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Jiang W, Mooney MH, Shirali M. Unveiling the Genetic Landscape of Feed Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows: Insights into Heritability, Genetic Markers, and Pathways via Meta-Analysis. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae040. [PMID: 38354297 PMCID: PMC10957122 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving the feeding efficiency of dairy cows is a key component to improve the utilization of land resources and meet the demand for high-quality protein. Advances in genomic methods and omics techniques have made it possible to breed more efficient dairy cows through genomic selection. The aim of this review is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the biological background of feed efficiency (FE) complex traits in purebred Holstein dairy cows including heritability estimate, and genetic markers, genes, and pathways participating in FE regulation mechanism. Through a literature search, we systematically reviewed the heritability estimation, molecular genetic markers, genes, biomarkers, and pathways of traits related to feeding efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. A meta-analysis based on a random-effects model was performed to combine reported heritability estimates of FE complex. The heritability of residual feed intake, dry matter intake, and energy balance was 0.20, 0.34, and 0.22, respectively, which proved that it was reasonable to include the related traits in the selection breeding program. For molecular genetic markers, a total of 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variance loci, associated genes, and functions were reported to be significant across populations. A total of 169 reported candidate genes were summarized on a large scale, using a higher threshold (adjusted P value < 0.05). Then, the subsequent pathway enrichment of these genes was performed. The important genes reported in the articles were included in a gene list and the gene list was enriched by gene ontology (GO):biological process (BP), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis. Three GO:BP terms and four KEGG terms were statistically significant, which mainly focused on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, electron transport chain, and OXPHOS pathway. Among these pathways, involved genes such as ATP5MC2, NDUFA, COX7A2, UQCR, and MMP are particularly important as they were previously reported. Twenty-nine reported biological mechanisms along with involved genes were explained mainly by four biological pathways (insulin-like growth factor axis, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation pathways, tryptophan metabolism). The information from this study will be useful for future studies of genomic selection breeding and genetic structures influencing animal FE. A better understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms would be beneficial, particularly as it might address genetic antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Masoud Shirali
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, UK
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2
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Lu Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Liao Y, Kang Z, Feng X, Yan H, Li J, Wang L, Lu T, Zhang D, Huang Y, Yue W. The positive association between antipsychotic-induced weight gain and therapeutic response: New biotypes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2023; 324:115226. [PMID: 37116323 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) and therapeutic response (TR) did exist in clinic but was rarely studied. This study aims to identify potential TR/ AIWG biotypes and explore the clinical, genetic and neuroimaging features. This study enrolled 3030 patients to identify potential TR/AIWG biotypes and explore the clinical, genetic and neuroimaging features. We found three biotypes: TR+nonAIWG (46.91%), TR+AIWG (18.82%), and nonTR+nonAIWG (34.27%). TR+AIWG showed lower weight and lipid level at baseline, but higher changing rate, and higher genetic risk of obesity than TR+nonAIWG and nonTR+nonAIWG. GWAS identified ADIPOQ gene related to TR+AIWG biotypes and top-ranked loci enriched in one-carbon metabolic process, which related to both schizophrenia and metabolic dysfunction. Genetically predicted TR+AIWG was associated with higher odds of diabetes (OR=1.05). The left supplementary motor area was significantly negatively correlated with PRS of obesity. The distinguishing ability with multi-omics data to identify TR+AIWG reached 0.787. In a word, the "thin" patients with a higher risk of obesity are the target population of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuyanan Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yundan Liao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhewei Kang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Guan X, Xu J, Xiu M, Li X, Liu H, Wu F. Kynurenine pathway metabolites and therapeutic response to olanzapine in female patients with schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1539-1546. [PMID: 35769008 PMCID: PMC9437236 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A metabolomics approach has recently been used to identify metabolites associated with response to antipsychotic treatment. This study was designed to identify the predictive biomarkers of response to olanzapine monotherapy using a metabolomics-based strategy. METHODS Twenty-five first-episode and drug-naïve female patients with schizophrenia were recruited and treated with olanzapine for 4 weeks. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and 4-week follow-up. RESULTS Positive subscore, general psychopathology subscore, and PANSS total score were significantly decreased after treatment. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)-based metabolomics approach identified 72 differential metabolites after treatment. In addition, the baseline levels of methyl n-formylanthranilate (MNFT) were correlated with the rate of reduction in the positive subscore or PANSS total score. However, increase in MNFT after treatment was not associated with the rate of reduction in the PANSS total score or its subscores. Subsequent regression analysis revealed that the baseline MNFT levels predicted the treatment outcomes after olanzapine monotherapy for 4 weeks in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our study results suggest that the baseline MNFT levels in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism may be predictive of the treatment response to olanzapine in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Guan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xirong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Fernández de la Cruz L, Isomura K, Lichtenstein P, Rück C, Mataix-Cols D. Morbidity and mortality in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104602. [PMID: 35271916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the general somatic health of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is very limited. Here, we critically review the emerging literature on the topic. Rapidly accumulating evidence indicates an association between OCD and autoimmune diseases, which is not limited to streptococcus-related conditions. Similarly, an association with metabolic and circulatory system diseases has been reported, which is at least partially independent from psychiatric comorbidities and familial confounders. Preliminary results also suggest potential links with dementia, insomnia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, migraine, and chronic pain, but replication is warranted. The risk of death by suicide in OCD is now well established. OCD has also been associated to increased mortality due to natural causes, but more research on specific causes of death is needed. Clarification of the mechanisms behind the observed associations will be critical to inform the rational design of prevention efforts. In the meantime, while OCD symptom reduction remains a priority, clinicians should also focus on monitoring the general health and promoting healthy lifestyles of persons with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kayoko Isomura
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Boiko AS, Pozhidaev IV, Paderina DZ, Bocharova AV, Mednova IA, Fedorenko OY, Kornetova EG, Loonen AJM, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. Search for Possible Associations of FTO Gene Polymorphic Variants with Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Body Mass Index in Schizophrenia Patients. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:1123-1131. [PMID: 34522123 PMCID: PMC8434933 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s327353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by abdominal obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. FTO gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, but the available scientific data concerning their relationship to antipsychotic drug-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome is still incomplete and inconsistent, which indicates that continuing the investigation of this gene’s role is necessary. Patients and Methods In the present study, 517 patients with schizophrenia underwent antipsychotic drug treatment, and two groups were identified: patients with MetS and without MetS. Genotyping of 6 SNPs in the FTO gene was performed, and the results analyzed using R-programme. Results We performed a statistical analysis to identify possible associations of the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the studied polymorphisms with the presence of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients, with the presence of abdominal obesity, and with an increased body mass index. The rs7185735 polymorphism did not meet the Hardy-Weinberg criterion and was excluded. After correcting for differences in age, gender and duration of illnesses, none of the variants was shown to be related to metabolic syndrome or abdominal obesity, but rs9939609, rs1421085, rs3751812 and rs8050136 were associated with body mass index. Conclusion The present study provides additional support for these SNP’s roles as a pharmacogenetic biomarker that may become useful in the framework of the personalized medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia S Boiko
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Pozhidaev
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Z Paderina
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Bocharova
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A Mednova
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Endogenous Disorders Department, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,University Hospital, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Endogenous Disorders Department, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Addictive Disorders Department, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Psychiatry, Addiction Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Psychiatry, Addiction Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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6
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Liu JH, Chen N, Guo YH, Guan XN, Wang J, Wang D, Xiu MH. Metabolomics-based understanding of the olanzapine-induced weight gain in female first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:409-415. [PMID: 34144444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia (SZ) have greater rate of metabolic disorder as compared with the control population, which likely be the consequence of use of atypical antipsychotics. Olanzapine is a widely used antipsychotic, which increases the weight of SZ patients. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we report the metabolomics-based understanding of the weight gain induced by olanzapine. 57 first-episode drug-naïve patients (FEDN) were recruited, of whom 27 patients completed a 4-week clinical trial. We then profiled the metabolomes of their plasma with the LC-MS-based nontargeted metabolomics approach at the baseline and after olanzapine monotherapy for 4 weeks. We observed that the plasma of the olanzapine-treated patient had significantly higher lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) and lower carnitine as compared with that of the baseline plasma samples. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that the change of LysoPC(14:0) level was an independent contributor to the olanzapine-induced weight gain. Our study suggests that the metabolomics-based approach may facilitate the identification of biomarkers associated with the metabolic disorder causing by antipsychotic in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hong Liu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hong Guo
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Ni Guan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Mei Hong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China.
