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Li Y, Zhang R, Xu Z, Wang Z. Advances in Nanoliposomes for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:909-925. [PMID: 35250267 PMCID: PMC8893038 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s349426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of liver cancer is gradually increasing worldwide due to the increasing risk factors such as fatty liver, diabetes, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The diagnostic methods of liver cancer include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), among others. The treatment of liver cancer includes surgical resection, transplantation, ablation, and chemoembolization; however, treatment still faces multiple challenges due to its insidious development, high rate of recurrence after surgical resection, and high failure rate of transplantation. The emergence of liposomes has provided new insights into the treatment of liver cancer. Due to their excellent carrier properties and maneuverability, liposomes can be used to perform a variety of functions such as aiding in imaging diagnoses, combinatorial therapies, and integrating disease diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we further discuss such advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruihang Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhicheng Wang, NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13843131059, Fax +86 431185619443, Email
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2
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Serna JA, Rueda-Gensini L, Céspedes-Valenzuela DN, Cifuentes J, Cruz JC, Muñoz-Camargo C. Recent Advances on Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Tissue-Derived ECMs and Their Components: Towards Improving Functionality for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3263. [PMID: 34641079 PMCID: PMC8512780 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their highly hydrophilic nature and compositional versatility, hydrogels have assumed a protagonic role in the development of physiologically relevant tissues for several biomedical applications, such as in vivo tissue replacement or regeneration and in vitro disease modeling. By forming interconnected polymeric networks, hydrogels can be loaded with therapeutic agents, small molecules, or cells to deliver them locally to specific tissues or act as scaffolds for hosting cellular development. Hydrogels derived from decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs), in particular, have gained significant attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their inherently high biomimetic capabilities and endowment of a wide variety of bioactive cues capable of directing cellular behavior. However, these hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical stability, and their biological properties alone are not enough to direct the development of tissue constructs with functional phenotypes. This review highlights the different ways in which external stimuli (e.g., light, thermal, mechanical, electric, magnetic, and acoustic) have been employed to improve the performance of dECM-based hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we outline how these stimuli have been implemented to improve their mechanical stability, tune their microarchitectural characteristics, facilitate tissue morphogenesis and enable precise control of drug release profiles. The strategic coupling of the bioactive features of dECM-based hydrogels with these stimulation schemes grants considerable advances in the development of functional hydrogels for a wide variety of applications within these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (J.A.S.); (L.R.-G.); (D.N.C.-V.); (J.C.)
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (J.A.S.); (L.R.-G.); (D.N.C.-V.); (J.C.)
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3
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Chen Z, Zhang F, Zhang H, Cheng L, Chen K, Shen J, Qi J, Deng L, He C, Santos HA, Cui W. DNA-Grafted Hyaluronic Acid System with Enhanced Injectability and Biostability for Photo-Controlled Osteoarthritis Gene Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004793. [PMID: 33977074 PMCID: PMC8097319 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is identified as a powerful strategy to overcome the limitations of traditional therapeutics to achieve satisfactory effects. However, various challenges related to the dosage form, delivery method, and, especially, application value, hampered the clinical transition of gene therapy. Here, aiming to regulate the cartilage inflammation and degeneration related abnormal IL-1β mRNA expression in osteoarthritis (OA), the interference oligonucleotides is integrated with the Au nanorods to fabricate the spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), to promote the stability and cell internalization efficiency. Furthermore, the complementary oligonucleotides are grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) to obtained DNA-grafted HA (DNAHA) for SNAs delivery by base pairing, resulting in significantly improved injectability and bio-stability of the system. After loading SNAs, the constructed DNAHA-SNAs system (HA-SNAs) performs a reversible NIR-triggered on-demand release of SNAs by photo-thermal induced DNA dehybridization and followed by post-NIR in situ hybridization. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that this system down-regulated catabolic proteases and up-regulated anabolic components in cartilage over extended periods of time, to safeguard the chondrocytes against degenerative changes and impede the continual advancement of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience CentreÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFI‐20520Finland
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Kaizhe Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Jieliang Shen
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
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4
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Liu LZ, Sun XY, Yan ZY, Ye BF. NIR responsive AuNR/pNIPAM/PEGDA inverse opal hydrogel microcarriers for controllable drug delivery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel inverse opal microcarrier with both NIR-controlled release and visual color changes for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Z. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - X. Y. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Y. Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - B. F. Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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Trombino S, Servidio C, Curcio F, Cassano R. Strategies for Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel Design in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E407. [PMID: 31408954 PMCID: PMC6722772 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural, linear, endogenous polysaccharide that plays important physiological and biological roles in the human body. Nowadays, among biopolymers, HA is emerging as an appealing starting material for hydrogels design due to its biocompatibility, native biofunctionality, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and versatility. Since HA is not able to form gels alone, chemical modifications, covalent crosslinking, and gelling agents are always needed in order to obtain HA-based hydrogels. Therefore, in the last decade, different strategies for the design of physical and chemical HA hydrogels have been developed, such as click chemistry reactions, enzymatic and disulfide crosslinking, supramolecular assembly via inclusion complexation, and so on. HA-based hydrogels turn out to be versatile platforms, ranging from static to smart and stimuli-responsive systems, and for these reasons, they are widely investigated for biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and diagnostics. Furthermore, the overexpression of HA receptors on various tumor cells makes these platforms promising drug delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. The aim of the present review is to highlight and discuss recent advances made in the last years on the design of chemical and physical HA-based hydrogels and their application for biomedical purposes, in particular, drug delivery. Notable attention is given to HA hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for targeted therapy of cancer and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Camilla Servidio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Federica Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Roberta Cassano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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6
