Nanodelivery strategies in cancer chemotherapy: biological rationale and pharmaceutical perspectives

Platinum-based chemotherapy: trends in organic nanodelivery systems

Despite the investment in platinum drugs research, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are still the only Pt-based compounds used as first line treatments for several cancers, with a few other compounds being approved for administration in some Asian countries. However, due to the severe and worldwide impact of oncological diseases, there is an urge for improved chemotherapeutic approaches. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical application of platinum complexes is hindered by their inherent toxicity and acquired resistance. Nanodelivery systems rose as a key strategy to overcome these challenges, with recognized versatility and ability towards improving the safety, bioavailability and efficacy of the available drugs. Among the known nanocarriers, organic systems have been widely applied, taking advantage of their potential as drug vehicles. Researchers have mainly focused on the development of lipidic and polymeric carriers, including supramolecular structures, with an overall improvement of encapsulated platinum complexes. Herein, an overview of recent trends and strategies is presented, with the main focus on the encapsulation of platinum compounds into organic nanocarriers, showcasing the evolution in the design and development of these promising systems. This comprehensive review highlights formulation methods as well as characterization procedures, providing insights that may be helpful for the development of novel platinum nanocarriers aiming at future pharmaceutical applications.

Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies for Infantile Hemangiomas

Targeted therapy for infantile hemangiomas (IHs) has been extensively studied as they can concentrate drugs, increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce drug dosage. Meanwhile, they can extend drug release times, enhance drug stability, decrease dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance. Moreover, carriers made from biocompatible materials reduced drug immunogenicity, minimizing adverse reactions. However, current targeted formulations still face numerous challenges such as the non-absolute safety of carrier materials; the need to further increase drug loading capacity; the limitation of animal hemangioma models in fully replicating the biological properties of human infantile hemangiomas; the establishment of models for deep-seated hemangiomas with high incidence rates; and the development of more specific targets or markers. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the characteristics of IHs and summarized the past decade's advances, advantages, and targeting strategies of targeted drug delivery systems for IHs and discussed their applications in the treatment of IHs. Furthermore, the goal is to provide a reference for further research and application in this field.

New insights into targeted therapy of glioblastoma using smart nanoparticles

In recent times, the intersection of nanotechnology and biomedical research has given rise to nanobiomedicine, a captivating realm that holds immense promise for revolutionizing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the field of cancer. This innovative fusion of biology, medicine, and nanotechnology aims to create diagnostic and therapeutic agents with enhanced safety and efficacy, particularly in the realm of theranostics for various malignancies. Diverse inorganic, organic, and hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles, each possessing unique properties, have been introduced into this domain. This review seeks to highlight the latest strides in targeted glioblastoma therapy by focusing on the application of inorganic smart nanoparticles. Beyond exploring the general role of nanotechnology in medical applications, this review delves into groundbreaking strategies for glioblastoma treatment, showcasing the potential of smart nanoparticles through in vitro studies, in vivo investigations, and ongoing clinical trials.

Nanoscale strides: exploring innovative therapies for breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer (BC) is a predominant malignancy in women that constitutes approximately 30% of all cancer cases and has a mortality rate of 14% in recent years. The prevailing therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, each with its own limitations and challenges. Despite oral or intravenous administration, there are numerous barriers to accessing anti-BC agents before they reach the tumor site, including physical, physiological, and biophysical barriers. The complexity of BC pathogenesis, attributed to a combination of endogenous, chronic, intrinsic, extrinsic and genetic factors, further complicates its management. Due to the limitations of existing cancer treatment approaches, there is a need to explore novel, efficacious solutions. Nanodrug delivery has emerged as a promising avenue in cancer chemotherapy, aiming to enhance drug bioavailability while mitigating adverse effects. In contrast to conventional chemotherapy, cancer nanotechnology leverages improved permeability to achieve comprehensive disruption of cancer cells. This approach also presented superior pharmacokinetic profiles. The application of nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics includes nanotechnological tools, but a comprehensive review cannot cover all facets. Thus, this review concentrates specifically on BC treatment. The focus lies in the successful implementation of systematic nanotherapeutic strategies, demonstrating their superiority over conventional methods in delivering anti-BC agents. Nanotechnology-driven drug delivery holds immense potential in treating BC. By surmounting multiple barriers and capitalizing on improved permeability, nanodrug delivery has demonstrated enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects compared to conventional therapies. This review highlights the significance of systematic nanotherapy approaches, emphasizing the evolving landscape of BC management.

Evaluation of the effect of designed PLGA-arctiin nanoparticles modified with folic acid and chitosan on colon cancer cells

In this study, we designed nanoparticles (NPs) based on polylactic acid glycolic acid modified with chitosan and folic acid to optimize the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of arctiin (ARC), and we measured its effects on cancer cells, including colon cancer. NPs were synthesized using the W1/O/W2 double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Physicochemical characteristics of synthesized NPs (ARC-PCF-NPs), including average particle size, dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), field emission scanning electron microscope figures, and encapsulation efficiency (EE), were evaluated. 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were carried out to determine the antioxidant properties of NPs. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay was performed to investigate cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells and normal fibroblasts. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also performed on inflammatory and antioxidant genes. The obtained results indicated that the synthesized NPs have a size of 100 nm, a DPI of 0.36, a ZP of 26.30 mV, and EE was calculated at about 87.5%. The antioxidant influence of ARC-PCF-NPs was confirmed by inhibiting ABTS and DPPH free radicals and ferrous reduction in the FRAP method. Moreover, the reduction of inflammatory and antioxidant genes confirmed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of NPs. These results indicate the modification of the surface of NPs in order to increase the bioavailability, stability, and effectiveness of medicinal compounds in therapeutic applications.

