1
|
Fu J, Jia L, Wu L, Jiang Y, Zhao R, Du J, Guo L, Zhang C, Xu J, Liu Y. Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2373-2386. [PMID: 37602540 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of ultrasonicated Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract in osteoclast differentiation and its underlying mechanism, providing new strategies for the treatment of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoclasts were induced using macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand. Lactobacillus rhamnosus extracts were obtained via ultrasonic crushing and ultracentrifugation. The effects of the LGG extract on osteoclast differentiation were evaluated, and the related signaling pathways were examined using western blotting. A mouse periodontitis model was established, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract was injected into the gingival sulcus to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract on alveolar bone resorption. RESULTS At 50 μg/mL, Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract inhibited osteoclast differentiation with no effect on apoptosis and proliferation. This phenomenon was achieved by deactivating the NF-κB/c-Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathway through toll-like receptor 2. The in vivo results showed that the local injection of Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract suppressed osteoclast differentiation and alveolar bone resorption. CONCLUSION The ultrasonicated extract of Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB/c-Fos/NFATc1 pathway. Furthermore, it inhibited the destruction of the alveolar bone, providing a new strategy for the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyang Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng H, Liu Y, Deng Y, Li Y, Liu S, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Li B, Sheng W, Liu J, Peng C, Wang W, Yu H. Recent advances of NFATc1 in rheumatoid arthritis-related bone destruction: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Mol Med 2024; 30:20. [PMID: 38310228 PMCID: PMC10838448 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue and joint bone destruction, often leading to significant disability. The main pathological manifestation of joint deformity in RA patients is bone destruction, which occurs due to the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts. The transcription factor nuclear factor-activated T cell 1 (NFATc1) plays a crucial role in this process. The regulation of NFATc1 in osteoclast differentiation is influenced by three main factors. Firstly, NFATc1 is activated through the upstream nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway. Secondly, the Ca2+-related co-stimulatory signaling pathway amplifies NFATc1 activity. Finally, negative regulation of NFATc1 occurs through the action of cytokines such as B-cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), MAF basic leucine zipper transcription factor B (MafB), and LIM homeobox 2 (Lhx2). These three phases collectively govern NFATc1 transcription and subsequently affect the expression of downstream target genes including TRAF6 and NF-κB. Ultimately, this intricate regulatory network mediates osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and the degradation of both organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in understanding the mechanism of NFATc1 in the context of RA-related bone destruction and discusses potential therapeutic agents that target NFATc1, with the aim of offering valuable insights for future research in the field of RA. To assess their potential as therapeutic agents for RA, we conducted a drug-like analysis of potential drugs with precise structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yuexuan Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yasi Deng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yong Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wenbing Sheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Angioni MM, Floris A, Cangemi I, Congia M, Chessa E, Naitza MR, Piga M, Cauli A. Molecular profiling of clinical remission in psoriatic arthritis reveals dysregulation of FOS and CCDC50 genes: a gene expression study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274539. [PMID: 37965313 PMCID: PMC10641465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In psoriatic arthritis (PsA), the primary goal of treatment is clinical remission. This study aimed to characterize the molecular profile underlying the induced clinical remission in patients with PsA, comparing the remission state and the healthy condition. Methods Whole blood transcriptomic analysis was performed on groups of 14 PsA patients in TNFi-induced clinical remission (DAPSA ≤ 4), 14 PsA patients with active disease (DAPSA > 14), and 14 healthy controls (HCs). Then, all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from remission vs. HC comparison were analyzed for functional and biological characteristics by bioinformatics software. The gene expression of 12 genes was then validated by RT-qPCR in an extended cohort of 39 patients in clinical remission, 40 with active disease, and 40 HCs. Results The transcriptomic analysis of PsA remission vs. HCs highlighted the presence of 125 DEGs, and out of these genes, 24 were coding genes and showed a great involvement in immune system processes and a functional network with significant interactions. The RT-qPCR validation confirming the down- and upregulation of FOS (FC -2.0; p 0.005) and CCDC50 (FC +1.5; p 0.005) genes, respectively, in line with their role in orchestrating inflammation and bone metabolism processes, may be related to PsA pathophysiology. Conclusion The transcriptomic profile of clinical remission in PsA is similar to a healthy condition, but not identical, differing for the expression of FOS and CCDC50 genes, which appears to play a key role in its achievement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Angioni
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Floris
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Cangemi
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mattia Congia
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Chessa
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Rita Naitza
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matteo Piga
