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Ambade SS, Gupta VK, Bhole RP, Khedekar PB, Chikhale RV. A Review on Five and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (PBP2A) of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Molecules 2023; 28:7008. [PMID: 37894491 PMCID: PMC10609489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose significant and challenging therapeutic difficulties. MRSA often acquires the non-native gene PBP2a, which results in reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics, thus conferring resistance. PBP2a has a lower affinity for methicillin, allowing bacteria to maintain peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a core component of the bacterial cell wall. Consequently, even in the presence of methicillin or other antibiotics, bacteria can develop resistance. Due to genes responsible for resistance, S. aureus becomes MRSA. The fundamental premise of this resistance mechanism is well-understood. Given the therapeutic concerns posed by resistant microorganisms, there is a legitimate demand for novel antibiotics. This review primarily focuses on PBP2a scaffolds and the various screening approaches used to identify PBP2a inhibitors. The following classes of compounds and their biological activities are discussed: Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Pyrazole-Benzimidazole-based derivatives, Oxadiazole-containing derivatives, non-β-lactam allosteric inhibitors, 4-(3H)-Quinazolinones, Pyrrolylated chalcone, Bis-2-Oxoazetidinyl macrocycles (β-lactam antibiotics with 1,3-Bridges), Macrocycle-embedded β-lactams as novel inhibitors, Pyridine-Coupled Pyrimidinones, novel Naphthalimide corbelled aminothiazoximes, non-covalent inhibitors, Investigational-β-lactam antibiotics, Carbapenem, novel Benzoxazole derivatives, Pyrazolylpyridine analogues, and other miscellaneous classes of scaffolds for PBP2a. Additionally, we discuss the penicillin-binding protein, a crucial target in the MRSA cell wall. Various aspects of PBP2a, bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans, different crystal structures of PBP2a, synthetic routes for PBP2a inhibitors, and future perspectives on MRSA inhibitors are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha S. Ambade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MH, India (P.B.K.)
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra 282004, UP, India
| | - Ritesh P. Bhole
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
| | - Pramod B. Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MH, India (P.B.K.)
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Wang J, Ma X, Li J, Shi L, Liu L, Hou X, Jiang S, Li P, Lv J, Han L, Cheng Y, Han B. The Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect and Mechanism of Nisin and Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076697. [PMID: 37047670 PMCID: PMC10094802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for skin and soft tissue infections with multi-resistance to many antibiotics. It is thus imperative to explore alternative antimicrobial treatments to ensure future treatment options. Nisin (NIS), an antibacterial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis, was selected to combine with Oxacillin (OX), to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and potential mechanism against MRSA. The synergistic antimicrobial effect of OX and NIS was verified by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays, checkerboard analysis, time-kill curve, biofilm producing ability, and mice skin infection model in vivo. For the potential synergistic antimicrobial mechanism, the microstructure and integrity change of MRSA cells were determined by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM and TEM), intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity and propidium iodide staining were assayed; And transcription of mecA, main gene of MRSA resistant to OX, were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed NIS could restore the sensitivity of MRSA to OX and inhibit biofilm production; OX + NIS can make MRSA cell deform; NIS may recover OX sensitivity by inhibiting the transcription of mecA. In vivo, mice skin infection models indicate that OX + NIS can substantially alleviate MRSA infections. As a safe commercially available biological compound, NIS and the combination of antibiotics are worth developing as new anti-MRSA biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Tongchuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongchuan 727031, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Shi
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Sijin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Pu Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia Lv
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lei Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bei Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Study of SarA by DNA Affinity Capture Assay (DACA) Employing Three Promoters of Key Virulence and Resistance Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121714. [PMID: 36551372 PMCID: PMC9774152 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of the most well-known human pathogens, houses many virulence factors and regulatory proteins that confer resistance to diverse antibiotics. Although they have been investigated intensively, the correlations among virulence factors, regulatory proteins and antibiotic resistance are still elusive. We aimed to identify the most significant global MRSA regulator by concurrently analyzing protein-binding and several promoters under same conditions and at the same time point. DNA affinity capture assay (DACA) was performed with the promoters of mecA, sarA, and sarR, all of which significantly impact survival of MRSA. Here, we show that SarA protein binds to all three promoters. Consistent with the previous reports, ΔsarA mutant exhibited weakened antibiotic resistance to oxacillin and reduced biofilm formation. Additionally, production and activity of many virulence factors such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSM), α-hemolysin, motility, staphyloxanthin, and other related proteins were decreased. Comparing the sequence of SarA with that of clinical strains of various lineages showed that all sequences were highly conserved, in contrast to that observed for AgrA, another major regulator of virulence and resistance in MRSA. We have demonstrated that SarA regulates antibiotic resistance and the expression of various virulence factors. Our results warrant that SarA could be a leading target for developing therapeutic agents against MRSA infections.