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7
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Yoshida K, Maciukiewicz M, Zai CC, Gonçalves VF, Brandl EJ, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Tiwari AK, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Association between the -2548G/A polymorphism of the leptin gene and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: Analysis of the CATIE sample and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109952. [PMID: 32335267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotics, especially most of the second-generation antipsychotics, have a high risk for metabolic syndrome and antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG). A promoter variant of the leptin (LEP) gene, -2548G/A (rs7799039), has been associated with AIWG in several studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate this association in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) sample, followed by meta-analysis. METHODS We investigated the association between rs7799039 and AIWG in a sub-sample of European (N = 164) individuals from the CATIE study. Body mass index (BMI) change and weight gain (presence or absence) was analyzed using ANCOVA and logistic regression, respectively. For the meta-analysis, a literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO up to October 2019. The pooled odds ratio was calculated for presence or absence of weight gain (≥7% weight change) using a random effects model. RESULTS We did not detect an association between rs7799039 and BMI change or weight gain (presence or absence) in the CATIE sample. As for the meta-analysis, we included 12 studies. No significant associations between the LEP rs7799039 polymorphism and AIWG were observed under the allelic genetic model (allele A vs. allele G) (OR = 1.10 [0.71, 1.70], p = .68). In the subgroup analyses of first-episode schizophrenia patients, a significant association between the A-allele and weight gain was observed, respectively (OR = 2.32 [1.41, 3.82], p = .0009). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis showed no significant effect of rs7799039 on AIWG. However, this variant may influence AIWG in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Further investigation of a larger and more homogenous sample is required to elucidate the role of the LEP gene in AIWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yoshida
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clement C Zai
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa F Gonçalves
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva J Brandl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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Gassó P, Arnaiz JA, Mas S, Lafuente A, Bioque M, Cuesta MJ, Díaz-Caneja CM, García C, Lobo A, González-Pinto A, Parellada M, Corripio I, Vieta E, Castro-Fornieles J, Mané A, Rodríguez N, Boloc D, Saiz-Ruiz J, Bernardo M. Association study of candidate genes with obesity and metabolic traits in antipsychotic-treated patients with first-episode psychosis over a 2-year period. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:514-523. [PMID: 32009515 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120903462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) often display different metabolic disturbances even independently of drug therapy. However, antipsychotic (AP) treatment, especially with second-generation APs, is strongly linked to weight gain, which increases patients' risk of developing obesity and other metabolic diseases. There is an important genetic risk component that can contribute to the appearance of these disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of polymorphisms in selected candidate genes on obesity and other anthropometric and metabolic traits in 320 AP-treated FEP patients over the course of a 2-year follow-up. METHODS These patients were recruited in the multicentre PEPs study (Phenotype-genotype and environmental interaction; Application of a predictive model in first psychotic episodes). A total of 127 validated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 candidate genes were included in the genetic analysis. RESULTS After Bonferroni correction, SNPs in ADRA2A, FTO, CNR1, DRD2, DRD3, LEPR and BDNF were associated with obesity, abdominal circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and/or percentage of glycated haemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS Although our results should be interpreted as exploratory, they support previous evidence of the impact of these candidate genes on obesity and metabolic status. Further research is required to gain a better knowledge of the genetic variants that can be considered relevant metabolic risk factors. The ability to identify FEP patients at higher risk for these metabolic disturbances would enable clinicians to better select and control their AP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gassó
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Arnaiz
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Amalia Lafuente
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Cuesta
- Departmentof Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clemente García
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Hospital Universitario Araba, Servicio de Psiquiatria, UPV/EHU, Bioaraba, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corripio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bipolar Disorder Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Hospital del Mar, Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Boloc
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Saiz-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Bipolar Disorder Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
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- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Araba, Servicio de Psiquiatria, UPV/EHU, Bioaraba, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Bipolar Disorder Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar, Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza.,INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Vizcaya, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas 12), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Molecular pathway analysis associates alterations in obesity-related genes and antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2020; 32:72-83. [PMID: 31619305 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotics often induce excessive weight gain. We hypothesised that individuals with genetic variations related to known obesity-risk genes have an increased risk of excessive antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG). This hypothesis was tested in a subset of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial data set. METHODS The CATIE trial compared effects and side effects of five different antipsychotics through an 18-month period. Based on the maximum weight gain recorded, excessive weight gain was defined as >7% weight gain. Cytoscape and GeneMANIA were instrumental in composing a molecular pathway from eight selected genes linked to obesity. Genetic information on a total of 495.172 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were available from 765 (556 males) individuals. Enrichment test was conducted through ReactomePA and Bioconductor. A permutation test was performed, testing the generated pathway against 105 permutated pathways (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, a standard genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis was performed. RESULT GWAS analysis did not detect significant differences related to excessive weight gain. The pathway generated contained 28 genes. A total of 2067 SNPs were significantly expressed (p < 0.01) within this pathway when comparing excessive weight gainers to the rest of the sample. Affected genes including PPARG and PCSK1 were not previously related to treatment-induced weight gain. CONCLUSIONS The molecular pathway composed from high-risk obesity genes was shown to overlap with genetics of patients who gained >7% weight gain during the CATIE trial. This suggests that genes related to obesity compose a pathway of increased risk of excessive AIWG. Further independent analyses are warranted that may confirm or clarify the possible reasoning behind.