Hyaluronated nanoparticles deliver raloxifene to CD44-expressed colon cancer cells and regulate lncRNAs/miRNAs epigenetic cascade

Background

Colorectal malignant cells (CRC) are one of the world’s main causes of cancer mortality and morbidity. Notwithstanding the plenty of anti-CRC therapeutics, its prognosis remains not selective owing to cancer resistance to these therapeutics. Raloxifene (RX), a medication firstly used to treat osteoporosis, was recently licenced for the prevention of CRC. Unfortunately, due to medication resistance, many RX-based therapies are likely to become ineffective. Recently, we identified a novel method of administration to lengthen the half-life of RX by mixing it with chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Thus, the rationale of the current study was to investigate how colon cancer cells were affected by RX-HA-CS nanoparticles (RX NPs) in terms of targetability, cytotoxicity, and epigenetic cascade alteration.

Results

RX NP had an entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 90.0 ± 8.12%. Compared to HCT 116 cells, Caco-2 cells were more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of RX and its NP as well as they had a higher binding affinity to CD44 receptors compared to normal WI-38 cells. In comparison to the free RX, the RX NP’s cytotoxic fold changes in HCT 116 and Caco-2 cells were 2.16 and 2.52, respectively. Furthermore, the epigenetic cascade of some noncoding RNAs was examined. Moreover, particular protein concentrations were investigated in all tested cells after application of the proposed therapies. Our results showed that the RX NP recorded higher remarkable cytotoxic impact on CRC cells compared to the free RX. Intriguingly, it was hypothesized that RX nanoparticles attacked colon cancerous cells by up-regulating miR-944 and E-cadherin (ECN) expressions, while down-regulating the expressions of PPARγ, YKL-40, VEGF, H-19, LINC00641, HULC, HOTTIP, miR-92a, miR-200, and miR-21.

Conclusions

We may conclude that the RX NP effectively targets CRC cells in vitro via altering lncRNAs and miRNAs epigenetic cascade as well as cellular uptake through CD44-expressed CRC cells.

Effect of folic acid-linked chitosan-coated PLGA-based curcumin nanoparticles on the redox system of glioblastoma cancer cells

OBJECTIVES

Oxidative stress is one of the carcinogenic mechanisms underlying the development of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly aggressive brain tumor type associated with poor prognosis. Curcumin is known to be an efficient antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compound. However, its poor solubility in water, inappropriate pharmacokinetics, and low bioavailability limit its use as an antitumor drug. We prepared PLGA-based curcumin nanoparticles changed with folic acid and chitosan (curcumin-PLGA-CS-FA) and evaluated its effects on GBM tumor cells' redox status.

METHODS

The nanoprecipitation method was used to synthesize CU nanoparticles (CU-NPs). The size, morphology, and stability were characterized by DLS, SEM, and zeta potential analysis, respectively. The CU-NPs' toxic properties were studied by MTT assay and measuring the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. The study was completed by measuring the gene expression levels and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin antioxidant enzymes.

RESULTS

The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of CU-NPs were 77.27 nm, 0.29, and -22.45 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency was approximately 98%. Intracellular ROS and MDA levels decreased after CU-NP treatment. Meanwhile, the CU-NPs increased gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin antioxidant enzymes.

CONCLUSION

CU-NPs might be effective in the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma cancer by modulating the antioxidant-oxidant balance.

Reduction-responsive polymeric micelles for trans-corneal targeted delivery of microRNA-21-5p and glaucoma-specific gene therapy

The therapeutic value of microRNA (miRNA) for the treatment of glaucoma has become a focus of attention. However, naked miRNA cannot cross the corneal barrier and reach the target tissue by itself. Thus, the precise transport of miRNA to the target sites is key to the success of gene therapy. Herein, we selected a miRNA, namely miR-21-5p, based on its unique intraocular pressure (IOP) mechano-sensing property. Moreover, a biocompatible polymeric poly(L-lysine) (PLL) micelle conjugated with collagenase and ABCA1 antibody was judiciously constructed to achieve the trans-corneal and target delivery of miR-21-5p to the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) tissues inside the eye. The topically administrated PLL micelles as an eye drop successfully crossed the cornea with the help of collagenase and then preferentially accumulated in the target TM/SC tissues under the guidance of the ABCA1 antibody. When endocytosed by TM/SC cells, the PLL micelles could be decomposed in the reductive lysosomal environment to release miR-21-5p for successfully lowering the IOP by activating the miR-21-5p/eNOS/MMP9 signaling axis, which will open new prospects for glaucoma-specific gene therapy.

Nano-mediated strategy for targeting and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer, with over 2.1 million cases diagnosed annually worldwide. It has a high incidence and mortality rate, leading to extensive research into various treatment options, including the use of nanomaterial-based carriers for drug delivery. With regard to cancer treatment, the distinct biological and physico-chemical features of nano-structures have acquired considerable impetus as drug delivery system (DDS) for delivering medication combinations or combining diagnostics and targeted therapy. This review focuses on the use of nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of lung cancer, including the use of lipid, polymer, and carbon-based nanomaterials for traditional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy. The review also discusses the potential of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for drug delivery in lung cancer, and the limitations and opportunities for improving the design of nano-based materials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Hyaluronic acid-functionalized lipoplexes and polyplexes as emerging nanocarriers for receptor-targeted cancer therapy

Cancer is an intricate disease that develops as a response to a combination of hereditary and environmental risk factors, which then result in a variety of changes to the genome. The cluster of differentiation (CD44) is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a potential biomarker for cancer stem cells (CSC) and viable targets for therapeutic intervention in the context of cancer therapy. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide that exhibits a notable affinity for the CD44 receptor. This characteristic renders it a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions aimed at selectively targeting CD44-positive cancer cells. Treating cancer via non-viral vector-based gene delivery has changed the notion of curing illness through the incorporation of therapeutic genes into the organism. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of various hyaluronic acid-modified lipoplexes and polyplexes as potential drug delivery methods for specific forms of cancer by effectively targeting CD44.

Targeting endothelial permeability in the EPR effect

The characteristics of the primary tumor blood vessels and the tumor microenvironment drive the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which confers an advantage towards enhanced delivery of anti-cancer nanomedicine and has shown beneficial effects in preclinical models. Increased vascular permeability is a landmark feature of the tumor vessels and an important driver of the EPR. The main focus of this review is the endothelial regulation of vascular permeability. We discuss current challenges of targeting vascular permeability towards clinical translation and summarize the structural components and mechanisms of endothelial permeability, the principal mediators and signaling players, the targeted approaches that have been used and their outcomes to date. We also critically discuss the effects of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, their interplay with the tumor vessels and the impact of immune responses on nanomedicine delivery, the impact of anti-angiogenic and tumor-stroma targeting approaches, and desirable nanoparticle design approaches for greater translational benefit.

