1
|
Cao PHA, Dominic A, Lujan FE, Senthilkumar S, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE, Subramani E. Unlocking ferroptosis in prostate cancer - the road to novel therapies and imaging markers. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00869-9. [PMID: 38627553 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of regulated cell death that is predominantly driven by the build-up of intracellular iron and lipid peroxides. Ferroptosis suppression is widely accepted to contribute to the pathogenesis of several tumours including prostate cancer. Results from some studies reported that prostate cancer cells can be highly susceptible to ferroptosis inducers, providing potential for an interesting new avenue of therapeutic intervention for advanced prostate cancer. In this Perspective, we describe novel molecular underpinnings and metabolic drivers of ferroptosis, analyse the functions and mechanisms of ferroptosis in tumours, and highlight prostate cancer-specific susceptibilities to ferroptosis by connecting ferroptosis pathways to the distinctive metabolic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells. Leveraging these novel mechanistic insights could provide innovative therapeutic opportunities in which ferroptosis induction augments the efficacy of currently available prostate cancer treatment regimens, pending the elimination of major bottlenecks for the clinical translation of these treatment combinations, such as the development of clinical-grade inhibitors of the anti-ferroptotic enzymes as well as non-invasive biomarkers of ferroptosis. These biomarkers could be exploited for diagnostic imaging and treatment decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abishai Dominic
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabiola Ester Lujan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjanaa Senthilkumar
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Zhou K, Zhu H, Wei F, Ma S, Kan Y, Li B, Mao L. Current status and progress of the development of prostate cancer vaccines. J Cancer 2023; 14:835-842. [PMID: 37056394 PMCID: PMC10088880 DOI: 10.7150/jca.80803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, common treatments of prostate cancer mainly include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. However, patients have high recurrence rate after treatment, and are prone to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Tumor vaccine is based on tumor specific antigen (TSA) and tumor associated antigen (TAA) to activate specific immune response of the body to cancer cells. With continuous maturity of tumor vaccine technology, different forms of prostate cancer vaccines have been developed, such as cellular vaccines, extracellular-based anti-tumor vaccines, polypeptide vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. In this review, we summarize current status and progress in the development of prostate cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Kaichen Zhou
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Huihuang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Fukun Wei
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yi Kan
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Bingheng Li
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Lijun Mao, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S. Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175730. [PMID: 36080493 PMCID: PMC9457814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer affects men of all racial and ethnic groups and leads to higher rates of mortality in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status due to late detection of the disease. There is growing evidence that suggests the contribution of an individual’s genetic profile to prostate cancer. Currently used prostate cancer treatments have serious adverse effects; therefore, new research is focusing on alternative treatment options such as the use of genetic biomarkers for targeted gene therapy, nanotechnology for controlled targeted treatment, and further exploring medicinal plants for new anticancer agents. In this review, we describe the recent advances in prostate cancer research. Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamello Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Keamogetswe Riet
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Paballo Motloung
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Lemohang Gumenku
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Adegoke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Samson Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu X, Zhou Z, Li H, Fan Y. Towards customized cancer vaccines: a promising filed in personalized cancer medicine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:545-557. [PMID: 33769185 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1909479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer remains a major source of disease burden worldwide. Although cancer vaccines have been developed, most currently available cancer vaccines have limited therapeutic efficacy. Recent research using novel sequencing and bioinformatic tools has led scientists to realize that each tumor harbors a unique set of genetic mutations that can manifest as tumor-specific neoantigens. Therefore, it would be useful to develop personalized cancer vaccines that target neoantigens, which might improve the efficacy of these cancer treatments. AREAS COVERED This review covers cancer vaccine development and the emerging field of personalized cancer vaccines, with a discussion of future clinical trials for this promising treatment strategy. EXPERT OPINION Developing vaccines to treat tumors is one of the most promising and exciting fields in cancer research. However, cancer vaccines have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials for several decades, which may be related to the unique and complex processes underlying tumor development and progression. Recent studies have indicated that tumors express highly specific neoantigens, which are distinct from self-antigens. Thus, developing cancer vaccines that target these tumor-specific neoantigens is a promising strategy for developing personalized cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zichao Zhou