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Alnajjar MS, Jawhar DS, Aburuz S, Saeed DA, Ibrahim AH. Point prevalence survey of antibiotic utilization in secondary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2685. [PMID: 36733515 PMCID: PMC9851827 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.3.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study was carried out to identify and report the pattern of antibiotics prescribing to determine the adherence to the international empirical and therapeutic guidelines of antibiotic use. Methods A point prevalence survey took place at a selected date of January 26, 2020, in which data collection was performed to all the patients present in the hospital who used at least one systemic antibiotic agent as an inpatient from 00:00 am until midnight of that day. This was performed using European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC - audit tool). The participated hospital in this point prevalence study represents a major government hospital in the UAE. Descriptive statistics were used and results were expressed using standard statistical methods. Results Out of the 125 hospitalized patients, a total of 41 (32.8%) patients were included in the survey and treated with different trends of antibiotics on the date point prevalence survey. The total number prescribed antibiotics was 54 with a higher percentage of treatment indication (70.4%), compared to prophylaxis indication (29.6%). The combinations of penicillin's win in being the most commonly used agents by a percent of 31.5%, including the use of Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by 22.2% and Piperacillin-tazobactam with 9.3%. The compliance with local/international guidelines accounts for 78.0% of the treated & prophylaxis patients. Conclusions Considerable results have been obtained which can assure the quality improvement of the antibiotic use in the studied hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munther S Alnajjar
- Department of Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Duaa Salem Jawhar
- Pharmacy Department, Saqr Hospital, Emirates Health Services Establishment, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salah Aburuz
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman. Jordan.
| | - Dima A Saeed
- School of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ameerah Hasan Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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Nunes LGP, Reichert T, Machini MT. His-Rich Peptides, Gly- and His-Rich Peptides: Functionally Versatile Compounds with Potential Multi-Purpose Applications. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li QQ, Luo J, Liu XQ, Kwon DY, Kang OH. Eleutheroside K isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms suppresses methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:669-676. [PMID: 32955753 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acanthopanax (A.) henryi (Oliv.) Harms contain many bioactive compounds commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of the single constituent, Eleutheroside K (ETSK) isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA). Broth microdilution assay was used to measure the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the MIC values of ETSK against eight clinical S. aureus strains were all 50 µg ml-1 . At sub-inhibitory concentrations, a synergistic effect between oxacillin (OXA) and ETSK was confirmed using checkerboard dilution assay and time-kill curve analysis. The bacteriostatic effect became more pronounced when ETSK was used in combination with detergent (Triton X-100) or ATPase inhibitor (N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide). According to western blot analysis, the down-regulated expression of Penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) further validated that the bacterial activity was inhibited when treated with ETSK in a dose-dependent manner. Results based on our study verified that ETSK significantly suppressed MRSA infections and emphasized the potential application of ETSK as a novel anti-MRSA natural drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Q Li
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - J Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - X-Q Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - D-Y Kwon
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - O-H Kang
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Fergestad ME, Stamsås GA, Morales Angeles D, Salehian Z, Wasteson Y, Kjos M. Penicillin-binding protein PBP2a provides variable levels of protection toward different β-lactams in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1057. [PMID: 32419377 PMCID: PMC7424258 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to most β-lactams due to the expression of an extra penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a, with low β-lactam affinity. It has long been known that heterologous expression of the PBP2a-encoding mecA gene in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) provides protection towards β-lactams, however, some reports suggest that the degree of protection can vary between different β-lactams. To test this more systematically, we introduced an IPTG-inducible mecA into the MSSA laboratory strain RN4220. We confirm, by growth assays as well as single-cell microfluidics time-lapse microscopy experiments, that PBP2a expression protects against β-lactams in S. aureus RN4220. By testing a panel of ten different β-lactams, we conclude that there is also a great variation in the level of protection conferred by PBP2a. Expression of PBP2a resulted in an only fourfold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for imipenem, while a 32-fold increase in MIC was observed for cefaclor and cephalexin. Interestingly, in our experimental setup, PBP2a confers the highest protection against cefaclor and cephalexin-two β-lactams that are known to have a high specific affinity toward the transpeptidase PBP3 of S. aureus. Notably, using a single-cell microfluidics setup we demonstrate a considerable phenotypic variation between cells upon β-lactam exposure and show that mecA-expressing S. aureus can survive β-lactam concentrations much higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. We discuss possible explanations and implications of these results including important aspects regarding treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Ekeland Fergestad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gro Anita Stamsås