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10
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Liao J, Wang N, Ma M, Lu T, Yan H, Yue W. C677T Polymorphism in the MTHFR Gene Is Associated With Risperidone-Induced Weight Gain in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:617. [PMID: 32714219 PMCID: PMC7343847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism with risperidone-induced weight gain. METHODS We analyzed the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risperidone-induced weight gain in 356 schizophrenia patients. The patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks. The height and body weight of the patients were measured before and 8 weeks after risperidone treatment. Blood DNA was genotyped for MTHFR C677T polymorphisms. RESULTS We found a significant association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and body mass index (BMI) change after 8-week risperidone treatment. The BMI of carriers with different genotypes of MTHFR gene increased over 2-8 weeks. After 8 weeks of risperidone treatment, BMI added value (kg/m2) of CC or CT genotype carriers was significantly higher than that of TT genotype carriers [CC (4.47 ± 1.09), CT (4.54 ± 1.27), TT (2.31 ± 0.75), F = 5.634, P = 0.001]. Based on whether the rate of weight gain from baseline at 8 weeks of treatment exceeded 7%, it was divided into a weight gain group (n = 61) and a non-weight gain group (n = 295). The C allele frequency was significantly different between the two groups (48.4% vs 32.4%, χ2 = 11.342, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with risperidone-induced weight gain in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Liao
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Beijing, China.,School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Biological Psychiatry, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Ma
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Beijing, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Beijing, China.,School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Getting to precision psychopharmacology: Combining clinical and genetic information to predict fat gain from aripiprazole. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:67-74. [PMID: 31039482 PMCID: PMC6546502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION All atypical antipsychotics are associated with some degree of weight gain. We applied a novel statistical approach to identify moderators of aripiprazole-induced fat gain using clinical and genetic data from a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of treatment resistant depression in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults aged ≥60 years with non-response to a prospective trial of venlafaxine were randomized to 12 weeks of aripiprazole augmentation (n = 91) or placebo (n = 90). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measured adiposity at baseline and 12 weeks. Independent moderators of total body fat gain were used to generate two combined multiple moderators, one including clinical data alone and one including both clinical and genetic data to characterize individuals who gained fat during aripiprazole augmentation. RESULTS The value of the combined genetic + clinical multiple moderator (Mcg) was 0.57 [95% CI 0.46, 0.68] (effect size: 0.57), compared to the combined clinical moderator (Mc) value of 0.49 [0.34, 0.63] (effect size: 0.49). Individuals who gained adiposity in this study were more likely to be female and younger in age, have lower weight, fasting glucose and lipids at baseline and positive for the HTR2C polymorphism. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate a combined multiple moderator approach, including both clinical and genetic moderators, can be applied to existing clinical trial data to understand adverse treatment effects. This method allowed for more specific characterization of individuals at risk for the outcome of interest. Further work is needed to identify additional genetic moderators and to validate the approach.
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12
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The effects of antipsychotic medications on microbiome and weight gain in children and adolescents. BMC Med 2019; 17:112. [PMID: 31215494 PMCID: PMC6582584 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical antipsychotics, also known as second-generation antipsychotics, are commonly prescribed as treatment for psychotic disorders in adults, as well as in children and adolescents with behavioral problems. However, in many cases, second-generation antipsychotics have unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, potentially further increasing risk for morbidities including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While various mechanisms for this weight gain have been proposed, including effects on metabolic hormone signaling, recent evidence points to the importance of the gut microbiome in this process. The microbial communities residing within the gut are affected by second-generation antipsychotics and can confer weight gain. MAIN TEXT This review summarizes recent findings and presents data linking second-generation antipsychotics, gut microbiota alterations and weight gain. The review focuses on children and adolescent populations, which have not previously received much attention, but are of great interest because they may be most vulnerable to gut microbiome changes and may carry long-term metabolic effects into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS We present correlations between second-generation antipsychotics, gut microbiota alterations and weight gain, and suggest some mechanisms that may link them. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may lead to the design of improved treatments for psychotic disorders with fewer harmful side effects.