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yun Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madan RA, Karzai F, Donahue RN, Al-Harthy M, Bilusic M, Rosner II, Singh H, Arlen PM, Theoret MR, Marté JL, Cordes L, Couvillon A, Hankin A, Williams M, Owens H, Lochrin SE, Chau CH, Steinberg S, Figg WD, Dahut W, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Clinical and immunologic impact of short-course enzalutamide alone and with immunotherapy in non-metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001556. [PMID: 33664086 PMCID: PMC7934713 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard treatment for non-metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (nmCSPC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or surveillance. This study evaluated the potential synergy of immunotherapy and enzalutamide (without ADT) in nmCSPC. In addition, the immunologic impact of enzalutamide was also evaluated in men with normal testosterone. METHODS Patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after definitive therapy, normal testosterone and no radiographic metastasis were randomized to enzalutamide for 3 months with/without PROSTVAC for 6 months. Thereafter, patients could be retreated with another 3 month course of enzalutamide when PSA returned to baseline. Immune profiles were evaluated in these patients. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were randomized with a median PSA=4.38 ng/dL and PSA doubling time=4.1 months. No difference was observed between the two groups for PSA growth kinetics, but PSA responses to enzalutamide were noteworthy regardless of PROSTVAC. The median PSA decline after short-course enzalutamide without ADT/testosterone lowering therapy was 99% in both courses. The median time to PSA recovery to baseline after each 84-day course of enzalutamide was also noteworthy because of the duration of response after enzalutamide was discontinued. After the first and second 3 month cycle of enzalutamide, PSA recovery to baseline took a median 224 (range 84-1246) and 189 days (78-400), respectively. The most common adverse events related to the enzalutamide were grade 1 fatigue (71%) and grade 1 breast pain/nipple tenderness (81%). The only grade 3 toxicity was aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in two patients. Enzalutamide was independently associated with immune changes, increasing natural killer cells, naïve-T cells, and decreasing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CONCLUSIONS Three months of enzalutamide without ADT induced substantial PSA control beyond the treatment period and was repeatable, perhaps representing an alternative to intermittent ADT in nmCSPC. In addition, enzalutamide was associated with immune changes that could be relevant as future immune combinations are developed. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01875250).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Munjid Al-Harthy
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inger I Rosner
- The Center for Prostate Disease Research, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip M Arlen
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc R Theoret
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Couvillon
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Hankin
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Moniquea Williams
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen Owens
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E Lochrin
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Steinberg
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Douglas Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, Gillessen S, Van der Kwast T, Bristow RG. Prostate cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021. [PMID: 33542230 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0024.3-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of men globally, predominantly in high human development index regions. Patients with localized disease at a low to intermediate risk of recurrence generally have a favourable outcome of 99% overall survival for 10 years if the disease is detected and treated at an early stage. Key genetic alterations include fusions of TMPRSS2 with ETS family genes, amplification of the MYC oncogene, deletion and/or mutation of PTEN and TP53 and, in advanced disease, amplification and/or mutation of the androgen receptor (AR). Prostate cancer is usually diagnosed by prostate biopsy prompted by a blood test to measure prostate-specific antigen levels and/or digital rectal examination. Treatment for localized disease includes active surveillance, radical prostatectomy or ablative radiotherapy as curative approaches. Men whose disease relapses after prostatectomy are treated with salvage radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for local relapse, or with ADT combined with chemotherapy or novel androgen signalling-targeted agents for systemic relapse. Advanced prostate cancer often progresses despite androgen ablation and is then considered castration-resistant and incurable. Current treatment options include AR-targeted agents, chemotherapy, radionuclides and the poly(ADP-ribose) inhibitor olaparib. Current research aims to improve prostate cancer detection, management and outcomes, including understanding the fundamental biology at all stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rebello
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christoph Oing
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson Health and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University and Manhattan Veterans Affairs, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - David C Johnson
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, Jonssen Comprehensive Cancer Center UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Theodorus Van der Kwast
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of men globally, predominantly in high human development index regions. Patients with localized disease at a low to intermediate risk of recurrence generally have a favourable outcome of 99% overall survival for 10 years if the disease is detected and treated at an early stage. Key genetic alterations include fusions of TMPRSS2 with ETS family genes, amplification of the MYC oncogene, deletion and/or mutation of PTEN and TP53 and, in advanced disease, amplification and/or mutation of the androgen receptor (AR). Prostate cancer is usually diagnosed by prostate biopsy prompted by a blood test to measure prostate-specific antigen levels and/or digital rectal examination. Treatment for localized disease includes active surveillance, radical prostatectomy or ablative radiotherapy as curative approaches. Men whose disease relapses after prostatectomy are treated with salvage radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for local relapse, or with ADT combined with chemotherapy or novel androgen signalling-targeted agents for systemic relapse. Advanced prostate cancer often progresses despite androgen ablation and is then considered castration-resistant and incurable. Current treatment options include AR-targeted agents, chemotherapy, radionuclides and the poly(ADP-ribose) inhibitor olaparib. Current research aims to improve prostate cancer