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Zhian Salehian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Ahmadi E, Khojasteh M, Mortazavi SM, Khan-Mohammadi F, Kazemnia A, Beheshtipour J, Raeeszadeh M. Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the West of Iran: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:899. [PMID: 31660878 PMCID: PMC6819401 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several reports designate the recent increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage. Because of the scanty information regarding the nasal carriage sate of MRSA in the west of Iran, the purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency of CA-MRSA in Sanandaj city. Methods Swabs collected from anterior nares of 600 volunteers were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The isolates were further investigated for methicillin resistance by using the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, followed by PCR-amplification of the mecA gene. SCCmec types and the presence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (pvl) encoding genes were determined through PCR. Finally, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar diffusion method. Results Nasal screening identified 181 S. aureus, of which 55 isolates were MRSA. SCCmec types IV and V were detected in MRSA at frequencies of 80 and 20%, respectively. The overall frequency of pvl genes among the MRSA isolates was 14.54%. MRSA isolates were highly susceptible (98.18%) to mupirocin, gentamicin, and fusidic acid. Conclusions The high prevalence of CA-MRSA carriage in the population could pose a serious public health concern for the region. Additionally, advent of drug-resistant pvl-positive strains demands continuous surveillance on the colonization state of CA-MRSA in order to prevent dissemination of the bacterium in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khojasteh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mortazavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khan-Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Kazemnia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Javad Beheshtipour
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Uddin MJ, Ma CJ, Kim JC, Ahn J. Proteomics-based discrimination of differentially expressed proteins in antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:1259-1275. [PMID: 31240342 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the differentially expressed proteins between antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. The susceptibilities of wild-type (WT), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and/or oxacillin (OXA)-induced, and clinically isolated resistant (CCARM) S. Typhimurium (STWT, STCIP, and STCCARM), K. pneumoniae (KPWT, KPCIP, and KPCCARM), and S. aureus (SAWT, SACIP, SAOXA, and SACCARM) to antibiotics were determined using broth microdilution assay. STCIP was highly resistant to piperacillin (MIC > 512 μg/ml), KPCIP was resistant to chloramphenicol (128 μg/ml) and norfloxacin (16 μg/ml), SACIP was resistant to fluoroquinolones (32 μg/ml), and SAOXA was resistant to ceftriaxone (32 μg/ml). The protein profiles of antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant strains were determined using 2-DE analysis followed by LC-MS/MS. The commonly expressed proteins of STWT-STCIP, STWT-STCCARM, KPWT-KPCIP, KPWT-KPCCARM, SAWT-SACIP, SAWT-SAOXA, and SAWT-SACCARM were 763, 677, 677, 469, 261, 259, and 226, respectively. The unique protein spots were observed 57 (6.5%), 80 (11.5%), and 68 (13.9%), respectively, for STCCARM, KPCCARM, and SACCARM. The highly up-regulated protein, PrsA (10-fold), was observed in STCIP resistant to ciprofloxacin (128-fold), levofloxacin (32-fold), norfloxacin (64-fold), and piperacillin (> 16-fold). The up-regulated proteins (YadC, FimA, and RplB) in KPCIP resistant to chloramphenicol (> 32-fold), ciprofloxacin (32-fold), levofloxacin (6-fold), norfloxacin (128-fold), and sparfloxacin (64-fold). AcrB and RpoB were up-regulated in SACCARM resistant to multiple antibiotics. The differentially expressed proteins were related to the antibiotic resistance of STWT, STCIP, STCCARM, KPWT, KPCIP, KPCCARM, SAWT, SACIP, SAOXA, and SACCARM. The resistance-associated proteins could be useful biomarkers for detecting antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalal Uddin
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Je Ma
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Dweba CC, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Virulence, Antimicrobial and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020079. [PMID: 31207959 PMCID: PMC6630769 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens of humans and animals. Livestock production contributes a significant proportion to the South African Gross Domestic Product. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine for the first time the prevalence, virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in livestock-associated S. aureus isolated from South African livestock production systems. Microbial phenotypic methods were used to detect the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. Furthermore, molecular DNA based methods were used to genetically determine virulence as well as antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed 217 out of 403 (53.8%) isolates to be S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was conducted to evaluate antibiotic resistance and 90.8% of S. aureus isolates were found to be resistant to at least three antibiotics, and therefore, classified as multidrug resistant. Of the antibiotics tested, 98% of the isolates demonstrated resistance towards penicillin G. High resistance was shown against different heavy metals, with 90% (196/217), 88% (192/217), 86% (188/217) and 84% (183/217) of the isolates resistant to 1500 µg/mL concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) respectively. A total of 10 antimicrobial resistance and virulence genetic determinants were screened for all livestock associated S. aureus isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified, by the presence of mecC, in 27% of the isolates with a significant relationship (p < 0.001)) with the host animal. This is the first report of mecC positive LA-MRSA in South Africa and the African continent. The gene for tetracycline resistance (tetK) was the most frequently detected of the screened genes with an overall prevalence of 35% and the highest prevalence percentage was observed for goats (56.76%) followed by avian species (chicken, duck and wild birds) (42.5%). Virulence-associated genes were observed across all animal host species. The study reports the presence of luks/pv, a gene encoding the PVL toxin previously described to be a marker for community acquired-MRSA, suggesting the crossing of species between human and livestock. The high prevalence of S. aureus from the livestock indicates a major food security and healthcare threat. This threat is further compounded by the virulence of the pathogen, which causes numerous clinical manifestations. The phenomenon of co-selection is observed in this study as isolates exhibited resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals. Further, all the screened antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes did not correspond with the phenotypic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumisa C Dweba
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Hassan YI, Lahaye L, Gong MM, Peng J, Gong J, Liu S, Gay CG, Yang C. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vet Res 2018; 49:71. [PMID: 30060767 PMCID: PMC6066918 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a serious concern in recent years. This phenomenon is a core challenge for both the medical and animal health communities, since the use of antibiotics has formed the cornerstone of modern medicine for treating bacterial infections. The empirical benefits of using antibiotics to address animal health issues in animal agriculture (using therapeutic doses) and increasing the overall productivity of animals (using sub-therapeutic doses) are well established. The use of antibiotics to enhance profitability margins in the animal production industry is still practiced worldwide. Although many technical and economic reasons gave rise to these practices, the continued emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is furthering the need to reduce the use of medically important antibiotics. This will require improving on-farm management and biosecurity practices, and the development of effective antibiotic alternatives that will reduce the dependence on antibiotics within the animal industry in the foreseeable future. A number of approaches are being closely scrutinized and optimized to achieve this goal, including the development of promising antibiotic alternatives to control bacterial virulence through quorum-sensing disruption, the use of synthetic polymers and nanoparticles, the exploitation of recombinant enzymes/proteins (such as glucose oxidases, alkaline phosphatases and proteases), and the use of phytochemicals. This review explores the most recent approaches within this context and provides a summary of practical mitigation strategies for the extensive use of antibiotics within the animal production chain in addition to several future challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | | | - Max M. Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Jian Peng
- College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- Office of National Programs, Animal Production and Protection, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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12
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Signal Peptidase Is Necessary and Sufficient for Site 1 Cleavage of RsiV in Bacillus subtilis in Response to Lysozyme. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00663-17. [PMID: 29358498 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00663-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors are a diverse family of alternative σ factors that allow bacteria to sense and respond to changes in the environment. σV is an ECF σ factor found primarily in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria and is required for lysozyme resistance in several opportunistic pathogens. In the absence of lysozyme, σV is inhibited by the anti-σ factor RsiV. In response to lysozyme, RsiV is degraded via the process of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). RIP is initiated by cleavage of RsiV at site 1, which allows the intramembrane protease RasP to cleave RsiV within the transmembrane domain at site 2 and leads to activation of σV Previous work suggested that RsiV is cleaved by signal peptidase at site 1. Here we demonstrate in vitro that signal peptidase is sufficient for cleavage of RsiV only in the presence of lysozyme and provide evidence that multiple Bacillus subtilis signal peptidases can cleave RsiV in vitro This cleavage is dependent upon the concentration of lysozyme, consistent with previous work that showed that binding to RsiV was required for σV activation. We also show that signal peptidase activity is required for site 1 cleavage of RsiV in vivo Thus, we demonstrate that signal peptidase is the site 1 protease for RsiV.IMPORTANCE Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors are a diverse family of alternative σ factors that respond to extracellular signals. The ECF σ factor σV is present in many low-GC Gram-positive bacteria and induces resistance to lysozyme, a component of the innate immune system. The anti-σ factor RsiV inhibits σV activity in the absence of lysozyme. Lysozyme binds RsiV, which initiates a proteolytic cascade leading to destruction of RsiV and activation of σV This proteolytic cascade is initiated by signal peptidase, a component of the general secretory system. We show that signal peptidase is necessary and sufficient for cleavage of RsiV at site 1 in the presence of lysozyme. This report describes a role for signal peptidase in controlling gene expression.