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Rapp TL, Highley CB, Manor BC, Burdick JA, Dmochowski IJ. Ruthenium-Crosslinked Hydrogels with Rapid, Visible-Light Degradation. Chemistry 2018; 24:2328-2333. [PMID: 29161461 PMCID: PMC5915374 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of photoresponsive molecules within soft materials can provide spatiotemporal control over bulk properties and address challenges in targeted delivery and mechanical variability. However, the kinetics of in situ photochemical reactions are often slow and typically employ ultraviolet wavelengths. Here, we present a novel photoactive crosslinker Ru(bipyridine)2 (3-pyridinaldehyde)2 (RuAldehyde), which was reacted with hydrazide-functionalized hyaluronic acid to form hydrogels capable of encapsulating protein cargo. Visible light irradiation (400-500 nm) initiated rapid ligand exchange on the ruthenium center, which degraded the hydrogel within seconds to minutes, depending on gel thickness. An exemplar enzyme cargo, TEM1 β-lactamase, was loaded into and photoreleased from the Ru-hydrogel. To expand their applications, Ru-hydrogels were also processed into microgels using a microfluidic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher B Highley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian C Manor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Chen M, Wang LL, Chung JJ, Kim YH, Atluri P, Burdick JA. Methods To Assess Shear-Thinning Hydrogels for Application As Injectable Biomaterials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3146-3160. [PMID: 29250593 PMCID: PMC5727472 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have gained popularity as a vehicle for the delivery of cells, growth factors, and other molecules to localize and improve their retention at the injection site, as well as for the mechanical bulking of tissues. However, there are many factors, such as viscosity, storage and loss moduli, and injection force, to consider when evaluating hydrogels for such applications. There are now numerous tools that can be used to quantitatively assess these factors, including for shear-thinning hydrogels because their properties change under mechanical load. Here, we describe relevant rheological tests and ways to measure injection force using a force sensor or a mechanical testing machine toward the evaluation of injectable hydrogels. Injectable, shear-thinning hydrogels can be used in a variety of clinical applications, and as an example we focus on methods for injection into the heart, where an understanding of injection properties and mechanical forces is imperative for consistent hydrogel delivery and retention. We discuss methods for delivery of hydrogels to mouse, rat, and pig hearts in models of myocardial infarction, and compare methods of tissue postprocessing for hydrogel preservation. Our intent is that the methods described herein can be helpful in the design and assessment of shear-thinning hydrogels for widespread biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna
H. Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Leo L. Wang
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Chung
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Young-Hun Kim
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pavan Atluri
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department
of Bioengineering and Division
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Wang L, Li B, Xu F, Xu Z, Wei D, Feng Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Zhou Y. UV-crosslinkable and thermo-responsive chitosan hybrid hydrogel for NIR-triggered localized on-demand drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:904-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Huang WC, Ali F, Zhao J, Rhee K, Mou C, Bettinger CJ. Ultrasound-Mediated Self-Healing Hydrogels Based on Tunable Metal-Organic Bonding. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1162-1171. [PMID: 28245355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels make up an important class of programmable materials for a wide range of biomedical applications. Ultrasound (US) is a stimulus that offers utility because of its ability to permeate tissue and rapidly induce chemical alterations in aqueous media. Here we report on the synthesis and US-mediated disintegration of stimulus-responsive telechelic Dopa-modified polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels. Fe3+-[PEG-Dopa]4 hydrogels are formed through Fe3+-induced cross-linking of four-arm polyethylene glycol-dopamine precursors to produce networks. The relative amounts of H-bonds, coordination bonds, and covalent bonds can be controlled by the [Fe3+]:[Dopa] molar ratio in precursor solutions. Networks formed from precursors with high [Fe3+]:[Dopa] ratios create mechanically robust networks (G' = 6880 ± 240 Pa) that are largely impervious to US-mediated disintegration at intensities of ≤43 W/cm2. Conversely, lightly cross-linked networks formed through [Fe3+]:[Dopa] molar ratios of <0.73 are susceptible to rapid disintegration upon exposure to US. Pulsatile US exposure allows temporal control over hydrogel disintegration and programmable self-healing. Sustained US energy can also stabilize hydrogels through the formation of additional cross-links via free radical-mediated coupling of pendant catechols. Taken together, the diverse ranges of mechanical behavior, self-healing capability, and differential susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration suggest that Fe3+-[PEG-Dopa]4 hydrogels yield a class of application-specific stimulus-responsive polymers as smart materials for applications ranging from transient medical implants to matrices for smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei City, 30010 Taiwan
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Li Z, Ye E, Lakshminarayanan R, Loh XJ. Recent Advances of Using Hybrid Nanocarriers in Remotely Controlled Therapeutic Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4782-4806. [PMID: 27482950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of hybrid biomaterials has been attracting great attention in the design of materials for biomedicine. The nanosized level of inorganic and organic or even bioactive components can be combined into a single material by this approach, which has created entirely new advanced compositions with truly unique properties for drug delivery. The recent advances in using hybrid nanovehicles as remotely controlled therapeutic delivery carriers are summarized with respect to different nanostructures, including hybrid host-guest nanoconjugates, micelles, nanogels, core-shell nanoparticles, liposomes, mesoporous silica, and hollow nanoconstructions. In addition, the controlled release of guest molecules from these hybrid nanovehicles in response to various remote stimuli such as alternating magnetic field, near infrared, or ultrasound triggers is further summarized to introduce the different mechanisms of remotely triggered release behavior. Through proper chemical functionalization, the hybrid nanovehicle system can be further endowed with many new properties toward specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | | | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore.
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Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Structured substrates and delivery vehicles: trending now in biomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1489-93. [PMID: 27353654 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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