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miyamoto Y, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Yamamoto T, Haraguchi-Kitakamae M, Abe M, Maruoka H, Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Sasano Y, Udagawa N, Li M, Amizuka N. Histochemical assessment of osteoclast-like giant cells in Rankl -/- mice. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:175-185. [PMID: 37088151 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined mice with gene deletion of Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (Rank) ligand (Rankl) to histologically clarify whether they contained progenitor cells committed to osteoclastic differentiation up to the stage requiring RANK/RANKL signaling. METHODS The tibiae and femora of ten-week-old male wild-type, c-fos-/-, and Rankl-/- mice were used for immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS In Rankl-/- mice, we observed osteoclast-like giant cells, albeit in low numbers, with single or two nuclei, engulfing the mineralized extracellular matrix. TEM revealed that these giant cells contained large numbers of mitochondria, vesicles/vacuoles, and clear zone-like structures but no ruffled borders. They often engulfed fragmented bony/cartilaginous components of the extracellular matrix that had been degraded. Additionally, osteoclast-like giant cells exhibited immunoreactivity for vacuolar H+-ATPase, galectin-3, and siglec-15 but not for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, or MMP-9, all of which are classical hallmarks of osteoclasts. Furthermore, osteoclast-like giant cells were ephrinB2-positive as they were near EphB4-positive osteoblasts that are also positive for alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 in Rankl-/- mice. Unlike Rankl-/- mice, c-fos-/- mice lacking osteoclast progenitors and mature osteoclasts had no ephrinB2-positive osteoclast-like cells or alkaline phosphatase-positive/Runx2-reactive osteoblasts. This suggests that similar to authentic osteoclasts, osteoclast-like giant cells might have the potential to activate osteoblasts in Rankl-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS It seems plausible that osteoclast-like giant cells may have acquired some osteoclastic traits and the ability to resorb mineralized matrices even when the absence of RANK/RANKL signaling halted the osteoclastic differentiation cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Miyamoto
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Northern Army Medical Unit, Camp Makomanai, Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miki Abe
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhi Maruoka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hotaka Ishizu
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, The School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Wang Y, Xu T, Fan Y, Ding Y, Qian J. A novel compound heterozygous mutation of the CLCN7 gene is associated with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:978879. [PMID: 37168803 PMCID: PMC10165073 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.978879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a genetic condition of the skeleton characterized by increased bone density caused by osteoclast formation and function defects. Osteopetrosis is inherited in the form of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive manner. We report autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO; OMIM 611490) in a Chinese case with a history of scarce leukocytosis, vision and hearing loss, frequent seizures, and severe intellectual and motor disability. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene [c.982-1G > C and c.1208G > A (p. Arg403Gln)] in the affected individual, and subsequent familial segregation showed that each parent had transmitted a mutation. Our results confirmed that mutations in the CLCN7 gene caused ARO in a Chinese family. Additionally, our study expanded the clinical and allelic spectrum of the CLCN7 gene and enhanced the applications of WES technology in determining the etiology of prenatal diagnoses in fetuses with ultrasound anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingcan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University & National Children Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Qian
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Jihong Qian
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Lu Z, Zhang L, Kirkwood CL, Kirkwood KL, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by imipramine abolishes the synergy between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis on alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:173-185. [PMID: 34748647 PMCID: PMC8766925 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Clinical studies have shown that metabolic syndrome (MetS) exacerbates periodontitis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Since our animal study has shown that high-fat diet-induced MetS exacerbates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated periodontitis in mouse model and our in vitro study showed that acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) plays a key role in the amplification of LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory response by palmitic acid (PA) in macrophages, we tested our hypothesis that inhibitor of aSMase attenuates MetS-exacerbated periodontitis in animal model. Furthermore, to explore the potential underlying mechanisms, we tested our hypothesis that aSMase inhibitor downregulates pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic gene expression in macrophages in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS We induced MetS and periodontitis in C57BL/6 mice by feeding high-fat diet (HFD) and periodontal injection of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS, respectively, and treated mice with imipramine, a well-established inhibitor of aSMase. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, histological and pathological evaluations as well as cell cultures were performed to evaluate alveolar bone loss, osteoclast formation, periodontal inflammation and pro-inflammatory gene expression. RESULTS Analysis of metabolic parameter showed that while HFD induced MetS by increasing bodyweight, insulin resistance, cholesterol and free fatty acids, imipramine reduced free fatty acids but had no significant effects on other metabolic parameters. MicroCT showed that either MetS or periodontitis significantly reduced bone volume fraction (BVF) of maxilla and the combination of MetS and periodontitis further reduced BVF. However, imipramine increased BVF in mice with both MetS and periodontitis to a level similar to that in mice with periodontitis alone, suggesting that imipramine abolished the synergy between MetS and periodontitis on alveolar bone loss. Consistently, results showed that imipramine inhibited osteoclast formation and periodontal inflammation in mice with both MetS and periodontitis. To elucidate the mechanisms by which imipramine attenuates MetS-exacerbated periodontitis, we showed that imipramine inhibited the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factor c-FOS as well as ceramide production by LPS plus PA in macrophages. CONCLUSION This study has shown that imipramine as an inhibitor of aSMase abolishes the synergy between MetS and periodontitis on alveolar bone loss in animal model and inhibits pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic gene expression in macrophages in vitro. This study provides the first evidence that aSMase is a potential therapeutic target for MetS-exacerbated periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo
| | - Cameron L. Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo