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Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens in the northwest of Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:4-9. [PMID: 29454049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency as well as the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates from clinical specimens at three university teaching hospitals in Urmia, Northwest Iran, from 2012-2015. METHODS Following identification of the isolates, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. The presence of the mecA, vanA and pvl genes was evaluated, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was performed. RESULTS A total of 177 S. aureus isolates were collected from various clinical specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to penicillin (98.9%), followed by erythromycin (61.6%). A total of 95 isolates (53.7%) were confirmed as MRSA. Among the initially screened vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) isolates, one isolate with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6μg/mL harboured the vanA gene. Eleven MRSA isolates (11.6%) were also VRSA. A majority (23/95; 24.2%) of MRSA were classified as SCCmec type III. Only 6 MRSA isolates (6.3%) harboured the pvl gene. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the presence of MRSA along with VISA and VRSA in our setting. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a strain can be defined as VISA phenotypically and as VRSA by molecular analysis. Such a finding raises major concerns with regard to control measures and reliable laboratory tests for screening of resistant strains.
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Zhao H, Patel V, Helmann JD, Dörr T. Don't let sleeping dogmas lie: new views of peptidoglycan synthesis and its regulation. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:847-860. [PMID: 28975672 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall synthesis is the target for some of our most powerful antibiotics and has thus been the subject of intense research focus for more than 50 years. Surprisingly, we still lack a fundamental understanding of how bacteria build, maintain and expand their cell wall. Due to technical limitations, directly testing hypotheses about the coordination and biochemistry of cell wall synthesis enzymes or architecture has been challenging, and interpretation of data has therefore often relied on circumstantial evidence and implicit assumptions. A number of recent papers have exploited new technologies, like single molecule tracking and real-time, high resolution temporal mapping of cell wall synthesis processes, to address fundamental questions of bacterial cell wall biogenesis. The results have challenged established dogmas and it is therefore timely to integrate new data and old observations into a new model of cell wall biogenesis in rod-shaped bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA
| | - Vaidehi Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA
| | - Tobias Dörr
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Abroo S, Hosseini Jazani N, Sharifi Y. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage between healthy students of medical and nonmedical universities. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:709-712. [PMID: 28359610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a challenge for public health, and community-acquired (CA) infections seem to be increasing among people in different areas. METHODS A total of 700 healthy student volunteers residing in dormitories of universities in Urmia, Iran, were enrolled in this study. After identification of the isolates, antibiotic susceptibility, presence of mecA and pvl genes, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing were evaluated. RESULTS Nasal screening identified 137 (19.6%) carriers of S aureus, and 18 (13.14%) were MRSA isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates revealed high resistance to penicillin (93.4%). All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. The SCCmec typing showed that most MRSA strains belonged to SCCmec type IV (n = 14; 77.8%). Only 1 (5.56%) MRSA isolates carried the pvl gene. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed the relatively high frequency of S aureus nasal carriers and the advent of multidrug resistance among these isolates. Most MRSA isolates were SCCmec type IV; the transfer of such MRSA strains from carriers to other individuals in crowded living conditions such as dormitories can act as a risk factor for outbreak of CA MRSA and is a serious threat for the study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleiman Abroo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran
| | - Nima Hosseini Jazani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran.