detection, management and outcomes, including understanding the fundamental biology at all stages of the disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rathi N, McFarland TR, Nussenzveig R, Agarwal N, Swami U. Evolving Role of Immunotherapy in Metastatic Castration Refractory Prostate Cancer. Drugs 2020; 81:191-206. [PMID: 33369720 PMCID: PMC7932934 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have shown remarkable success in the treatment of multiple cancer types; however, despite encouraging preclinical activity, registration trials of immunotherapy in prostate cancer have largely been unsuccessful. Sipuleucel-T remains the only approved immunotherapy for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer based on modest improvement in overall survival. This immune evasion in the case of prostate cancer has been attributed to tumor-intrinsic factors, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and host factors, which ultimately make it an inert 'cold' tumor. Recently, multiple approaches have been investigated to turn prostate cancer into a 'hot' tumor. Antibodies directed against programmed cell death protein 1 have a tumor agnostic approval for a small minority of patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic prostate cancer. Herein, we present an overview of the current immunotherapy landscape in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors. We describe the results of clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; either as single agents or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, novel hormonal therapies, chemotherapies, and radioligands. Finally, we review upcoming immunotherapies, including novel monoclonal antibodies, chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, Bi-Specific T cell Engagers (BiTEs), therapies targeting the adenosine pathway, and other miscellaneous agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nityam Rathi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive Suite 5726, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Taylor Ryan McFarland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive Suite 5726, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Roberto Nussenzveig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive Suite 5726, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive Suite 5726, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive Suite 5726, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terrível M, Gromicho C, Matos AM. Oncolytic viruses: what to expect from their use in cancer treatment. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:477-492. [PMID: 31663631 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are biologic agents able to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while sparing the normal ones. Furthermore, they also stimulate the host immune system to combat the tumor growth and to promote tumor removal. This review thoroughly describes different types of viruses developed for targeting specific cancers, as well as the strategies to improve the efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapy. It also explores how their potential as anticancer agents may be enhanced through combination with other traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy or more recent approaches, such as checkpoint inhibitors. There are many oncolytic viruses currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various types of cancer, suggesting that this approach could become the near future of the oncology field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products (CIEPQF), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Development of oncolytic virotherapy: from genetic modification to combination therapy. Front Med 2020; 14:160-184. [PMID: 32146606 PMCID: PMC7101593 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ji Z, Zhao W, Lin HK, Zhou X. Systematically understanding the immunity leading to CRPC progression. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007344. [PMID: 31504033 PMCID: PMC6754164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has become a standard treatment strategy for advanced PCa. Although a majority of patients initially respond to ADT well, most of them will eventually develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Previous studies suggest that ADT-induced changes in the immune microenvironment (mE) in PCa might be responsible for the failures of various therapies. However, the role of the immune system in CRPC development remains unclear. To systematically understand the immunity leading to CRPC progression and predict the optimal treatment strategy in silico, we developed a 3D Hybrid Multi-scale Model (HMSM), consisting of an ODE system and an agent-based model (ABM), to manipulate the tumor growth in a defined immune system. Based on our analysis, we revealed that the key factors (e.g. WNT5A, TRAIL, CSF1, etc.) mediated the activation of PC-Treg and PC-TAM interaction pathways, which induced the immunosuppression during CRPC progression. Our HMSM model also provided an optimal therapeutic strategy for improving the outcomes of PCa treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ji
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health science center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weiling Zhao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health science center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health science center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vitkin N, Nersesian S, Siemens DR, Koti M. The Tumor Immune Contexture of Prostate Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:603. [PMID: 30984182 PMCID: PMC6447686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One in seven men in North America is expected to be diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) during their lifetime (1, 2). While a wide range of treatment options including surgery, radiation, androgen deprivation and chemotherapy have been in practice for the last few decades, there are limited treatment options for metastatic and treatment resistant disease. Immunotherapy targeting T-cell associated immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-L1, and PD-1 have not yet proven to be efficacious in PCa. Tumor mutational burden, mutations in DNA damage repair genes, immune cell composition and density in combination with their spatial organization, and expression of immune checkpoint proteins are some of the factors influencing the success of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. The paucity of these features in PCa potentially makes them unresponsive to contemporary immune checkpoint inhibition. In this review, we highlight the hallmark events in the PCa tumor immune microenvironment and provide insights into the current state of knowledge in this field with a focus on the role of tumor cell intrinsic events that potentially regulate immune related events and determine therapeutic outcomes. We surmise that the cumulative impact of factors such as the pre-treatment immune status, PTEN expression, DNA damage repair gene mutations, and the effects of conventionally used treatments on the anti-tumor immune response should be considered in immunotherapy trial design in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vitkin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David Robert Siemens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bangalore Kumar A, Maus R, Markovic SN. Pharmacologic Modulation of Human Immunity in the Era of Immuno-oncology: Something Old, Something New. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:917-936. [PMID: 29887221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of exploiting the immune system to treat cancer forms the basis of immuno-oncology. Since its birth in the late 1800s, immuno-oncology, or cancer immunotherapy, has come a long way. With better understanding of the complex relationship between tumor and the immune system, we have been able to explore and develop various modalities of anticancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the main strategies of immunotherapy that are available today: monoclonal antibodies, anticancer vaccines, cytokines, and adoptive T-cell therapy. We also highlight the unique set of adverse effects associated with modern immunotherapy and propose nonsteroidal immunomodulators and anticytokine antibodies as treatment options for toxicities. The future of immuno-oncology is discussed, including combination therapy, drug-antibody conjugates, epigenetic drugs, using nanoparticles for drug delivery, new antigen discovery, and developing biomarkers to assess treatment responses. A data search was conducted using PubMed and included studies published through November 1, 2017. Search terms used include cancer immunotherapy, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, anticancer vaccines, TVEC, and adoptive cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Maus
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tenneti P, Borad MJ, Babiker HM. Exploring the role of oncolytic viruses in hepatobiliary cancers. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:971-986. [PMID: 29900755 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for early hepatobiliary cancers (HBC) includes surgical resection. Liver transplantations or locoregional therapies are beneficial in early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) under certain circumstances. Systemic treatments have some benefit in advanced HBC, though long-term prognosis remains poor. We evaluated the role of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of HBCs through a systematic literature review. The recombinant vaccinia virus JX-594 improved median survival in patients with local/metastatic HCC more strongly at high dose than at low dose (14.1 vs 6.7 months; p = 0.08) in a Phase II study. A Phase III study with JX-594 and sorafenib in advanced HCC is ongoing. No survival benefit in HCC was seen with two other recombinant adenoviruses (Ad-TK and DL1520). Several preclinical trials using oncolytic viruses in HBC showed promising results, warranting clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Tenneti
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology division, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85205, USA
| | - Hani M Babiker
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology division, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Atherton MJ, Stephenson KB, Tzelepis F, Bakhshinyan D, Nikota JK, Son HH, Jirovec A, Lefebvre C, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Ashkar AA, Wan Y, Stojdl DF, Belanger EC, Breau RH, Bell JC, Saad F, Singh SK, Diallo JS, Lichty BD. Transforming the prostatic tumor microenvironment with oncolytic virotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1445459. [PMID: 29900060 PMCID: PMC5993491 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1445459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) was estimated to have the second highest global incidence rate for male non-skin tumors and is the fifth most deadly in men thus mandating the need for novel treatment options. MG1-Maraba is a potent and versatile oncolytic virus capable of lethally infecting a variety of prostatic tumor cell lines alongside primary PCa biopsies and exerts direct oncolytic effects against large TRAMP-C2 tumors in vivo. An oncolytic immunotherapeutic strategy utilizing a priming vaccine and intravenously administered MG1-Maraba both expressing the human six-transmembrane antigen of the prostate (STEAP) protein generated specific CD8+ T-cell responses against multiple STEAP epitopes and resulted in functional breach of tolerance. Treatment of mice with bulky TRAMP-C2 tumors using oncolytic STEAP immunotherapy induced an overt delay in tumor progression, marked intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration with an active transcriptional profile and up-regulation of MHC class I. The preclinical data generated here offers clear rationale for clinically evaluating this approach for men with advanced PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Fanny Tzelepis
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Hwan Hee Son
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anna Jirovec
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Stojdl Lab, CHEO Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David F. Stojdl
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, Canada
- Stojdl Lab, CHEO Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eric C. Belanger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jean-Simone Diallo
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Brian D. Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mao W, Drake CG. Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer: An Evolving Landscape. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
17
|
