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Ulanova M, Gloag L, Kim CK, Bongers A, Kim Duong HT, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Biocompatibility and proteomic profiling of DMSA-coated iron nanocubes in a human glioblastoma cell line. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:303-323. [PMID: 38270934 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Superparamagnetic iron core iron oxide shell nanocubes have previously shown superior performance in magnetic resonance imaging T2 contrast enhancement compared with spherical nanoparticles. Methods: Iron core iron oxide shell nanocubes were synthesized, stabilized with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA-NC) and physicochemically characterized. MRI contrast enhancement and biocompatibility were assessed in vitro. Results: DMSA-NC showed a transverse relaxivity of 122.59 mM-1·s-1 Fe. Treatment with DMSA-NC did not induce cytotoxicity or oxidative stress in U-251 cells, and electron microscopy demonstrated DMSA-NC localization within endosomes and lysosomes in cells following internalization. Global proteomics revealed dysregulation of iron storage, transport, transcription and mRNA processing proteins. Conclusion: DMSA-NC is a promising T2 MRI contrast agent which, in this preliminary investigation, demonstrates favorable biocompatibility with an astrocyte cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Lucy Gloag
- School of Mathematical & Physical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Andre Bongers
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- National Imaging Facility, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Hong Thien Kim Duong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Wang L, Chang M, Ma P, Chen H, Ma S, Chen N, Zhang X. Self-assembly of Au nanocubes for ultrasensitive detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers by SERS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6385-6393. [PMID: 37968999 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01667f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Since presently Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incurable, early diagnosis of AD is crucial. Aβ 1-42 and tau-441 proteins are promising core biomarkers for early diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention in AD. Here we constructed a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) biosensor for highly sensitive quantitative detection of Aβ 1-42 and tau proteins by preparing gold nanocube (AuNC) superlattices through evaporation self-assembly. The results showed that the method has a wide response range (0.1-10 000 ng mL-1 and 0.01-1000 ng mL-1, respectively) and high sensitivity. The detection limits of Aβ1-42 and tau protein were 0.0416 ng mL-1 and 0.0087 ng mL-1, respectively. In addition, the method was able to rapidly and simultaneously detect the two biomarkers in serum, which showed the feasibility of the method in complex biological environments. The detection of Aβ 1-42 and tau protein has great potential for the accurate prediction and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shaojun Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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3
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Ulanova M, Gloag L, Bongers A, Kim CK, Duong HTK, Kim HN, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD, Biazik J, Wen W, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Evaluation of Dimercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated Iron Nanoparticles Immunotargeted to Amyloid Beta as MRI Contrast Agents for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2279. [PMID: 37759500 PMCID: PMC10527350 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based magnetic contrast agents have opened the potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to be used for early non-invasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of amyloid pathology in the brain has shown association with cognitive decline and tauopathy; hence, it is an effective biomarker for the early detection of AD. The aim of this study was to develop a biocompatible magnetic nanoparticle targeted to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques to increase the sensitivity of T2-weighted MRI for imaging of amyloid pathology in AD. We presented novel iron core-iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with a dimercaptosuccinic acid coating and functionalized with an anti-Aβ antibody. Nanoparticle biocompatibility and cellular internalization were evaluated in vitro in U-251 glioblastoma cells using cellular assays, proteomics, and transmission electron microscopy. Iron nanoparticles demonstrated no significant in vitro cytotoxicity, and electron microscopy results showed their movement through the endocytic cycle within the cell over a 24 h period. In addition, immunostaining and bio-layer interferometry confirmed the targeted nanoparticle's binding affinity to amyloid species. The iron nanoparticles demonstrated favourable MRI contrast enhancement; however, the addition of the antibody resulted in a reduction in the relaxivity of the particles. The present work shows promising preliminary results in the development of a targeted non-invasive method of early AD diagnosis using contrast-enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.U.); (C.-K.K.); (W.W.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Lucy Gloag
- Faculty of Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Andre Bongers
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.B.); (R.D.T.); (J.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.U.); (C.-K.K.); (W.W.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Hong Thien Kim Duong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (H.T.K.D.); (J.J.G.)
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Molecular Surface Interaction Laboratory, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - John Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (H.T.K.D.); (J.J.G.)
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D. Tilley
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.B.); (R.D.T.); (J.B.)
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (H.T.K.D.); (J.J.G.)
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.B.); (R.D.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.U.); (C.-K.K.); (W.W.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.U.); (C.-K.K.); (W.W.); (P.S.S.)