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16
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Gigliucci F, Brambilla G, Tozzoli R, Michelacci V, Morabito S. Comparative analysis of metagenomes of Italian top soil improvers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:108-115. [PMID: 28214713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids originating from Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants are proposed as top soil improvers (TSI) for their beneficial input of organic carbon on agriculture lands. Their use to amend soil is controversial, as it may lead to the presence of emerging hazards of anthropogenic or animal origin in the environment devoted to food production. In this study, we used a shotgun metagenomics sequencing as a tool to perform a characterization of the hazards related with the TSIs. The samples showed the presence of many virulence genes associated to different diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes as well as of different antimicrobial resistance-associated genes. The genes conferring resistance to Fluoroquinolones was the most relevant class of antimicrobial resistance genes observed in all the samples tested. To a lesser extent traits associated with the resistance to Methicillin in Staphylococci and genes conferring resistance to Streptothricin, Fosfomycin and Vancomycin were also identified. The most represented metal resistance genes were cobalt-zinc-cadmium related, accounting for 15-50% of the sequence reads in the different metagenomes out of the total number of those mapping on the class of resistance to compounds determinants. Moreover the taxonomic analysis performed by comparing compost-based samples and biosolids derived from municipal sewage-sludges treatments divided the samples into separate populations, based on the microbiota composition. The results confirm that the metagenomics is efficient to detect genomic traits associated with pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in complex matrices and this approach can be efficiently used for the traceability of TSI samples using the microorganisms' profiles as indicators of their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gigliucci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Sciences, University Roma,Tre, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Michelacci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Morabito
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
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Venter H, Henningsen ML, Begg SL. Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare, agriculture and the environment: the biochemistry behind the headlines. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:1-10. [PMID: 28258225 PMCID: PMC5900547 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious issues facing us today. The scale of the problem is illustrated by the recent commitment of Heads of State at the UN to coordinate efforts to curb the spread of AMR infections. In this review, we explore the biochemistry behind the headlines of a few stories that were recently published in the public media. We focus on examples from three different issues related to AMR: (i) hospital-acquired infections, (ii) the spread of resistance through animals and/or the environment and (iii) the role of antimicrobial soaps and other products containing disinfectants in the dissemination of AMR. Although these stories stem from three very different settings, the underlying message in all of them is the same: there is a direct relationship between the use of antimicrobials and the development of resistance. In addition, one type of antimicrobial could select for cross-resistance to another type and/or for multidrug resistance. Therefore, we argue the case for increased stewardship to not only cover clinical use of antibiotics, but also the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and stewardship of our crucially important biocides such as chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Venter
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael L Henningsen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Begg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Xia J, Gao J, Tang W. Nosocomial infection and its molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:14-21. [PMID: 26877142 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infection is a kind of infection, which is spread in various hospital environments, and leads to many serious diseases (e.g. pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, and puerperal fever), and causes higher mortality than community-acquired infection. Bacteria are predominant among all the nosocomial infection-associated pathogens, thus a large number of antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, are adopted in clinical treatment. However, in recent years antibiotic resistance quickly spreads worldwide and causes a critical threat to public health. The predominant bacteria include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In these bacteria, resistance emerged from antibiotic resistant genes and many of those can be exchanged between bacteria. With technical advances, molecular mechanisms of resistance have been gradually unveiled. In this review, recent advances in knowledge about mechanisms by which (i) bacteria hydrolyze antibiotics (e.g. extended spectrum β-lactamases, (ii) AmpC β-lactamases, carbapenemases), (iii) avoid antibiotic targeting (e.g. mutated vanA and mecA genes), (iv) prevent antibiotic permeation (e.g. porin deficiency), or (v) excrete intracellular antibiotics (e.g. active efflux pump) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufeng Xia
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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Sajid A, Arora G, Singhal A, Kalia VC, Singh Y. Protein Phosphatases of Pathogenic Bacteria: Role in Physiology and Virulence. Annu Rev Microbiol 2015; 69:527-47. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020415-111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andaleeb Sajid
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Anshika Singhal
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Vipin C. Kalia
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi 110007, India;
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Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Induce Macrophage Dysfunction Through Leukocidin AB and Alpha-Toxin. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.01021-15. [PMID: 26307164 PMCID: PMC4550693 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage response to planktonic Staphylococcus aureus involves the induction of proinflammatory microbicidal activity. However, S. aureus biofilms can interfere with these responses in part by polarizing macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profibrotic phenotype. Here we demonstrate that conditioned medium from mature S. aureus biofilms inhibited macrophage phagocytosis and induced cytotoxicity, suggesting the involvement of a secreted factor(s). Iterative testing found the active factor(s) to be proteinaceous and partially agr-dependent. Quantitative mass spectrometry identified alpha-toxin (Hla) and leukocidin AB (LukAB) as critical molecules secreted by S. aureus biofilms that inhibit murine macrophage phagocytosis and promote cytotoxicity. A role for Hla and LukAB was confirmed by using hla and lukAB mutants, and synergy between the two toxins was demonstrated with a lukAB hla double mutant and verified by complementation. Independent confirmation of the effects of Hla and LukAB on macrophage dysfunction was demonstrated by using an isogenic strain in which Hla was constitutively expressed, an Hla antibody to block toxin activity, and purified LukAB peptide. The importance of Hla and LukAB during S. aureus biofilm formation in vivo was assessed by using a murine orthopedic implant biofilm infection model in which the lukAB hla double mutant displayed significantly lower bacterial burdens and more macrophage infiltrates than each single mutant. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical synergistic role for Hla and LukAB in promoting macrophage dysfunction and facilitating S. aureus biofilm development in vivo. Staphylococcus aureus has a propensity to form multicellular communities known as biofilms. While growing in a biofilm, S. aureus displays increased tolerance to nutrient deprivation, antibiotic insult, and even host immune challenge. Previous studies have shown that S. aureus biofilms thwart host immunity in part by preventing macrophage phagocytosis. It remained unclear whether this was influenced solely by the considerable size of biofilms or whether molecules were also actively secreted to circumvent macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This is the first report to demonstrate that S. aureus biofilms inhibit macrophage phagocytosis and induce macrophage death through the combined action of leukocidin AB and alpha-toxin. Loss of leukocidin AB and alpha-toxin expression resulted in enhanced S. aureus biofilm clearance in a mouse model of orthopedic implant infection, suggesting that these toxins could be targeted therapeutically to facilitate biofilm clearance in humans.