Construction of multi-program responsive vitamin E succinate-chitosan-histidine nanocarrier and its response strategy in tumor therapy

Multifunctional drug delivery carriers have emerged as a promising cancer drug delivery strategy. Here, we developed a vitamin E succinate-chitosan-histidine (VCH) multi-program responsive drug carrier. The structure was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectrum, and the DLS and SEM results showed typical nanostructures. The drug loading content was 21.0 % and the corresponding encapsulation efficiency was 66.6 %. The UV-vis and fluorescence spectra demonstrated the existence of the π-π stacking interaction between DOX and VCH. Drug release experiments implied good pH sensitivity and sustained-release effect. The DOX/VCH nanoparticles could be efficiently taken up by HepG2 cancer cells and the tumor inhibition rate was up to 56.27 %. The DOX/VCH reduced the tumor volume and weight efficiently with a TIR of 45.81 %. The histological analysis results showed that DOX/VCH could effectively inhibit tumor growth and proliferation, and there was no damage to normal organs. VCH nanocarriers could combine the advantages of VES, histidine and chitosan to achieve pH sensitivity and P-gp inhibition, and effectively improve the drug solubility, targeting and lysosomal escape. Through the program response of different micro-environment, the newly developed polymeric micelles could successfully be utilized as a multi-program responsive nanocarrier system for the treatment of cancers.

Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics

Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of disease progression, our knowledge about the disease is snowballing, leading to the evolution of many new therapeutic regimes and their successive trials. In the past few decades, various combinations of therapies have been proposed and are presently employed in the treatment of diverse cancers. Targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, and personalized medicines are now largely being employed, which were not common a few years back. The field of cancer discoveries and therapeutics are evolving fast as cancer type-specific biomarkers are progressively being identified and several types of cancers are nowadays undergoing systematic therapies, extending patients' disease-free survival thereafter. Although growing evidence shows that a systematic and targeted approach could be the future of cancer medicine, chemotherapy remains a largely opted therapeutic option despite its known side effects on the patient's physical and psychological health. Chemotherapeutic agents/pharmaceuticals served a great purpose over the past few decades and have remained the frontline choice for advanced-stage malignancies where surgery and/or radiation therapy cannot be prescribed due to specific reasons. The present report succinctly reviews the existing and contemporary advancements in chemotherapy and assesses the status of the enrolled drugs/pharmaceuticals; it also comprehensively discusses the emerging role of specific/targeted therapeutic strategies that are presently being employed to achieve better clinical success/survival rate in cancer patients.

Targeting miRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs as a Therapeutic Approach: An Update

Since the discovery of the first microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), the understanding of miRNA biology has expanded substantially. miRNAs are involved and described as master regulators of the major hallmarks of cancer, including cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, the cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis. Experimental data indicate that cancer phenotypes can be modified by targeting miRNA expression, and because miRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs), they have emerged as attractive tools and, more importantly, as a new class of targets for drug development in cancer therapeutics. With the use of miRNA mimics or molecules targeting miRNAs (i.e., small-molecule inhibitors such as anti-miRS), these therapeutics have shown promise in preclinical settings. Some miRNA-targeted therapeutics have been extended to clinical development, such as the mimic of miRNA-34 for treating cancer. Here, we discuss insights into the role of miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and resistance and summarize some recent successful systemic delivery approaches and recent developments in miRNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of mimics and inhibitors that are in clinical trials and finally a list of clinical trials based on miRNAs.

Endothelial-Specific Targeting of RhoA Signaling via CD31 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles

Existing vascular endothelial growth factor-oriented antiangiogenic approaches are known for their high potency. However, significant side effects associated with their use drive the need for novel antiangiogenic strategies. The small GTPase RhoA is an established regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Previous studies have highlighted the impact of endothelial RhoA pathway on angiogenesis. Rho-associate kinase (ROCK), a direct RhoA effector, is potently inhibited by Fasudil, a clinically relevant ROCK inhibitor. Here, we aimed to target the RhoA signaling in endothelial cells by generating Fasudil-encapsulated CD31-targeting liposomes as a potential antiangiogenic therapy. The liposomes presented desirable characteristics, preferential binding to CD31-expressing HEK293T cells and to endothelial cells, inhibited stress fiber formation and cytoskeletal-related morphometric parameters, and inhibited in vitro angiogenic functions. Overall, this work shows that the nanodelivery-mediated endothelial targeting of RhoA signaling can offer a promising strategy for angiogenesis inhibition in vascular-related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Systemic administration of antiangiogenic therapeutics induces side effects to non-targeted tissues. This study, among others, has shown the impact of the RhoA signaling in the endothelial cells and their angiogenic functions. Here, to minimize potential toxicity, this study generated CD31-targeting liposomes with encapsulated Fasudil, a clinically relevant Rho kinase inhibitor, and successfully targeted endothelial cells. In this proof-of-principle study, the efficient Fasudil delivery, its impact on the endothelial signaling, morphometric alterations, and angiogenic functions verify the benefits of site-targeted antiangiogenic therapy.

Long noncoding RNAs induced control of ferroptosis: Implications in cancer progression and treatment

A novel kind of nonapoptotic, iron-dependent cell death brought on by lipid peroxidation is known as ferroptosis. Numerous pathological processes, including neurotoxicity, neurological disorders, ischemia-reperfusion damage, and particularly cancer, have been demonstrated to be influenced by changes in the ferroptosis-regulating network. Recent studies have established the critical roles that ferroptosis can play in cancer development and the evolution of resistance to standard chemoradiotherapy, thus suggesting that ferroptosis may be a feasible therapeutic strategy for cancer management. Gene expression may be regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). They have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Some lncRNAs participate in the biological process of ferroptosis, which represents an exciting alternative to regulate ferroptosis as a means of cancer therapy. Even though there is evidence that lncRNAs have a mechanistic role in the ferroptosis of cancer cells, research on the mechanism and potential treatments for these lncRNAs is still lacking. We elucidate the potential mechanisms by which lncRNAs modulate ferroptosis in cancer and examine the promise and challenges of employing lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets in cancer.