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.U.); (C.-K.K.); (W.W.); (P.S.S.)
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4
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Chaparro CIP, Simões BT, Borges JP, Castanho MARB, Soares PIP, Neves V. A Promising Approach: Magnetic Nanosystems for Alzheimer's Disease Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2316. [PMID: 37765284 PMCID: PMC10536416 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among central nervous system (CNS) disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a major cause of dementia worldwide. The yet unclear etiology of AD and the high impenetrability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limit most therapeutic compounds from reaching the brain. Although many efforts have been made to effectively deliver drugs to the CNS, both invasive and noninvasive strategies employed often come with associated side effects. Nanotechnology-based approaches such as nanoparticles (NPs), which can act as multifunctional platforms in a single system, emerged as a potential solution for current AD theranostics. Among these, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are an appealing strategy since they can act as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as drug delivery systems. The nanocarrier functionalization with specific moieties, such as peptides, proteins, and antibodies, influences the particles' interaction with brain endothelial cell constituents, facilitating transport across the BBB and possibly increasing brain penetration. In this review, we introduce MNP-based systems, combining surface modifications with the particles' physical properties for molecular imaging, as a novel neuro-targeted strategy for AD theranostics. The main goal is to highlight the potential of multifunctional MNPs and their advances as a dual nanotechnological diagnosis and treatment platform for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina I. P. Chaparro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.I.P.C.); (B.T.S.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Beatriz T. Simões
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.I.P.C.); (B.T.S.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
| | - João P. Borges
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.I.P.C.); (B.T.S.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
| | - Paula I. P. Soares
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.I.P.C.); (B.T.S.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
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5
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Chen Y. Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Amyloid-β Plaques Imaging In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:6184. [PMID: 37687013 PMCID: PMC10488448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, reactive astrocytes, high levels of metal ions, and upregulated monoamine oxidases are considered to be the primary pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among them, Aβ peptide deposition or Aβ plaques, is regarded as the initial factor in the pathogenesis of AD and a critical pathological hallmark in AD. This review highlights recently Aβ-specific fluorescent probes for two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo. It includes the synthesis and detection mechanism of probes, as well as their application to two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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6
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Lerouge F, Ong E, Rositi H, Mpambani F, Berner LP, Bolbos R, Olivier C, Peyrin F, Apputukan VK, Monnereau C, Andraud C, Chaput F, Berthezène Y, Braun B, Jucker M, Åslund AK, Nyström S, Hammarström P, R Nilsson KP, Lindgren M, Wiart M, Chauveau F, Parola S. In vivo targeting and multimodal imaging of cerebral amyloid-β aggregates using hybrid GdF 3 nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 17:2173-2187. [PMID: 36927004 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To propose a new multimodal imaging agent targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Materials & methods: A new generation of hybrid contrast agents, based on gadolinium fluoride nanoparticles grafted with a pentameric luminescent-conjugated polythiophene, was designed, extensively characterized and evaluated in animal models of Alzheimer's disease through MRI, two-photon microscopy and synchrotron x-ray phase-contrast imaging. Results & conclusion: Two different grafting densities of luminescent-conjugated polythiophene were achieved while preserving colloidal stability and fluorescent properties, and without affecting biodistribution. In vivo brain uptake was dependent on the blood-brain barrier status. Nevertheless, multimodal imaging showed successful Aβ targeting in both transgenic mice and Aβ fibril-injected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lerouge
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Ong
- University of Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR, 5292, INSERM U1028, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hugo Rositi
- University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, CNRS UMR, 6602, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francis Mpambani
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Lise-Prune Berner
- University of Lyon, CREATIS, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5220, INSERM U1206, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Cécile Olivier
- University of Lyon, CREATIS, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5220, INSERM U1206, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- University of Lyon, CREATIS, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5220, INSERM U1206, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vinu K Apputukan
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Chaput
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Berthezène
- University of Lyon, CREATIS, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5220, INSERM U1206, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bettina Braun
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ko Åslund
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, & Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofie Nyström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, & Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Hammarström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, & Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, & Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindgren
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marlène Wiart
- University of Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA, U1397, University of Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France.,CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- University of Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR, 5292, INSERM U1028, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Parola