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Lee CR, Lee JH, Park KS, Jeong BC, Lee SH. Quantitative proteomic view associated with resistance to clinically important antibiotics in Gram-positive bacteria: a systematic review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:828. [PMID: 26322035 PMCID: PMC4531251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) poses a worldwide and serious health threat. Although new antibiotics, such as daptomycin and linezolid, have been developed for the treatment of infections of Gram-positive pathogens, the emergence of daptomycin-resistant and linezolid-resistant strains during therapy has now increased clinical treatment failures. In the past few years, studies using quantitative proteomic methods have provided a considerable progress in understanding antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In this review, to understand the resistance mechanisms to four clinically important antibiotics (methicillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin) used in the treatment of Gram-positive pathogens, we summarize recent advances in studies on resistance mechanisms using quantitative proteomic methods, and also examine proteins playing an important role in the bacterial mechanisms of resistance to the four antibiotics. Proteomic researches can identify proteins whose expression levels are changed in the resistance mechanism to only one antibiotic, such as LiaH in daptomycin resistance and PrsA in vancomycin resistance, and many proteins simultaneously involved in resistance mechanisms to various antibiotics. Most of resistance-related proteins, which are simultaneously associated with resistance mechanisms to several antibiotics, play important roles in regulating bacterial envelope biogenesis, or compensating for the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, proteomic data confirm that antibiotic resistance requires the fitness cost and the bacterial envelope is an important factor in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ro Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jung Hun Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seung Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Byeong Chul Jeong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University Yongin, South Korea
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22
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Jones MB, Montgomery CP, Boyle-Vavra S, Shatzkes K, Maybank R, Frank BC, Peterson SN, Daum RS. Genomic and transcriptomic differences in community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and USA400 strains. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1145. [PMID: 25527145 PMCID: PMC4630920 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality through its ability to cause a number of human infections including bacteremia, pneumonia and soft tissue infections. Of great concern is the emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) that are resistant to nearly all β-lactams. The emergence of the USA300 MRSA genetic background among community associated S. aureus infections (CA-MRSA) in the USA was followed by the disappearance of USA400 CA-MRSA isolates. RESULTS To gain a greater understanding of the potential fitness advantages and virulence capacity of S. aureus USA300 clones, we performed whole genome sequencing of 15 USA300 and 4 USA400 clinical isolates. A comparison of representative genomes of the USA300 and USA400 pulsotypes indicates a number of differences in mobile genome elements. We examined the in vitro gene expression profiles by microarray hybridization and the in vivo transcriptomes during lung infection in mice of a USA300 and a USA400 MRSA strain by performing complete genome qRT-PCR analysis. The unique presence and increased expression of 6 exotoxins in USA300 (12- to 600-fold) compared to USA400 may contribute to the increased virulence of USA300 clones. Importantly, we also observed the up-regulation of prophage genes in USA300 (compared with USA400) during mouse lung infection (including genes encoded by both prophages ΦSa2usa and ΦSa3usa), suggesting that these prophages may play an important role in vivo by contributing to the elevated virulence characteristic of the USA300 clone. CONCLUSIONS We observed differences in the genetic content of USA300 and USA400 strains, as well as significant differences of in vitro and in vivo gene expression of mobile elements in a lung pneumonia model. This is the first study to document the global transcription differences between USA300 and USA400 strains during both in vitro and in vivo growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus B Jones
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Christopher P Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Susan Boyle-Vavra
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Kenneth Shatzkes
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Rosslyn Maybank
- Battelle National Biodefense Institute, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Bryan C Frank
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Scott N Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Robert S Daum
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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McVicker G, Prajsnar TK, Williams A, Wagner NL, Boots M, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. Clonal expansion during Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics reveals the effect of antibiotic intervention. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003959. [PMID: 24586163 PMCID: PMC3937288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To slow the inexorable rise of antibiotic resistance we must understand how drugs impact on pathogenesis and influence the selection of resistant clones. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen with populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community. Host phagocytes play a crucial role in controlling S. aureus infection, which can lead to a population "bottleneck" whereby clonal expansion of a small fraction of the initial inoculum founds a systemic infection. Such population dynamics may have important consequences on the effect of antibiotic intervention. Low doses of antibiotics have been shown to affect in vitro growth and the generation of resistant mutants over the long term, however whether this has any in vivo relevance is unknown. In this work, the population dynamics of S. aureus pathogenesis were studied in vivo using antibiotic-resistant strains constructed in an isogenic background, coupled with systemic models of infection in both the mouse and zebrafish embryo. Murine experiments revealed unexpected and complex bacterial population kinetics arising from clonal expansion during infection in particular organs. We subsequently elucidated the effect of antibiotic intervention within the host using mixed inocula of resistant and sensitive bacteria. Sub-curative tetracycline doses support the preferential expansion of resistant microorganisms, importantly unrelated to effects on growth rate or de novo resistance acquisition. This novel phenomenon is generic, occurring with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the presence of β-lactams and with the unrelated human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The selection of resistant clones at low antibiotic levels can result in a rapid increase in their prevalence under conditions that would previously not be thought to favor them. Our results have key implications for the design of effective treatment regimes to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance, where inappropriate usage leading to resistance may reduce the efficacy of life-saving drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth McVicker
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Williams
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly L. Wagner
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boots
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Nair R, Hanson BM, Kondratowicz K, Dorjpurev A, Davaadash B, Enkhtuya B, Tundev O, Smith TC. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. PeerJ 2013; 1:e176. [PMID: 24133636 PMCID: PMC3796364 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains isolated from human infections in Mongolia. Infection samples were collected at two time periods (2007–08 and 2011) by the National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. S. aureus isolates were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA, PVL, and sasX genes and tested for agr functionality. All isolates were also spa typed. A subset of isolates selected by frequency of spa types was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing. Among 251 S. aureus isolates, genotyping demonstrated methicillin resistance in 8.8% of isolates (22/251). Approximately 28% of the tested S. aureus isolates were observed to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Sequence type (ST) 154 (spa t667) was observed to be a strain with high virulence potential, as all isolates for this spa type were positive for PVL, had a functional agr system and 78% were MDR. S. aureus isolates of ST239 (spa t037) were observed to cause infections and roughly 60% had functional agr system with a greater proportion being MDR. Additionally, new multilocus sequence types and new spa types were identified, warranting continued surveillance for S. aureus in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Nair
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , United States
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Patel BA, Ashby CR, Hardej D, Talele TT. The synthesis and SAR study of phenylalanine-derived (Z)-5-arylmethylidene rhodanines as anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5523-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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López-Pelegrín M, Cerdà-Costa N, Martínez-Jiménez F, Cintas-Pedrola A, Canals A, Peinado JR, Marti-Renom MA, López-Otín C, Arolas JL, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel family of soluble minimal scaffolds provides structural insight into the catalytic domains of integral membrane metallopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21279-21294. [PMID: 23733187 PMCID: PMC3774397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for structural models of integral-membrane metallopeptidases (MPs), we discovered three related proteins from thermophilic prokaryotes, which we grouped into a novel family called "minigluzincins." We determined the crystal structures of the zymogens of two of these (Pyrococcus abyssi proabylysin and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii projannalysin), which are soluble and, with ∼100 residues, constitute the shortest structurally characterized MPs to date. Despite relevant sequence and structural similarity, the structures revealed two unique mechanisms of latency maintenance through the C-terminal segments previously unseen in MPs as follows: intramolecular, through an extended tail, in proabylysin, and crosswise intermolecular, through a helix swap, in projannalysin. In addition, structural and sequence comparisons revealed large similarity with MPs of the gluzincin tribe such as thermolysin, leukotriene A4 hydrolase relatives, and cowrins. Noteworthy, gluzincins mostly contain a glutamate as third characteristic zinc ligand, whereas minigluzincins have a histidine. Sequence and structural similarity further allowed us to ascertain that minigluzincins are very similar to the catalytic domains of integral membrane MPs of the MEROPS database families M48 and M56, such as FACE1, HtpX, Oma1, and BlaR1/MecR1, which are provided with trans-membrane helices flanking or inserted into a minigluzincin-like catalytic domain. In a time where structural biochemistry of integral-membrane proteins in general still faces formidable challenges, the minigluzincin soluble minimal scaffold may contribute to our understanding of the working mechanisms of these membrane MPs and to the design of novel inhibitors through structure-aided rational drug design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Núria Cerdà-Costa
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Francisco Martínez-Jiménez
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Anna Cintas-Pedrola
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Albert Canals
- the Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, and
| | - Juan R Peinado
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Marc A Marti-Renom
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
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