The various role of microRNAs in breast cancer angiogenesis, with a special focus on novel miRNA-based delivery strategies

After skin malignancy, breast cancer is the most widely recognized cancer detected in women in the United States. Breast cancer (BCa) can happen in all kinds of people, but it's much more common in women. One in four cases of cancer and one in six deaths due to cancer are related to breast cancer. Angiogenesis is an essential factor in the growth of tumors and metastases in various malignancies. An expanded level of angiogenesis is related to diminished endurance in BCa patients. This function assumes a fundamental part inside the human body, from the beginning phases of life to dangerous malignancy. Various factors, referred to as angiogenic factors, work to make a new capillary. Expanding proof demonstrates that angiogenesis is managed by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA with 19-25 nucleotides. MiRNA is a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression that controls many critical biological processes. Endothelial miRNAs, referred to as angiomiRs, are probably concerned with tumor improvement and angiogenesis via regulation of pro-and anti-angiogenic factors. In this article, we reviewed therapeutic functions of miRNAs in BCa angiogenesis, several novel delivery carriers for miRNA-based therapeutics, as well as CRISPR/Cas9 as a targeted therapy in breast cancer.

Nanofabrication of PLGA-PEG-chitosan-folic acid systems for delivery of colchicine to HT-29 cancer cells

This survey was conducted to fabrication of PLGA-based nanosystems modified with PEG, chitosan and folic acid to delivery colchicine to cancer cells and to investigate its antioxidant and pro-apoptotic effects. The dual emulsion-evaporation solvent method was used for loading of colchicine on PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles (COL-PP-NPs) and after surface modification with chitosan and folic acid (COL-PPCF-NPs), the nanoparticles were characterized by DLS, SEM and FTIR methods. The HPLC procedure was used to assess the amount of FA binding and COL loading. Antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging) and toxicity (MTT) of COL-PPCF-NPs were evaluated and then cell inhibition mechanism was assessed by AO/PI staining, flow cytometry and qPCR assay. COL-PPCF-NPs with a size of 250 nm were synthesized in a stable (zeta potential: +34 mV) and mono-dispersed (PDI: 0.32) manner. FA binding and COL loading were reported to be 55% and 89.5%, respectively. COL-PPCF-NPs showed antioxidant effects by inhibiting the free radicals ABTS (108.07 µg/ml) and DPPH (361.61 µg/ml). The selective toxicity of COL-PPCF-NPs against HT-29 cancer cells (118.5 µg/ml) compared to HFF cells was confirmed by MTT data. Increased apoptotic cells (red color) in AO/PI staining, cell arrest in phase SubG1 and G2-M, and altered expression of apoptosis genes confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis in HT-29 treated cells. The use of PPCF-NPs system for delivery of COL can lead to selective toxicity against cancer cells and induction of apoptosis in these cells by folate-mediated binding mechanism at folate receptor positive HT-29 cancer cells.

MF-094 nanodelivery inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting USP30

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common head and neck cancer, and the incidence of OSCC is increasing. As the mortality of OSCC keeps increasing, it is crucial to clarify its pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies.

METHODS

Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the uptake of nanoparticles (NPs). The potential functions of USP30 were evaluated by cell counting kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry, biochemical assay, coimmunoprecipitation, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting. The antitumor effect of NP-loaded USP30 inhibitor MF-094 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

In this study, increased USP30 expression was found in OSCC specimens and cell lines through qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. CCK-8, flow cytometry, and biochemical assay revealed that the deubiquitylated catalytic activity of USP30 contributed to cell viability and glutamine consumption of OSCC. Subsequently, USP30 inhibitor MF-094 was loaded in ZIF-8-PDA and PEGTK to fabricate ZIF-8-PDA-PEGTK nanoparticles, which exhibited excellent inhibition of cell viability and glutamine consumption of OSCC, both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated the clinical significance of USP30 and showed that nanocomposites provide a targeted drug delivery system for treating OSCC.

Chlorotoxin and Lung Cancer: A Targeting Perspective for Drug Delivery

In the generational evolution of nano-based drug delivery carriers, active targeting has been a major milestone for improved and selective drug accumulation in tissues and cell types beyond the existing passive targeting capabilities. Among the various active targeting moieties, chlorotoxin, a peptide extracted from scorpions, demonstrated promising tumor cell accumulation and selection. With lung cancer being among the leading diagnoses of cancer-related deaths in both men and women, novel therapeutic methodologies utilizing nanotechnology for drug delivery emerged. Given chlorotoxin's promising biological activity, we explore its potential against lung cancer and its utilization for active targeting against this cancer's tumor cells. Our analysis indicates that despite the extensive chlorotoxin's research against glioblastoma, lung cancer research with the molecule has been limited, despite some promising early results.

MicroRNA-based therapy for glioblastoma: Opportunities and challenges

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor and is characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates and unpredictable clinical behavior. The disappointing prognosis for patients with GBM even after surgery and postoperative radiation and chemotherapy has fueled the search for specific targets to provide new insights into the development of modern therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) act as oncomirs and tumor suppressors to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of various genes and silence many target genes involved in cell proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, stem cell behavior, angiogenesis, the microenvironment and chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, which makes them attractive candidates as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets or agents to advance GBM therapeutics. However, one of the major challenges of successful miRNA-based therapy is the need for an effective and safe system to deliver therapeutic compounds to specific tumor cells or tissues in vivo, particularly systems that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This challenge has shifted gradually as progress has been achieved in identifying novel tumor-related miRNAs and their targets, as well as the development of nanoparticles (NPs) as new carriers to deliver therapeutic compounds. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary (in recent 5 years) of the current knowledge of GBM-related oncomirs, tumor suppressors and microenvironmental miRNAs, with a focus on their potential applications as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as recent advances in the development of carriers for nontoxic miRNA-based therapy delivery systems and how they can be adapted for therapy.