- University of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR, 5182, Lyon, France
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7
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Zagórska A, Czopek A, Fryc M, Jaromin A, Boyd BJ. Drug Discovery and Development Targeting Dementia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:151. [PMID: 37259302 PMCID: PMC9965722 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia, most often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, affects millions of people worldwide, predominantly the elderly. Unfortunately, no treatment is still available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address this situation. This review presents the state of the art of drug discovery and developments in targeting dementia. Several approaches are discussed, such as drug repurposing, the use of small molecules, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Furthermore, the review also provides insights into clinical trials of these molecules. Emphasis has been placed on small molecules and multi-target-directed ligands, as well as disease-modifying therapies. Finally, attention is drawn to the possibilities of applications of nanotechnology in managing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Fryc
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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8
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Chintapula U, Chikate T, Sahoo D, Kieu A, Guerrero Rodriguez ID, Nguyen KT, Trott D. Immunomodulation in age-related disorders and nanotechnology interventions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1840. [PMID: 35950266 PMCID: PMC9840662 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the aging population has increased exponentially around the globe bringing more challenges to improve quality of life in those populations while reducing the economic burden on healthcare systems. Aging is associated with changes in the immune system culminating in detrimental effects such as immune dysfunction, immunosenescence, and chronic inflammation. Age-related decline of immune functions is associated with various pathologies including cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases to name a few. Conventional treatment addresses the onset of age-related diseases by early detection of risk factors, administration of vaccines as preventive care, immunomodulatory treatment, and other dietary supplements. However, these approaches often come with systemic side-effects, low bioavailability of therapeutic agents, and poor outcomes seen in the elderly. Recent innovations in nanotechnology have led to the development of novel biomaterials/nanomaterials, which explore targeted drug delivery and immunomodulatory interactions in vivo. Current nanotechnology-based immunomodulatory approaches that have the potential to be used as therapeutic interventions for some prominent age-related diseases are discussed here. Finally, we explore challenges and future aspects of nanotechnology in the treatments of age-related disorders to improve quality of life in the elderly. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Chintapula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tanmayee Chikate
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Deepsundar Sahoo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Amie Kieu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Trott
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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9
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Delbreil P, Rabanel JM, Banquy X, Brambilla D. Therapeutic nanotechnologies for Alzheimer's disease: a critical analysis of recent trends and findings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114397. [PMID: 35738546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease for which no disease modifying therapies are presently available. Besides the identification of pathological targets, AD presents numerous clinical and pharmacological challenges such as efficient active delivery to the central nervous system, cell targeting, and long-term dosing. Nanoparticles have been explored to overcome some of these challenges as drug delivery vehicles or drugs themselves. However, early promises have failed to materialize as no nanotechnology-based product has been able to reach the market and very few have moved past preclinical stages. In this review, we perform a critical analysis of the past decade's research on nanomedicine-based therapies for AD at the preclinical and clinical stages. The main obstacles to nanotechnology products and the most promising approaches were also identified, including renewed promise with gene editing, gene modulation, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delbreil
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Rabanel
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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10
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How Could Nanomedicine Improve the Safety of Contrast Agents for MRI during Pregnancy? SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sci4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a delicate state, during which timely investigation of possible physiological anomalies is essential to reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. Medical imaging encompasses different technologies to image the human body for the diagnosis, course of treatment management, and follow-up of diseases. Ultrasound (US) is currently the imaging system of choice for pregnant patients. However, sonographic evaluations can be non-effective or give ambiguous results. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to its excellent tissue penetration, the possibility of acquisition of three-dimensional anatomical information, and its high spatial resolution, is considered a valid diagnostical alternative. Nevertheless, currently employed contrast agents to improve the MRI image quality are harmful to the fetus. Because of their ability to cross the placenta, their use on pregnant patients is avoided. This review will firstly recapitulate the most common non-obstetrical, obstetrical, and fetal indications for magnetic resonance imaging on pregnant women. Fetal safety risks, due to the use of strong magnetic fields and exogenous contrast agents, will be presented. Then, possible advantages of nanostructured contrast agents compared to current molecular ones are explored. Nanosystems’ characteristics affecting contrast efficiency, and their potential for improving contrast-enhanced MRI’s safety in pregnant women, are discussed. Lastly, promising examples of nanoparticles as safer alternatives to current MRI contrast agents in pregnancy are discussed.