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13
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Zhou Y, Connor EE, Wiggans GR, Lu Y, Tempelman RJ, Schroeder SG, Chen H, Liu GE. Genome-wide copy number variant analysis reveals variants associated with 10 diverse production traits in Holstein cattle. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:314. [PMID: 29716533 PMCID: PMC5930521 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variation (CNV) is an important type of genetic variation contributing to phenotypic differences among mammals and may serve as an alternative molecular marker to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for genome-wide association study (GWAS). Recently, GWAS analysis using CNV has been applied in livestock, although few studies have focused on Holstein cattle. RESULTS We describe 191 CNV detected using intensity data from over 700,000 SNP genotypes generated with the BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA) in 528 Holstein cows. The CNV were used for GWAS analysis of 10 important production traits of 473 cattle related to feed intake, milk quality, and female fertility, as well as 2 composite traits of net merit and productive life. In total, we detected 57 CNV associated (P < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction) with at least one of the 10 phenotypes. Focusing on feed efficiency and intake-related phenotypes of residual feed intake and dry matter intake, we detected a single CNV associated with both traits which overlaps a predicted olfactory receptor gene OR2A2 (LOC787786). Additionally, 2 CNV within the RXFP4 (relaxin/insulin like family peptide receptor 4) and 2 additional olfactory receptor gene regions, respectively, were associated with residual feed intake. The RXFP4 gene encodes a receptor for an orexigenic peptide, insulin-like peptide 5 produced by intestinal L cells, which is expressed by enteric neurons. Olfactory receptors are critical for transmitting the effects of odorants, contributing to the sense of smell, and have been implicated in participating in appetite regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify CNV for genomic evaluation in Holstein cattle, and provide candidate genes, such as RXFP4, contributing to variation in feed efficiency and feed intake-related traits. These results indicate potential novel targets for manipulating feed intake-related traits of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Erin E Connor
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - George R Wiggans
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Yongfang Lu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Robert J Tempelman
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven G Schroeder
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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14
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Genetic variants impacting metabolic outcomes among people on clozapine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2989-3008. [PMID: 28879574 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is the gold standard medication for treatment refractory schizophrenia, but unfortunately, its use is also associated with many adverse metabolic side effects. There may be a strong genetic component to the development of these adverse effects. We undertook a systematic review to examine the evidence for genetic variation being associated with secondary metabolic outcomes in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine, under both longitudinal and cross-sectional study designs. We limited studies to those examining patients definitely taking clozapine, unlike prior reviews that have examined metabolic effects of patients taking a range of antipsychotic medications. We found associations with outcomes such as increases in BMI and metabolic syndrome for variants in genes such as LEP and HTR2C. Meta-analysis of rs381328 in HTR2C revealed that the presence of the T allele led to a 0.63 kg/m2 (95% CI - 1.06 to - 0.19; p = 0.005) decrease in BMI compared to the C allele. Study and population heterogeneity and lack of statistical power among reviewed articles mean that evidence is lacking to warrant prophylactic genotyping of patients commencing clozapine to predict those at increased risk of developing adverse metabolic effects. Further efforts to establish collaborative consortia, consensus around study design and replication studies in independent populations should be encouraged.
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15
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Core Concepts Involving Adverse Psychotropic Drug Effects: Assessment, Implications, and Management. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2016; 39:375-89. [PMID: 27514295 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects from psychiatric drugs can profoundly influence treatment adherence and outcomes. Good care involves addressing adverse effects no differently than any other component of treatment. Knowledge about adverse effect assessment and management fosters a proper context that helps clinicians not sacrifice a drug's potential therapeutic benefits because of greater concerns about its tolerability. This article provides an overview of basic concepts related to the assessment and management of suspected adverse effects from psychotropic drugs. Key points are discussed regarding clinical, pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic risk factors for treatment-emergent adverse effects, alongside recommendations for their systematic assessment.
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16
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Goff DC, Romero K, Paul J, Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez M, Crandall D, Potkin SG. Biomarkers for drug development in early psychosis: Current issues and promising directions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:923-37. [PMID: 27005595 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of current research in schizophrenia is to understand the biology underlying onset and early progression and to develop interventions that modify these processes. Biomarkers can play a critical role in identifying disease state, factors contributing to underlying progression, as well as predicting and monitoring response to treatment. Once biomarker-based therapeutics are established, biomarkers can guide treatment selection. It is increasingly clear that a wide range of potential biomarkers should be examined in schizophrenia, given the large number of genetic and environmental factors that have been identified as risk factors. New models for analysis of biomarkers are needed that represent the central nervous system as a highly complex, dynamic, and interactive system. Many tools are available with which to study relevant brain chemistry, but most are indirect measures and represent only a small fraction of the potential etiologic factors contributing to the molecular, structural and functional components of schizophrenia. This review represents the work of the International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM) Biomarkers Working Group. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of different categories of biomarkers and provides a summary of evidence that biomarkers representing inflammation, oxidative stress, endocannabinoids, glucocorticoid, and biogenic amines systems are dysregulated and potentially interactive in early phase schizophrenia. As has been recently demonstrated in several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, a multi-modal, longitudinal strategy involving a diverse array of biomarkers and new approaches to statistical modeling are needed to improve early interventions based on the fuller understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Paul
