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Tow DH, Tran CG, Borbon LC, Ridder M, Li G, Kaemmer CA, Abusada E, Mahalingam AH, Sadanandam A, Chandrasekaran C, Dillon J, Spitz DR, Quelle DE, Chan CHF, Bellizzi A, Howe JR, Ear PH. Inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis in neuroendocrine neoplasm suppresses tumor growth in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536013. [PMID: 37066322 PMCID: PMC10104152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) originate from enterochromaffin cells in the intestine which synthesize and secrete serotonin. SBNETs express high levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), a key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. Patients with high serotonin level may develop carcinoid syndrome, which can be treated with somatostatin analogues and the Tph1 inhibitor telotristat ethyl in severe cases. Although the active drug telotristat can efficiently reduce serotonin levels, its effect on tumor growth is unclear. This study determined the effect of serotonin inhibition on tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo . The levels of Tph1 in various neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) were determined and the biological effects of Tph1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo using genetic and pharmacologic approaches was tested. Gene and protein expression analyses were performed on patient tumors and cancer cell lines. shRNAs targeting TPH1 were used to create stable knockdown in BON cells. Control and knockdown lines were assessed for their growth rates in vitro and in vivo , angiogenesis potential, serotonin levels, endothelial cell tube formation, tumor weight, and tumor vascularity. TPH1 is highly expressed in SBNETs and many cancer types. TPH1 knockdown cells and telotristat treated cells showed similar growth rates as control cells in vitro . However, TPH1 knockdown cells formed smaller tumors in vivo and tumors were less vascularized. Although Tph1 inhibition with telotristat showed no effect on tumor cell growth in vitro , Tph1 inhibition reduced tumor formation in vivo . Serotonin inhibition in combination with other therapies is a promising new avenue for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in NENs.
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Vitale G, Carra S, Alessi Y, Campolo F, Pandozzi C, Zanata I, Colao A, Faggiano A. Carcinoid Syndrome: Preclinical Models and Future Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043610. [PMID: 36835022 PMCID: PMC9961914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoid syndrome represents a debilitating paraneoplastic disease, caused by the secretion of several substances, occurring in about 10-40% of patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The main signs and symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome are flushing, diarrhea, hypotension, tachycardia, bronchoconstriction, venous telangiectasia, dyspnea and fibrotic complications (mesenteric and retroperitoneal fibrosis, and carcinoid heart disease). Although there are several drugs available for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome, the lack of therapeutic response, poor tolerance or resistance to drugs are often reported. Preclinical models are indispensable tools for investigating the pathogenesis, mechanisms for tumor progression and new therapeutic approaches for cancer. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vitro and in vivo models in NETs with carcinoid syndrome, highlighting the future developments and therapeutic approaches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6191-12023; Fax: +39-02-6191-13033
| | - Silvia Carra
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Alessi
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital “Gaetano Martino” of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Pandozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanata
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Stegemann S, Moreton C, Svanbäck S, Box K, Motte G, Paudel A. Trends in oral small-molecule drug discovery and product development based on product launches before and after the Rule of Five. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103344. [PMID: 36442594 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, the 'Rule of Five' (Ro5) suggested physicochemical limitations for orally administered drugs, based on the analysis of chemical libraries from the early 1990s. In this review, we report on the trends in oral drug product development by analyzing products launched between 1994 and 1997 and between 2013 and 2019. Our analysis confirmed that most new oral drugs are within the Ro5 descriptors; however, the number of new drug products of drugs with molecular weight (MW) and calculated partition coefficient (clogP) beyond the Ro5 has slightly increased. Analysis revealed that there is no single scientific or technological reason for this trend, but that it likely results from incremental advances are being made in molecular biology, target diversity, drug design, medicinal chemistry, predictive modeling, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stegemann
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Sami Svanbäck
- The Solubility Company Ltd, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd, Forest Row, UK
| | - Geneviève Motte
- JEN Pharma Consulting, 182 Rue Henri Latour, 1450 Chastre, Belgium
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Li H, Zhang W, Jiang X, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang J, Jia X, Qin B, You S. Development of an Enzymatic Process for the Synthesis of the Key Intermediate of Telotristat Ethyl. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Song You
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
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Recent developments in pharmaceutical salts: FDA approvals from 2015 to 2019. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:384-398. [PMID: 33221522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Around half of the new molecular entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are pharmaceutical salts. The pharmaceutical salts have been on a continuous growth trajectory since the approval of the first salt form in 1939. This review aims to provide updates on pharmaceutical salts approved by the FDA between 2015 and 2019. The five-year drug-approval database contains 61 pharmaceutical salts, featuring a diverse range of counterions; however, hydrochlorides are the most abundant. The chemical structures of all pharmaceutical salts in each class are presented here, along with their therapeutic indications and date of approval. The reason behind the selection of a particular counterion and the technical superiority achieved by the salt form over the free active pharmaceutical ingredient base are also discussed.
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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Naraev BG, Halland M, Halperin DM, Purvis AJ, O'Dorisio TM, Halfdanarson TR. Management of Diarrhea in Patients With Carcinoid Syndrome. Pancreas 2019; 48:961-972. [PMID: 31425482 PMCID: PMC6867674 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from enterochromaffin cells found in neuroendocrine tissues, with most occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. The global incidence of NETs has increased in the past 15 years, likely due to better diagnostic methods. Small-bowel NETs are frequently associated with carcinoid syndrome (CS). Carcinoid syndrome diarrhea occurs in 80% of CS patients and poses a substantial symptomatic and economic burden. Patients with CS diarrhea frequently suffer from diarrhea and flushing and report corresponding impairment in quality of life, requiring substantial changes in daily activities and lifestyle. Treatment paradigms range from surgical debulking to liver-directed therapies to treatment with somatostatin analogs, nonspecific anti-diarrheal agents, and a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor. Other causes of diarrhea, including steatorrhea, short bowel syndrome, and bile acid malabsorption, should be considered in NET patients with refractory diarrhea. More therapeutic options are needed for symptomatic management of patients with NETs, and better understanding of the pathophysiology can empower clinicians with improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magnus Halland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Daniel M. Halperin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amy J. Purvis
- University of Arizona Cancer Center (UACC), Phoenix, AZ
| | - Thomas M. O'Dorisio
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Program, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA
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