Folic acid-Chitosan Coated Stylosin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Fabrication, In Vitro-In Vivo Assessment in Breast Malignant Cells

Synthesis of targeted nanostructure lipid carriers for stylosin (STY-CFN-NPs) delivery to MCF-7 cells. STY-CFN-NPs were formulated via the homogenization and ultra-sonication technique. After evaluating the amount of drug encapsulation and FA binding, the toxicity effect of the STY and STY-CFN-NPs on MCF-7 cells was measured by the MTT method. Cell cycle analysis, AO/PI staining and qPCR to assess the inducing of apoptosis as well as Tubo cancer cell inoculated mouse model for antitumor properties of STY-CFN-NPs were used. Significant increases in nanoparticle size and changes in zeta potential were observed after FA-CS coating on nanoparticles. Slow release of the STY within 144 h as well as the acceptable rate for STY encapsulation efficiency (92.4% and FA binding (52.5%) to the STY-CFN-NPs (PS: 66.26 ± 3.02 nm, ZP: 29.54 ± 1.01 mV and PDI: 0.32 ± 0.01) was reported. STY-CFN-NPs exhibited higher toxicity compared to STY suspension and treatment with STY-CFN-NPs was lead to increased apoptotic cells, stopped cells in the SubG1 phase, and also increased caspase and BAX expression and decreased BCL-2 and BCL-XL expression in in vitro and decreased the size of murine tumors (54.57% in 16 days) in in vivo. The results showed STY-CFN-NPs have good potential for breast cancer management.

Hyaluronic acid-coated Bi:Cu2O: an H2S-responsive agent for colon cancer with targeted delivery and enhanced photothermal performance

Background

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-responsive theranostic agents have attracted extensive attention due to their specificity for colon cancer. However, the development of such agents with high enrichment in tumors and excellent photothermal performance remains challenging.

Results

We prepared hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated Bi-doped cuprous oxide (Bi:Cu₂O@HA) via a one-pot method. The HA specifically targets colon cancer tumor cells to improve the enrichment of Bi:Cu₂O@HA at tumor sites, while the doped Bi both enhances the photothermal performance of the H₂S-triggered Cu₂O and serves as an agent for tumor imaging. The results in this work demonstrated that the Bi:Cu₂O@HA nanoparticles exhibit good biocompatibility, target colon cancer tumor cells, facilitate computed tomography imaging, and enhanced H₂S-responsive photothermal therapy performance, resulting in an excellent therapeutic effect in colon cancer.

Conclusions

The novel Bi:Cu₂O@HA nanoparticles exhibit excellent tumor targeting and photothermal therapeutic effects, which provide new strategies and insights for colon cancer therapy.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01555-x.

Fabrication and assessment of folic acid conjugated-chitosan modified PLGA nanoparticle for delivery of alpha terpineol in colon cancer

The objective of this study was to fabrication of α-terpineol-PLGA nanoparticles coated with folic acid-chitosan (αT-PCF-NPs) as well as evaluates their anticancer effects. αT-PCF-NPs were synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method and characterized by Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Folic acid (FA) binding rate and entrapment efficiency of α-T were assessed by HPLC method. MTT assay was performed for cytotoxicity assessment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, acridine orange and propodium iodide (AO/PI) staining and cell cycle analysis were done to assess the pro-apoptotic properties of αT-PCF-NPs. Molecular analysis for angiogenesis and antioxidant properties and murine colon cancer model for antitumor effects of αT-PCF-NPs were used. The % FA-binding and encapsulation efficiency of α-T in αT-PCF-NPs (particle size of 263.95 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.25, and surface charge of +38.20 mV) was reported to be 67% and 88.1% respectively. The higher inhibitory effect of αT-PCF-NPs on cancer cells compared to HFF cells was confirmed. The pro-apoptotic effect of αT-PCF-NPs was showed by increased SubG1 phase cells, AO/PI staining results and up and down regulation Bax and Bcl-2 as pro and anti-apoptotic genes in HT-29 cells. Antioxidant (SOD) and angiogenesis genes (VEGF and VEGF-R) were inhibited by αT-PCF-NPs exposure in HT-29 cells and also decreased the size of murine tumors was confirmed in exposure of αT-PCF-NPs. αT-PCF-NPs can be considered as a promising anticancer drug for colon cancer.

Satureja khuzistanica Essential Oil-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Modified With Chitosan-Folate: Evaluation of Encapsulation Efficiency, Cytotoxic and Pro-apoptotic Properties

The study aimed to synthesize Satureja khuzistanica essential oil-loaded SLN nanoparticles and to modify the surface of nanoparticles with folate-bound chitosan (SEO-SCF-NPs), and finally to investigate the effects of its toxicity and pro-apoptosis. For this purpose, the SEO-SLN nanoparticles were prepared using stearic acid, lecithin, tween 80, and water by high-pressure homogenization method. After characterization by FTIR, SEM, DLS, and ZETA potential methods, its toxicity effect against normal (HFF) and cancer (MCF-7) cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The occurrence of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was assessed by flow cytometry and molecular analysis. The obtained results revealed the formation of round nanoparticles with a size of 279.40 nm, single dispersed (PDI: 0.3) and stable (ζ–potential: +31.69 mV). SEO-SCF-NPs indicated the effect of selective toxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀: 88 μg/ml). Molecular analysis showed that SEO-SCF-NPs could inhibit cancer cells by activating the internal pathway of apoptosis as well as cell cycle disruption. Our finding suggests that SEO-SCF-NPs is a suitable candidate for preclinical cancer studies.

pH-Responsive Polymer Nanomaterials for Tumor Therapy

The complexity of the tumor microenvironment presents significant challenges to cancer therapy, while providing opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Using characteristic signals of the tumor microenvironment, various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can be constructed for targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. Among these, the pH is frequently utilized, owing to the pH of the tumor microenvironment being lower than that of blood and healthy tissues. pH-responsive polymer carriers can improve the efficiency of drug delivery in vivo, allow targeted drug delivery, and reduce adverse drug reactions, enabling multifunctional and personalized treatment. pH-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest due to their advantageous properties and potential for applicability in tumor therapy. In this review, recent advances in, and common applications of, pH-responsive polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery in cancer therapy are summarized, with a focus on the different types of pH-responsive polymers. Moreover, the challenges and future applications in this field are prospected.