The molecular biology of prostate cancer: current understanding and clinical implications. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 21:22-36. [PMID: 29282359 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With continuous progress over the past few decades in understanding diagnosis, treatment, and genetics, much has been learned about the prostate cancer-diagnosed genome. METHODS A comprehensive MEDLINE® and Google scholar literature search was conducted using keyword variations relating to the genetics of prostate cancer such as chromosomal alterations, androgen receptor, castration-resistant, inheritance, polymorphisms, oncogenes, metastasis, biomarkers, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Traditionally, androgen receptors (AR) have been the focus of research. Recently, identification of recurrent chromosomal alterations that lead to either multiplication of regions (gain-of-function) or deletion of regions (loss-of-function) has opened the door to greater genetic accessibility. These chromosomal aberrations lead to variation in copy number and gene expression. Some of these chromosomal alterations are inherited, while others undergo somatic mutations during disease progression. Inherited gene mutations that make one susceptible to prostate cancer have been identified with familial-linked studies. Somatic genes that progress tumorigenesis have also been identified. Research on the molecular biology of prostate cancer has characterized these genes into tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. Additionally, genome-wide assay studies have identified many high-risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms recurrent throughout the prostate cancer-diagnosed genome. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the most aggressive form of prostate cancer, and its research has elucidated many types of mutations associated with AR itself, including enhanced expression and amplification, point mutations, and alternative splicing. Understanding the molecular biology of prostate cancer has permitted more accurate identification using advanced biomarkers and therapy for aggressive forms using immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS An age-related disease, prostate cancer commands profound attention. With increasing life expectancy and the continuous pursuit of it, prostate cancer is a powerful obstacle best defeated using targeted therapies specifically designed for the unique molecular profile of the malignancy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bendjama K, Quemeneur E. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccines in the era of personalized immunotherapy of cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1997-2003. [PMID: 28846477 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1334746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While interest in immunotherapies is renewed by the successful introduction of immune checkpoint blocking agent in the clinic, advances in genome sequencing are opening new possibilities in the design of increasingly personalized vaccines. Personalization of medicine can now be realistically contemplated at the single patient level. Unlike the previous generation of cancer vaccines, neoantigen directed vaccines would target truly specific tumor antigens resulting from acquired tumor genome mutations. Immune response induced by this next generation vaccine would not be subject to self-tolerance and will likely result to enhanced efficacy. Nevertheless, this new technologies can hold to their promises only if sponsors manage to meet several scientific, technical, logistical and regulatory challenges. In particular manufacturers will have to design, manufacture, and deliver to the patient a new pharmaceutical grade in a matters of weeks. In this paper, we briefly review current technologies currently tried at the translation of personalized vaccines and explore the possibilities offered by the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara in this next wave of cancer vaccines.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kates M, Drake CG. Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer-Why Now? UROLOGY PRACTICE 2017; 4:329-334. [PMID: 37592679 DOI: 10.1016/j.urpr.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is transforming cancer care with the potential for an important role in prostate cancer. METHODS In this review we discuss the rationale for immunotherapy for prostate cancer and the treatment strategies currently under way. RESULTS Cell and viral based vaccines have shown some promise, as has immune checkpoint inhibition using CTLA-4 blocking agents. CONCLUSIONS The future will likely involve combination immunotherapy to maximize treatment effects and improve survival for patients with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Kates
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Drake
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang J, Yuan R, Song W, Sun J, Liu D, Li Z. PD-1, PD-L1 (B7-H1) and Tumor-Site Immune Modulation Therapy: The Historical Perspective. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:34. [PMID: 28122590 PMCID: PMC5267378 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current success of targeted inhibition against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1, herein collectively referred to as PD) pathways is hailed as a cancer immunotherapy breakthrough. PD-L1, known also as B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), was initially discovered by Dr. Lieping Chen in 1999. To recognize the seminal contributions by Chen to the development of PD-directed therapy against cancer, the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON) decided to honor him with its inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award in Hematology and Oncology at the CAHON’s 2015 annual meeting. This essay chronicles the important discoveries made by Chen in the exciting field of immuno-oncology, which goes beyond his original fateful finding. It also argues that PD-directed therapy should be appropriately considered as Tumor-Site Immune Modulation Therapy to distinguish it from CTLA-4-based immune checkpoint blocking agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ruirong Yuan
- Veterans Health Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.,The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA
| | - Wenru Song
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA.,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- The Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), Scarsdale, NY, 11577, USA. .,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McMahon S. Minimizing Hazards Associated With Live-Virus Immunotherapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2016; 20:602-604. [PMID: 27857270 DOI: 10.1188/16.cjon.602-604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines that use attenuated vaccinia viruses as delivery vectors are undergoing clinical trials at dozens of sites internationally. Even in an attenuated form, these live viruses can cause severe illness if they are accidentally transmitted to immunocompromised people, pregnant women, or people with certain skin conditions. Oncology nurses should become familiar with how to manage patients' vaccine injection sites to minimize these risks to patients' close contacts and the community at large.