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA
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17
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Butler MG, McGuire AB, Masoud H, Manzardo AM. Currently recognized genes for schizophrenia: High-resolution chromosome ideogram representation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:181-202. [PMID: 26462458 PMCID: PMC6679920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A large body of genetic data from schizophrenia-related research has identified an assortment of genes and disturbed pathways supporting involvement of complex genetic components for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Advances in genetic technology and expanding studies with searchable genomic databases have led to multiple published reports, allowing us to compile a master list of known, clinically relevant, or susceptibility genes contributing to schizophrenia. We searched key words related to schizophrenia and genetics from peer-reviewed medical literature sources, authoritative public access psychiatric websites and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery and characterization of schizophrenia. Our list of 560 genes were arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms. Genome wide pathway analysis using GeneAnalytics was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess the underlying genetic architecture for schizophrenia. Recognized genes of clinical relevance, susceptibility or causation impact a broad range of biological pathways and mechanisms including ion channels (e.g., CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1H), metabolism (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6), multiple targets of neurotransmitter pathways impacting dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin function, brain development (e.g., NRG1, RELN), signaling peptides (e.g., PIK3CA, PIK4CA) and immune function (e.g., HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1) and interleukins (e.g., IL1A, IL10, IL6). This summary will enable clinical and laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and other clinicians to access convenient pictorial images of the distribution and location of contributing genes to inform diagnosis and gene-based treatment as well as provide risk estimates for genetic counseling of families with affected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Correspondence to: Merlin G. Butler, M.D., Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Austen B. McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Humaira Masoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ann M. Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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18
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Landek-Salgado MA, Faust TE, Sawa A. Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:10-28. [PMID: 26390828 PMCID: PMC4684728 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition affecting numerous brain systems. Recent studies have identified genetic factors that confer an increased risk of SZ and participate in the disease etiopathogenesis. In parallel to such bottom-up approaches, other studies have extensively reported biological changes in patients by brain imaging, neurochemical and pharmacological approaches. This review highlights the molecular substrates identified through studies with SZ patients, namely those using top-down approaches, while also referring to the fruitful outcomes of recent genetic studies. We have subclassified the molecular substrates by system, focusing on elements of neurotransmission, targets in white matter-associated connectivity, immune/inflammatory and oxidative stress-related substrates, and molecules in endocrine and metabolic cascades. We further touch on cross-talk among these systems and comment on the utility of animal models in charting the developmental progression and interaction of these substrates. Based on this comprehensive information, we propose a framework for SZ research based on the hypothesis of an imbalance in homeostatic signaling from immune/inflammatory, oxidative stress, endocrine and metabolic cascades that, at least in part, underlies deficits in neural connectivity relevant to SZ. Thus, this review aims to provide information that is translationally useful and complementary to pathogenic hypotheses that have emerged from genetic studies. Based on such advances in SZ research, it is highly expected that we will discover biomarkers that may help in the early intervention, diagnosis or treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Landek-Salgado
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T E Faust
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Abstract
There exists a continuous spectrum of overeating, where at the extremes there are casual overindulgences and at the other a 'pathological' drive to consume palatable foods. It has been proposed that pathological eating behaviors may be the result of addictive appetitive behavior and loss of ability to regulate the consumption of highly processed foods containing refined carbohydrates, fats, salt, and caffeine. In this review, we highlight the genetic similarities underlying substance addiction phenotypes and overeating compulsions seen in individuals with binge eating disorder. We relate these similarities to findings from neuroimaging studies on reward processing and clinical diagnostic criteria based on addiction phenotypes. The abundance of similarities between compulsive overeating and substance addictions puts forth a case for a 'food addiction' phenotype as a valid, diagnosable disorder.
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20
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Association of PCK1 with Body Mass Index and Other Metabolic Features in Patients With Psychotropic Treatments. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:544-52. [PMID: 26280835 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain is a major health problem among psychiatric populations. It implicates several receptors and hormones involved in energy balance and metabolism. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 is a rate-controlling enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, glyceroneogenesis and cataplerosis and has been related to obesity and diabetes phenotypes in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 polymorphisms with metabolic traits in psychiatric patients treated with psychotropic drugs inducing weight gain and in general population samples. One polymorphism (rs11552145G > A) significantly associated with body mass index in the psychiatric discovery sample (n = 478) was replicated in 2 other psychiatric samples (n1 = 168, n2 = 188), with AA-genotype carriers having lower body mass index as compared to G-allele carriers. Stronger associations were found among women younger than 45 years carrying AA-genotype as compared to G-allele carriers (-2.25 kg/m, n = 151, P = 0.009) and in the discovery sample (-2.20 kg/m, n = 423, P = 0.0004). In the discovery sample for which metabolic parameters were available, AA-genotype showed lower waist circumference (-6.86 cm, P = 0.008) and triglycerides levels (-5.58 mg/100 mL, P < 0.002) when compared to G-allele carriers. Finally, waist-to-hip ratio was associated with rs6070157 (proxy of rs11552145, r = 0.99) in a population-based sample (N = 123,865, P = 0.022). Our results suggest an association of rs11552145G > A polymorphism with metabolic-related traits, especially in psychiatric populations and in women younger than 45 years.