NIR-Triggered Blasting Nanovesicles for Targeted Multimodal Image-Guided Synergistic Cancer Photothermal and Chemotherapy

Escorting therapeutics for malignancies by nano-encapsulation to ameliorate treatment effects and mitigate side effects has been pursued in precision medicine. However, the majority of drug delivery systems suffer from uncontrollable drug release kinetics and thus lead to unsatisfactory triggered-release efficiency along with severe side effects. Herein, we developed a unique nanovesicle delivery system that shows near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered drug release behavior and minimal premature drug release. By co-encapsulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, the ultrasound contrast agent perfluorohexane (PFH), and cisplatin in a silicate-polyaniline vesicle, we achieved the controllable release of cisplatin in a thermal-responsive manner. Specifically, vaporization of PFH triggered by the heat generated from NIR irradiation imparts high inner vesicle pressure on the nanovesicles, leading to pressure-induced nanovesicle collapse and subsequent cisplatin release. Moreover, the multimodal imaging capability can track tumor engagement of the nanovesicles and assess their therapeutic effects. Due to its precise inherent NIR-triggered drug release, our system shows excellent tumor eradication efficacy and biocompatibility in vivo, empowering it with great prospects for future clinical translation.

Tumor-Associated Fibroblast-Targeting Nanoparticles for Enhancing Solid Tumor Therapy: Progress and Challenges

Even though nanoparticle drug delivery systems (nanoDDSs) have improved antitumor efficacy by delivering more drugs to tumor sites compared to free and unencapsulated therapeutics, achieving satisfactory distribution and penetration of nanoDDSs inside solid tumors, especially in stromal fibrous tumors, remains challenging. As one of the most common stromal cells in solid tumors, tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) not only promote tumor growth and metastasis but also reduce the drug delivery efficiency of nanoparticles through the tumor's inherent physical and physiological barriers. Thus, TAFs have been emerging as attractive targets, and TAF-targeting nanotherapeutics have been extensively explored to enhance the tumor delivery efficiency and efficacy of various anticancer agents. The purpose of this Review is to opportunely summarize the underlying mechanisms of TAFs on obstructing nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery into tumors and discuss the current advances of a plethora of nanotherapeutic approaches for effectively targeting TAFs.

Oral Delivery of Nucleic Acids with Passive and Active Targeting to the Intestinal Tissue Using Polymer-Based Nanocarriers

Despite the apparent advantages for long-term treatment and local therapies against intestinal diseases, the oral delivery of nucleic acids has been challenging due to unfavorable physiological conditions for their stability. In this study, a novel nanodelivery system of PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated nucleic acids–mannosylated PEI (Man-PEI) complexes was developed for intestinal delivery. We complexed model nucleic acids with Man-PEI at the optimal N/P ratio of 20:1 for in vitro and in vivo analyses. Cells were transfected in vitro and analyzed for gene expression, receptor-mediated uptake, and PEG-PCL nanoparticles’ toxicity. We also evaluated the nucleic acid’s stability in the nanocarrier during formulation, and under simulated gastrointestinal environments or the presence of nucleases. Finally, we assessed the biodistribution for the PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated complexes and their ability to transfect intestinal cells in vivo. Nucleic acids complexed with Man-PEI were protected from degradation against nucleases. In comparison to the parent compound PEI, Man-PEI transfected the cells with an overall higher potency. Competition assay indicated receptor-mediated endocytosis promoted by mannose receptors. The PEG-PCL nanoparticles with Man-PEI/plasmid complexes indicated minimal cytotoxicity. The nanocarrier successfully protected the complexes in a simulated gastric fluid environment and released them in a simulated intestinal fluid environment, promoted by the presence of lipases. The oral administration of the PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated Man-PEI/plasmid complexes transfected intestinal cells with the plasmid in vivo, while presenting a time-dependent progression through the intestines. Conclusively, our carrier system can deliver genetic material to the GI tract and actively target mannose receptor overexpressing cells.

Doxorubicin/Nucleophosmin Binding Protein-Conjugated Nanoparticle Enhances Anti-leukemia Activity in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in vitro and in vivo

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignancy. Adults with ALL have more than 50% relapse rates. We have previously validated that overexpression of nucleophosmin (NPM) is involved in the multidrug resistance (MDR) development during ALL; and a synthetically engineered recombinant NPM binding protein (NPMBP) has been developed in our group; NPMBP and doxorubicin (DOX) can be conjugated in a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system named DOX-PMs-NPMBP to counteract MDR during ALL. Here, we evaluated the antileukemia potential of DOX-PMs-NPMBP in resistant ALL cells. This study demonstrates that DOX-PMs-NPMBP significantly enhances chemosensitivity to DOX in ALL cells. Despite at variable concentrations, both resistant and primary ALL cells from relapsed patients were sensitive to DOX-PMs-NPMBP. In detail, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DOX-PMs-NPMBP were between 1.6- and 7.0-fold lower than those of DOX in cell lines and primary ALL cells, respectively; and apoptotic cells ratio was over 2-fold higher in DOX-PMs-NPMBP than DOX. Mechanistically, p53-driven apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest played essential role in DOX-PMs-NPMBP-induced anti-leukemia effects. Moreover, DOX-PMs-NPMBP significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival of ALL xenograft models; and no systemic toxicity occurrence was observed after treatment during follow-up. In conclusion, these data indicate that DOX-PMs-NPMBP may significantly exert growth inhibition and apoptosis induction, and markedly improve DOX antileukemia activity in resistant ALL cells. This novel drug delivery system may be valuable to develop as a new therapeutic strategy against multidrug resistant ALL.

