not have a protective level of anti-HBsAb and might be susceptible to HBV infection, indicating the necessity of checking the level of anti-HBsAb as well as a booster dose in high-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Dowran
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Malekzadeh
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyar Nourollahi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Getie A, Wondmieneh A, Tesfaw G. The Prevalence of Needlesticks and Sharp Injuries, and the Associated Factors Among Midwives and Nurses in North Wollo Zone Public Hospitals, North East Ethiopia: An Institution-based Cross-sectional Study. DRUG HEALTHCARE AND PATIENT SAFETY 2020; 12:187-193. [PMID: 33116914 PMCID: PMC7573301 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s273669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Health professionals are at high risk of exposure for needlestick or sharp injury due to repeated exposure in clinical areas. This exposure leads to the acquiring of different infectious diseases like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and other infectious diseases. Nurses and midwives having repeated exposure due to long working time, not wearing personal protective equipment, less work experience, and who are unable to apply infection prevention utilization guidelines are at high risk of needlestick and sharp injuries. Methods An institutional-based, cross-sectional study design was conducted in North Wollo Zone public hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was applied to select study subjects. The method of data collection was self-administered questionnaires that are structured and pretested from February to March 2019. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and analytical statistics. Binary logistic regressions were used to test the association between variables. Then, P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant in this study. Results Of the 147 respondents who participated in the study, 50.3% were female and 49.7% were male. The prevalence of needlestick and the sharp injuries was 75.5%. Recap practice of needle (AOR: 3.880; 95%CI: 1.666–9.036), working room (maternal care room) (AOR: 2.968; 95%CI: 1.012–8.703), and contagious room like emergency room (AOR: 3.587; 95%CI: 1.383–9.301) are significantly associated with needlestick and sharp injuries. Conclusion This study showed that three-quarters of the study subjects were exposed to needlestick injury at least once in the past year. Needle recapping practice and working room were associated with needlestick and sharp injuries. Then, health personnel should avoid the practice of recapping a needle and tale care themself to avoid needle and sharp injuries in the workplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Getie
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Adam Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Tesfaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|