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Abstract
Youth receiving treatment with antipsychotics are particularly susceptible to weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and associated metabolic disorders, which is directly associated with excess morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. The risk of T2D is 2- to 3-fold that of the general population, starts early in the course of treatment, and reflects the effects of weight gain in conjunction with direct effects of antipsychotics on the hypothalamus, pancreatic beta cells, and insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues. Close monitoring with early intervention through lifestyle intervention, switching away from antipsychotics with deleterious metabolic effects, and adjunctive treatment with metformin are modalities available to mitigate weight gain and improve cardiometabolic health in these patients. Despite rapidly advancing knowledge in the field, patient's access to metabolic screening and quality care remains limited. Efforts must be made to broaden reach of early cardiometabolic intervention among these patients in order to avert serious cardiovascular disease burden in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpoj Pramyothin
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Genetics of second-generation antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-induced weight gain in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:354-62. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Li H, Wang X, Zhou Y, Ni G, Su Q, Chen Z, Chen Z, Li J, Chen X, Hou X, Xie W, Xin S, Zhou L, Huang M. Association of LEPR and ANKK1 Gene Polymorphisms with Weight Gain in Epilepsy Patients Receiving Valproic Acid. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv021. [PMID: 25740917 PMCID: PMC4540110 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight gain is the most frequent adverse effect of valproic acid (VPA) treatment, resulting in poor compliance and many endocrine disturbances. Similarities in the weight change of monozygotic twins receiving VPA strongly suggests that genetic factors are involved in this effect. However, few studies have been conducted to identify the relevant genetic polymorphisms. Additionally, the causal relationship between the VPA concentration and weight gain has been controversial. Thus, we investigated the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several appetite stimulation and energy homeostasis genes and the steady state plasma concentrations (Css) of VPA on the occurrence of weight gain in patients. METHODS A total of 212 epilepsy patients receiving VPA were enrolled. Nineteen SNPs in 11 genes were detected using the Sequenom MassArray iPlex platform, and VPA Css was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS After 6 months of treatment, 20.28% of patients were found to gain a significant amount of weight (weight gained ≥7%). Three SNPs in the leptin receptor (LEPR), ankyrin repeat kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1), and α catalytic subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) showed significant associations with VPA-induced weight gain (p < 0.001, p = 0.017 and p = 0.020, respectively). After Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, the genotypic association of LEPR rs1137101, the allelic association of LEPR rs1137101, and ANKK1 rs1800497 with weight gain remained significant. However, the VPA Css in patents who gained weight were not significantly different from those who did not gain weight (p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS LEPR and ANKK1 genetic polymorphisms may have value in predicting VPA-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Drs H Li, Wang, Y Zhou; Zhuojia Chen, J Li, X Chen, Hou, Xin, and Huang); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Drs Ni, Ziyi Chen, and L Zhou); Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (Dr Su); Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Xie).
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24
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Ramsey TL, Liu Q, Brennan MD. Replication of SULT4A1-1 as a pharmacogenetic marker of olanzapine response and evidence of lower weight gain in the high response group. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:933-9. [PMID: 24956247 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Antipsychotic efficacy biomarkers have the potential to improve outcomes in psychotic patients. This study examined the effect of SULT4A1-1 haplotype status (rs2285162 [A]-rs2285167 [G]) on olanzapine response. PATIENTS & METHODS We evaluated 87 olanzapine treated subjects from Phases 1, 1B and 2 of the CATIE trial for the impact of SULT4A1-1 status on change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score using two models of response. We also examined weight change. RESULTS SULT4A1-1-positive status correlated with superior olanzapine response in Phase 1 (p = 0.004 for model 1 and p = 0.001 for model 2) and Phases 1B/2 (p = 0.05 for model 1 and p = 0.007 for model 2). SULT4A1-1-positive subjects gained significantly less weight per month on olanzapine, 0.15 lbs, than did SULT4A1-1-negative subjects, 2.27 lbs (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION This study provides a second replication of superior olanzapine response in SULT4A1-1-positive subjects compared with SULT4A1-1-negative subjects. SULT4A1-1-positive subjects treated with olanzapine also gained less weight than SULT4A1-1-negative subjects.