Nano drug delivery system reconstruct tumour vasculature for the tumour vascular normalisation

The abnormal structure and function of blood vessels in the TME are obvious characteristics of the tumour. Abnormal blood vessels with high leakage support the occurrence of malignant tumours and increase the possibility of tumour cell invasion and metastasis. The formation of abnormal vascular also enhances immunosuppression and prevents the delivery of chemotherapy drugs to deeper tumours. Therefore, the normalisation of tumour blood vessels is a very promising approach to improve anti-tumour efficacy, aiming to restore the structural integrity of vessels and improve drug delivery efficiency and anti-tumour immunity. In this review, we have summarised strategies to improve cancer treatment that via nano drug delivery technology regulates the normalisation of tumour blood vessels. The treatment strategies related to the structure and function of tumour blood vessels such as angiogenesis factors, tumour-associated macrophages, tumour vascular endothelial cells, tumour-associated fibroblasts and immune checkpoints in the TME were mainly discussed. The normalisation of tumour blood vessels presents new opportunities and challenges for the more efficient delivery of nanoparticles to tumour tissues and cells and an innovative combination of treatments for cancer.

Plant oils: From chemical composition to encapsulated form use

The last decade has witnessed a burgeoning global movement towards essential and vegetable oils in the food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries thanks to their natural and safe status, broad acceptance by consumers, and versatile functional properties. However, efforts to develop new therapy or functional agents based on plant oils have met with challenges of limited stability and/or reduced efficacy. As a result, there has been increased research interest in the encapsulation of plant oils, whereby the nanocarriers serve as barrier between plant oils and the environment and control oil release leading to improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and enhanced patient compliance and convenience. In this review, special concern has been addressed to the encapsulation of essential and vegetable oils in three types of nanocarriers: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. First, the chemical composition of essential and vegetable oils was handled. Moreover, we gather together the research findings reported by the literature regarding the different techniques used to generate these nanocarriers with their significant findings. Finally, differences and similarities between these nanocarriers are discussed, along with current and future applications that are warranted by their structures and properties.

Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their roles in lymphogenesis in all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies

Contemporary developments in molecular biology have been combined with discoveries on the analysis of the role of all non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human diseases, particularly in cancer, by examining their roles in cells. Currently, included among these common types of cancer, are all the lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies, which represent a diverse group of neoplasms and malignant disorders. Initial data suggest that non-coding RNAs, particularly long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play key roles in oncogenesis and that lncRNA-mediated biology is an important key pathway to cancer progression. Other non-coding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), are very promising cancer molecular biomarkers. They can be detected in tissues, cell lines, biopsy material and all biological fluids, such as blood. With the number of well-characterized cancer-related lncRNAs and miRNAs increasing, the study of the roles of non-coding RNAs in cancer is bringing forth new hypotheses of the biology of cancerous cells. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of the recent literature referring to all diagnosed ncRNAs that mediate the pathogenesis of all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies.

Critical analysis of biophysicochemical parameters for qualitative improvement of phytogenic nanoparticles

Conventional chemical approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) may restrict their applicability as they are not eco-friendly, energetically efficient and often involve toxic reducing/capping agents; but phytonanotechnology enabled the synthesis of safe, inexpensive, highly biocompatible NPs. In this regard, thorough understanding of green components and the modulatory effects of different reaction conditions on the physicochemical parameters of green synthesized NPs would be a prerequisite, which is not depicted elsewhere. This review critically analyzes the relevant reaction conditions from their mechanistic viewpoints in plant-based synthesis of NPs arising fundamental issues which need to be determined carefully. The size, stability and surface chemistry of phytogenic NPs may be fabricated as a function of multiple interconnected reaction parameters and the plant species used. The therapeutic potential of phytogenic NPs may depend on the plant species used; and so the meticulous understanding of physicochemical parameters and the family wise shorting of elite plant species may potentially benefit the theranostic future of plant-based NPs.

Drug Delivery Systems of Natural Products in Oncology

In recent decades, increasing interest in the use of natural products in anticancer therapy field has been observed, mainly due to unsolved drug-resistance problems. The antitumoral effect of natural compounds involving different signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms has been largely demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. The encapsulation of natural products into different delivery systems may lead to a significant enhancement of their anticancer efficacy by increasing in vivo stability and bioavailability, reducing side adverse effects and improving target-specific activity. This review will focus on research studies related to nanostructured systems containing natural compounds for new drug delivery tools in anticancer therapies.

Nucleic Acid Delivery with α-Tocopherol-Polyethyleneimine-Polyethylene Glycol Nanocarrier System

Purpose

Nucleic acid-based therapies are a promising therapeutic tool. The major obstacle in their clinical translation is their efficient delivery to the desired tissue. We developed a novel nanosized delivery system composed of conjugates of α-tocopherol, polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene glycol (TPP) to deliver nucleic acids.

Methods

We synthesized a panel of TPP molecules using different molecular weights of PEG and PEI and analyzed with various analytical approaches. The optimized version of TPP (TPP₁₁₁ - the 1:1:1 molecular ratio) was self-assembled in water to produce nanostructures and then evaluated in diversified in vitro and in vivo studies.

Results

Through a panel of synthesized molecules, TPP₁₁₁ conjugate components self-assembled in water, forming globular shaped nanostructures of ~90 nm, with high nucleic acid entrapment efficiency. The polymer had low cytotoxicity in vitro and protected nucleic acids from nucleases. Using a luciferase-expressing plasmid, TPP₁₁₁-plasmid nano-complexes were rapidly up-taken by cancer cells in vitro and induced strong transfection, comparable to PEI. Colocalization of the nano-complexes and endosomes/lysosomes suggested an endosome-mediated uptake. Using a subcutaneous tumor model, intravenously injected nano-complexes preferentially accumulated to the tumor area over 24 h.

Conclusion

These results indicate that we successfully synthesized the TPP₁₁₁ nanocarrier system, which can deliver nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo and merits further evaluation.