.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri McMahon
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nie C, Zhou J, Qin X, Shi X, Zeng Q, Liu J, Yan S, Zhang L. Diosgenin-induced autophagy and apoptosis in a human prostate cancer cell line. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4349-4359. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
24
|
Oncolytic viruses-immunotherapeutics on the rise. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:979-91. [PMID: 27492706 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oncolytic virus (OV) field has entered an exciting period in its evolution in which our basic understanding of viral biology and anti-cancer potential are being actively translated into viable therapeutic options for aggressive malignancies. OVs are naturally occurring or engineered viruses that are able to exploit cancer-specific changes in cellular signaling to specifically target cancers and their microenvironment. The direct cytolytic effect of OVs on cancer cells is known to release antigens, which can begin a cascade of events that results in the induction of anti-cancer adaptive immunity. This response is now regarded as the most critical mechanism of OV action and harnessing it can lead to the elimination of distant micrometastases as well as provide long-term anti-cancer immune surveillance. In this review, we highlight the development of the OV field, why OVs are gaining an increasingly elevated standing as members of the cancer immunotherapy armamentarium, and finally, ongoing clinical studies that are aimed at translating unique OV therapies into approved therapies for aggressive cancers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment in which replication-competent viruses are used that specifically infect, replicate in and lyse malignant tumour cells, while minimizing harm to normal cells. Anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy has existed since the late nineteenth century, but advances and innovations in biotechnological methods in the 1980s and 1990s led to a renewed interest in this type of therapy. Multiple clinical trials investigating the use of agents constructed from a wide range of viruses have since been performed, and several of these enrolled patients with urological malignancies. Data from these clinical trials and from preclinical studies revealed a number of challenges to the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy that have prompted the development of further sophisticated strategies. Urological cancers have a range of distinctive features, such as specific genetic mutations and cell surface markers, which enable improving both effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus treatments. The strategies employed in creating advanced oncolytic agents include alteration of the virus tropism, regulating transcription and translation of viral genes, combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene therapy, arming viruses with factors that stimulate the immune response against tumour cells and delivery technologies to ensure that the viral agent reaches its target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Delwar
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Prostate Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wurz GT, Kao CJ, DeGregorio MW. Novel cancer antigens for personalized immunotherapies: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 8:4-31. [PMID: 26753003 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015615514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint modulators such as ipilimumab, which targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the recently approved agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which target programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for anticancer immunotherapy, which was heralded by Science as 'Breakthrough of the Year' in 2013. As the potential of cancer immunotherapy has been recognized since the 1890s when William Coley showed that bacterial products could be beneficial in cancer patients, leveraging the immune system in the treatment of cancer is certainly not a new concept; however, earlier attempts to develop effective therapeutic vaccines and antibodies against solid tumors, for example, melanoma, frequently met with failure due in part to self-tolerance and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms through which cancer evades the immune system and the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and negative immune checkpoint regulators have led to the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. This review first discusses the established targets of currently approved cancer immunotherapies and then focuses on investigational cancer antigens and their clinical potential. Because of the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors, effective anticancer immunotherapy-based treatment regimens will likely require a personalized combination of therapeutic vaccines, antibodies and chemotherapy that fit the specific biology of a patient's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Wurz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Chiao-Jung Kao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael W DeGregorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|