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25
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is twofold to threefold higher in people with severe mental illness (SMI) than in the general population, with diabetes mellitus affecting ∼12% of people receiving antipsychotics. The consequences of diabetes mellitus are more severe and frequent in people with SMI than in those without these conditions, with increased rates of microvascular and macrovascular complications, acute metabolic dysregulation and deaths related to diabetes mellitus. Multiple complex mechanisms underlie the association between diabetes mellitus and SMI; these mechanisms include genetic, environmental and disease-specific factors, and treatment-specific factors. Although antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment in SMI, a causative link, albeit of uncertain magnitude, seems to exist between antipsychotics and diabetes mellitus. The principles of managing diabetes mellitus in people with SMI are similar to those for the general population and should follow currently established treatment algorithms. Lifestyle interventions are needed to reduce incident diabetes mellitus. In addition, improved uptake of opportunities to screen for this disease will reduce the high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Currently, people with SMI receive poorer treatment for diabetes mellitus than the general population. Thus, health-care professionals in primary care, diabetes mellitus services and mental health teams have a responsibility to ensure that patients with SMI are not disadvantaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I G Holt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alex J Mitchell
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Infirmary Close, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
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Musil R, Obermeier M, Russ P, Hamerle M. Weight gain and antipsychotics: a drug safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 14:73-96. [PMID: 25400109 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.974549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are widely used in several psychiatric disease entities and exert to a different extent a risk for antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG). As AIWG is associated with an increase in metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular events, knowledge of these risks is crucial for further monitoring and the initiation of counteractive measures. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed and Web of Sciences for randomized-controlled trials and naturalistic observational studies published between 2010 and 2014 with sample sizes exceeding 100, including all marketed SGAs apart from zotepine, and providing data on weight increase. We also summarized relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of head-to-head comparisons. EXPERT OPINION Recently published data still support the hierarchical ranking of SGAs already proposed in previous reviews ranking clozapine and olanzapine as having the highest risk, followed by amisulpride, asenapine, iloperidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone and sertindole in the middle, and aripiprazole, lurasidone and ziprasidone with the lowest risk. Number needed to harm varied considerably in our meta-analysis. Younger patients and patients with a lower baseline body mass index are most vulnerable. The greatest amount of weight gain occurs within the first weeks of treatment. AIWG occurs in all diagnostic groups and is also common in treatment with first-generation antipsychotics; therefore, awareness of this adverse event is essential for anyone prescribing antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Musil
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336 Munich , Germany +1 0049 89 4400 55888 ; +1 0049 89 4400 55188 ;
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Shams TA, Müller DJ. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16:473. [PMID: 25138234 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) is a prevalent side effect of antipsychotic treatment, particularly with second generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine and olanzapine. At this point, there is virtually nothing that can be done to predict who will be affected by AIWG. However, hope for the future of prediction lies with genetic risk factors. Many genes have been studied for their association with AIWG with a variety of promising findings. This review will focus on genetic findings in the last year and will discuss the first epigenetic and biomarker findings as well. Although there are significant findings in many other genes, the most consistently replicated findings are in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C), the leptin, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) genes. The study of genetic risk variants poses great promise in creating predictive tools for side effects such as AIWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahireh A Shams
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
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Delport D, Schoeman R, van der Merwe N, van der Merwe L, Fisher LR, Geiger D, Kotze MJ. Significance of dietary folate intake, homocysteine levels and MTHFR 677 C>T genotyping in South African patients diagnosed with depression: test development for clinical application. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:377-84. [PMID: 24532086 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Low folate intake in the presence of the functional MTHFR 677 C > T (rs1801133) polymorphism is an important cause of elevated homocysteine levels previously implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and many other chronic diseases. In this study the clinical relevance and inter-relationship of these aspects were evaluated in 86 South African patients diagnosed with MDD and 97 population-matched controls participating in a chronic diseases screening program. A questionnaire-based clinical and nutrition assessment was performed, homocysteine levels determined, and all study participants genotyped for MTHFR 677 C > T (rs1801133) using allele-specific TaqMan technology. The folate score was found to be significantly lower in the patient group compared to controls (p = 0.003) and correlated with increased body mass index (BMI), particularly in females with MDD (p = 0.009). BMI was significantly higher in the MDD patients compared with controls after adjustment for age and sex (p = 0.015), but this association was no longer significant after further adjustment for the level of folate intake in the diet. In MDD patients but not controls, the minor T-allele of MTHFR 677 C > T was associated with increased BMI (p = 0.032), which in turn correlated significantly with increased homocysteine levels. The significant association between BMI and homocysteine levels was observed in both the MDD patient (p = 0.049) and control (p = 0.018) study groups. The significantly higher homocysteine levels observed in MDD patients compared to controls after adjustment for age and sex (p = 0.030), therefore appears to be mediated by the effects of MTHFR 677 C > T and low folate intake on BMI. Detection of the low-penetrance MTHFR 677 C > T mutation reinforces the importance of folate intake above the recommended daily dose to prevent or restore dysfunction of the methylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darnielle Delport
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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