Atherosclerosis and Nanomedicine Potential: Current Advances and Future Opportunities

Atherosclerosis is the leading inducement of cardiovascular diseases, which ranks the first cause of global deaths. It is an arterial disease associated with dyslipidemia and changes in the composition of the vascular wall. Besides invasive surgical strategy, the current conservative clinical treatment for atherosclerosis falls into two categories, lipid regulating-based therapy and antiinflammatory therapy. However, the existing strategies based on conventional drug delivery systems have shown limited efficacy against disease development and plenty of side effects. Nanomedicine has great potential in the development of targeted therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, the design of novel specific drugs and diagnostic modalities, and biocompatible scaffolds with multifunctional characteristics, which has led to an evolution in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. This paper will focus on the latest nanomedicine strategies for atherosclerosis diagnosis and treatment as well as discussing the potential therapeutic targets during atherosclerosis progress, which could form the basis of development of novel nanoplatform against atherosclerosis.

Hyaluronic Acid-Based Theranostic Nanomedicines for Targeted Cancer Therapy

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural mucopolysaccharide and has many useful advantages, including biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, chemical versatility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and high hydrophilicity. Numerous tumor cells overexpress several receptors that have a high binding affinity for HA, while these receptors are poorly expressed in normal body cells. HA-based drug delivery carriers can offer improved solubility and stability of anticancer drugs in biological environments and allow for the targeting of cancer treatments. Based on these benefits, HA has been widely investigated as a promising material for developing the advanced clinical cancer therapies in various formulations, including nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and hydrogels, combined with other materials. We describe various approaches and findings showing the feasibility of improvement in theragnosis probes through the application of HA.

Bio responsive self-assembly of Au-miRNAs for targeted cancer theranostics

Background

MicroRNA (miRNA) therapeutics are a promising approach to cancer treatment. However, this method faces considerable challenges to achieve tissue-specific, efficient, and safe delivery of miRNAs in vivo.

Methods

Herein, we developed a miRNA delivery system based on the in situ self-assembly of Au-miRNA nanocomplexes (Au-miRNA NCs). Within the cancer microenvironment, we constructed in situ self-assembled Au-miRNA NCs by coincubating gold salt and tumor suppressor mimics, such as let-7a, miRNA-34a, and miRNA-200a.

Findings

The in vitro experiments demonstrated that characteristic in situ self-assembled Au-miRNA NCs were present in cancer cells and can be taken up to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells effectively. Most importantly, as proven in subcutaneous tumor treatment models, Au-miRNA NCs were especially useful for accurate target imaging and tumor suppression, with significantly enhanced antitumor effects for combination therapy.

Interpretation

These observations highlight that a new strategy for the in situ biosynthesis of Au-let-7a NCs, Au-miR-34a NCs, and Au-miR-200a NCs is feasible, and this may assist in the delivery of more miRNA to tumor cells for cancer treatment. This work opens up new opportunities for the development of miRNA tumor therapy strategies.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (91753106); Primary Research & Development Plan of Jiangsu Province (BE2019716); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0205300).

Multifunctional nanomedicines for targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in colorectal cancer

Systemic administration of chemotherapeutics by nanocarriers (NCs) functionalized with targeting agents provides a localized accumulation of drugs in the target tissues and cells. Advanced nanoscaled medicaments can enter into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and overcome the uniquely dysregulated biological settings of TME, including highly pressurized tumor interstitial fluid in an acidic milieu. Such multimodal nanomedicines seem to be one of the most effective treatment modalities against solid tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC). To progress and invade, cancer cells overexpress various oncogenes and molecular markers such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), which can be exploited for targeted delivery of nanoscaled drug delivery systems (DDSs). In fact, to develop effective personalized multimodal nanomedicines, the type of solid tumor and status of the disease in each patient should be taken into consideration. While the development of such multimodal-targeted nanomedicines is largely dependent on the expression level of oncomarkers, the type of NCs and homing/imaging agents play key roles in terms of their efficient applications. In this review, we provide deep insights into the development of EGFR-targeting nanomedicines and discuss various types of nanoscale DDSs (e.g., organic and inorganic nanoparticles) for targeting of the EGFR-positive solid tumors such as CRC.

The vacuolization of macrophages induced by large amounts of inorganic nanoparticle uptake to enhance the immune response

Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), particularly iron oxide (IO) and gold (Au) NPs, are widely used in a variety of biomedical applications, such as diagnosis and cancer therapy. As an important component of host defense in organisms, macrophages play a crucial role in responding to foreign substances, such as nanoparticles. Thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the nanotoxicity effects on the immune system by investigating the influences of such nanoparticles. In this study, we found that macrophages can take up large amounts of amphiphilic polymer (PMA)-modified Au and IO NPs, which will induce macrophage cell vacuolization and enhance macrophage polarization. This mechanism is an essential part of the immune response in vivo. In addition, we report that smaller-sized nanoparticles (ca. 4 nm) show more significant effects on the macrophage polarization and caused lysosomal damage compared to larger nanoparticles (ca. 14 nm). Moreover, the amount of NP uptake in macrophages decreases upon trapping the PMA with PEG, resulting in reduced vacuolization and a reduced immune response. We hypothesize that vacuoles are formed in large amounts during NP uptake by macrophages, which enhances the immune response and induces macrophages toward M1 polarization. These findings are potentially useful for disease treatment and understanding the immune response when NPs are used in vitro and in vivo.

miRNAs in gastrointestinal diseases: can we effectively deliver RNA-based therapeutics orally?

Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are evaluated for their potential of treating a plethora of diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Short nucleic acids, such as miRNAs, have emerged as versatile regulators for gene expression and are studied for therapeutic purposes. However, their inherent instability in vivo following enteral and parenteral administration has prompted the development of novel methodologies for their delivery. Although research on the oral delivery of siRNAs is progressing, with the development and utilization of promising carrier-based methodologies for the treatment of a plethora of gastrointestinal diseases, research on miRNA-based oral therapeutics is lagging behind. In this review, we present the potential role of miRNAs in diseases of the GI tract, and analyze current research and the cardinal features of the novel carrier systems used for nucleic acid oral delivery that can be expanded for oral miRNA administration.