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Ogbodo JO, Agbo CP, Njoku UO, Ogugofor MO, Egba SI, Ihim SA, Echezona AC, Brendan KC, Upaganlawar AB, Upasani CD. Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:2-25. [PMID: 33653258 DOI: 10.2174/1874609814666210302085232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Genetics, excessive exposure to environmental pollutants, as well as unhealthy lifestyle practices are often linked to the development of AD. No therapeutic approach has achieved complete success in treating AD; however, early detection and management with appropriate drugs are key to improving prognosis. INTERVENTIONS The pathogenesis of AD was extensively discussed in order to understand the reasons for the interventions suggested. The interventions reviewed include the use of different therapeutic agents and approaches, gene therapy, adherence to healthy dietary plans (Mediterranean diet, Okinawan diet and MIND diet), as well as the use of medicinal plants. The potential of nanotechnology as a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in the design of nano-formulations of AD drugs and the use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as theranostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Ogbodo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinazom P Agbo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ugochi O Njoku
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Simeon I Egba
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Stella A Ihim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Sureshdada Shriman\'s College of Pharmacy, New Dehli, India
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Lipocalin‐Type Prostaglandin
d
Synthase Conjugates as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents for Detecting Amyloid β‐Rich Regions in the Brain of Live Alzheimer's Disease Mice. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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Kashani HM, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Development of modified polymer dot as stimuli-sensitive and 67Ga radio-carrier, for investigation of in vitro drug delivery, in vivo imaging and drug release kinetic. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114217. [PMID: 34166925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A polymer dot modified histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dot carrier, PD@His.GQD, was synthesized to investigate the in vitro sunitinib (STB) deliveryvia luminescence spectrometer. The carrier's synthesis, with an average size of 34 nm, was proved by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analyses. In the in vitro, STB delivery investigation showed that for healthy tissue, the STB was loaded at pH = 7.2 and at 25 = 5.4 at 37 °C with a maximum loading efficiency percentage of 99 % while it was released at pH = 5.4 at 37 °C with a release percentage of 97 %. In the sequel, the STB loaded carrier was labeled with Gallium-67 (67Ga-STB.PD@His.GQD) to produce exceedingly transparent radio-carrier for in vivo kidney cancerous mice imaging via the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) device. The radiochemical purity of the 67Ga-STB.PD@His.GQD was obtained as 95 % by Radio Thin Layer Chromatography (RTLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. All obtained results affirmed that the synthesized PD@His.GQD is an STB stimuli-sensitive and selective targeting carrier. All cancerous mice in vivo images at 10 and 20 h of 67Ga-STB.PD@His.GQD post-injection and its bio-distribution calculations showed its most accumulation in the kidney cancerous tissue. Also, the STB release kinetic was studied via Zero-order, First-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, and the release data were fitted with Korsmeyer-Peppas model that expresses the STB release mechanism is controlled by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; D-8 International University, Hamedan, Iran
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14
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Oyarzún MP, Tapia-Arellano A, Cabrera P, Jara-Guajardo P, Kogan MJ. Plasmonic Nanoparticles as Optical Sensing Probes for the Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2067. [PMID: 33809416 PMCID: PMC7998661 DOI: 10.3390/s21062067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), considered a common type of dementia, is mainly characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive functions. Although its cause is multifactorial, it has been associated with the accumulation of toxic aggregates of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein. At present, the development of highly sensitive, high cost-effective, and non-invasive diagnostic tools for AD remains a challenge. In the last decades, nanomaterials have emerged as an interesting and useful tool in nanomedicine for diagnostics and therapy. In particular, plasmonic nanoparticles are well-known to display unique optical properties derived from their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), allowing their use as transducers in various sensing configurations and enhancing detection sensitivity. Herein, this review focuses on current advances in in vitro sensing techniques such as Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), colorimetric, and LSPR using plasmonic nanoparticles for improving the sensitivity in the detection of main biomarkers related to AD in body fluids. Additionally, we refer to the use of plasmonic nanoparticles for in vivo imaging studies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Oyarzún
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile; (M.P.O.); (A.T.-A.); (P.C.); (P.J.-G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andreas Tapia-Arellano
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile; (M.P.O.); (A.T.-A.); (P.C.); (P.J.-G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile; (M.P.O.); (A.T.-A.); (P.C.); (P.J.-G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Jara-Guajardo
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile; (M.P.O.); (A.T.-A.); (P.C.); (P.J.-G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile; (M.P.O.); (A.T.-A.); (P.C.); (P.J.-G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Sergio Livingstone #1007, Independencia, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
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15
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Yu D, Yin Q, Wang J, Yang J, Chen Z, Gao Z, Huang Q, Li S. SERS-Based Immunoassay Enhanced with Silver Probe for Selective Separation and Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1901-1911. [PMID: 33707945 PMCID: PMC7943543 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s293042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Developing a sensitive SERS-based method to quantitatively detect serum biomarkers (Aβ1-42 and P-Tau-181) for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods In this study, a novel SERS-based sandwich immunoassay, which consists of tannin-capped silver nanoparticles and magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GOs), was developed. We firstly applied this method for the detection of protein standards in buffer solution, obtaining the regression equation. Then, its potential value on real serum samples of AD was further explored. Results The detection linear range of Aβ1-42 and P-Tau-181 protein standards were observed to range from 100 pg mL−1 to 10 fg mL−1, 100 pg mL−1 to 1 fg mL−1 respectively. We finally explored clinical application of the proposed method in 63 serum samples. As a result, P-tau-181 differentiated AD from non-AD dementia patients (AUC = 0.770), with a more favored ROC than Aβ1-42 (AUC = 0.383). Conclusion The developed SERS-based immunoassay is successfully applied to the determination of Aβ1-42 and P-Tau-181 in human serum specimens, which provides a promising tool for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Yin
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Chen
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Gao
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Huang
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China.,Public Experimental Research of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibao Li
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent developments in the application of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to dementia research. RECENT FINDINGS MPI is a tracer method that is currently in the preclinical development stage. It provides high sensitivity for the detection and localization of magnetic nanoparticles with very high spatial and temporal resolution and a similar application spectrum as PET. Unlike MRI, the MPI signal is not contaminated by background signal from tissues and is highly quantifiable in terms of local tracer concentrations. These properties make the technology ideally suited for localization of specific targets or quantification of vascular parameters. MPI uses magnetic nanoparticles which can be modified by various coatings, and by adding ligands (i.e. peptides or antibodies) for specific targeting. This makes MPI an attractive tool for the potential detection of abnormal protein deposits, such as Aβ plaques, with greater specificity than MRI. Neural stem cells can also be labelled with these nanoparticles ex vivo to monitor their migration in vivo. SUMMARY The capabilities of MPI opens the potential for several applications of MPI in neurocognitive disorders, including vascular imaging, detection of amyloid plaques and potentially other pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and stem-cell tracking.
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17
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Zhang Y, Ding C, Li C, Wang X. Advances in fluorescent probes for detection and imaging of amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2021; 103:135-190. [PMID: 34229849 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques generated from the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) fibrils in the brain is one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a most common neurodegenerative disorder. Aβ aggregation can produce neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils, which has been widely accepted as the causative factor in AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, both soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils have been considered as diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Among the existing analytical methods, fluorometry using fluorescent probes has exhibited promising potential in quantitative detection and imaging of both soluble and insoluble Aβ species, providing a valuable approach for the diagnosis and drug development of AD. In this review, the most recent advances in the fluorescent probes for soluble or insoluble Aβ aggregates are discussed in terms of design strategy, probing mechanism, and potential applications. In the end, future research directions of fluorescent probes for Aβ species are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Cen Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Changhong Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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18
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Zhang L, Sun H, Chen Y, Wei M, Lee J, Li F, Ling D. Functional nanoassemblies for the diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1696. [PMID: 33463089 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects populations around the world. Many therapeutics have been investigated for AD diagnosis and/or therapy, but the efficacy is largely limited by the poor bioavailability of drugs and by the presence of the blood-brain barrier. Recently, the development of nanomedicines enables efficient drug delivery to the brain, but the complex pathological mechanism of AD prevents them from successful treatment. As a type of advanced nanomedicine, multifunctional nanoassemblies self-assembled from nanoscale imaging or therapeutic agents can simultaneously target multiple pathological factors, showing great potential in the diagnosis and therapy of AD. To help readers better understand this emerging field, in this review, we first introduce the pathological mechanisms and the potential drug candidates of AD, as well as the design strategies of nanoassemblies for improving AD targeting efficiency. Moreover, the progress of dynamic nanoassemblies that can diagnose and/or treat AD in response to the endogenous or exogenous stimuli will be described. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development in this field. The objective of this review is to outline the latest progress of using nanoassemblies to overcome the complex pathological environment of AD for improved diagnosis and therapy, in hopes of accelerating the future development of intelligent AD nanomedicines. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Wei
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bough
- Future Science Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London, N3 1QB, UK
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