| | - Keith L. Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo,,Department of Head and Neck/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401,Correspondence to Yan Huang, M.D., Ph.D., Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St. Charleston, SC29403, Tel: (843) 789-6824; Fax: (843) 876-5133;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han J, Yang K, An J, Jiang N, Fu S, Tang X. The Role of NRF2 in Bone Metabolism - Friend or Foe? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:813057. [PMID: 35282459 PMCID: PMC8906930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.813057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is closely related to oxidative stress. As one of the core regulatory factors of oxidative stress, NRF2 itself and its regulation of oxidative stress are both involved in bone metabolism. NRF2 plays an important and controversial role in the regulation of bone homeostasis in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and other bone cells. The role of NRF2 in bone is complex and affected by several factors, such as its expression levels, age, sex, the presence of various physiological and pathological conditions, as well as its interaction with certains transcription factors that maintain the normal physiological function of the bone tissue. The properties of NRF2 agonists have protective effects on the survival of osteogenic cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and stem cells. Activation of NRF2 directly inhibits osteoclast differentiation by resisting oxidative stress. The effects of NRF2 inhibition and hyperactivation on animal skeleton are still controversial, the majority of the studies suggest that the presence of NRF2 is indispensable for the acquisition and maintenance of bone mass, as well as the protection of bone mass under various stress conditions. More studies show that hyperactivation of NRF2 may cause damage to bone formation, while moderate activation of NRF2 promotes increased bone mass. In addition, the effects of NRF2 on the bone phenotype are characterized by sexual dimorphism. The efficacy of NRF2-activated drugs for bone protection and maintenance has been verified in a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies. Additional research on the role of NRF2 in bone metabolism will provide novel targets for the etiology and treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyang An
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Jiang
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Songbo Fu
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xulei Tang
- The First Clinical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xulei Tang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao Y, Patil S, Jia J. The Development of Molecular Biology of Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8182. [PMID: 34360948 PMCID: PMC8347149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the major bone disorders that affects both women and men, and causes bone deterioration and bone strength. Bone remodeling maintains bone mass and mineral homeostasis through the balanced action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and bone resorption, respectively. The imbalance in bone remodeling is known to be the main cause of osteoporosis. The imbalance can be the result of the action of various molecules produced by one bone cell that acts on other bone cells and influence cell activity. The understanding of the effect of these molecules on bone can help identify new targets and therapeutics to prevent and treat bone disorders. In this article, we have focused on molecules that are produced by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and their mechanism of action on these cells. We have also summarized the different pharmacological osteoporosis treatments that target different molecular aspects of these bone cells to minimize osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Gao
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Green Speciality Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Jingxian Jia
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Green Speciality Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Role of Dendritic Cells during Physiological and Pathological Dentinogenesis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153348. [PMID: 34362130 PMCID: PMC8348392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue of ectomesenchymal origin that harbors distinct cell populations, capable of interacting with each other to maintain the vitality of the tooth. After tooth injuries, a sequence of complex biological events takes place in the pulpal tissue to restore its homeostasis. The pulpal response begins with establishing an inflammatory reaction that leads to the formation of a matrix of reactionary or reparative dentin, according to the nature of the exogenous stimuli. Using several in vivo designs, antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), are identified in the pulpal tissue before tertiary dentin deposition under the afflicted area. However, the precise nature of this phenomenon and its relationship to inherent pulp cells are not yet clarified. This literature review aims to discuss the role of pulpal DCs and their relationship to progenitor/stem cells, odontoblasts or odontoblast-like cells, and other immunocompetent cells during physiological and pathological dentinogenesis. The concept of “dentin-pulp immunology” is proposed for understanding the crosstalk among these cell types after tooth injuries, and the possibility of immune-based therapies is introduced to accelerate pulpal healing after exogenous stimuli.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao X, Patil S, Xu F, Lin X, Qian A. Role of Biomolecules in Osteoclasts and Their Therapeutic Potential for Osteoporosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:747. [PMID: 34067783 PMCID: PMC8156890 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) are important cells that are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism and are mainly responsible for coordinating bone resorption with bone formation to regulate bone remodeling. The imbalance between bone resorption and formation significantly affects bone metabolism. When the activity of osteoclasts exceeds the osteoblasts, it results in a condition called osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone microarchitecture, decreased bone mass, and increased occurrences of fracture. Molecules, including transcription factors, proteins, hormones, nucleic acids, such as non-coding RNAs, play an important role in osteoclast proliferation, differentiation, and function. In this review, we have highlighted the role of these molecules in osteoclasts regulation and osteoporosis. The developed therapeutics targeting these molecules for the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years have also been discussed with challenges faced in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xi’an 712046, China;
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Fang Xu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Lin
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Airong Qian
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong X, Chen M, Song R, Zhao H, Bian J, Gu J, Liu Z. Overexpression of c-Fos reverses osteoprotegerin-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis by increasing the Beclin1-induced autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:937-945. [PMID: 33277741 PMCID: PMC7812271 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis requires the involvement of transcription factors and degrading enzymes, and is regulated by upstream and downstream signalling. However, c-Fos how regulates osteoclastogenesis through autophagy remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of c-Fos during osteoprotegerin (OPG)-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis. We found that the number of osteoclasts and the expression of c-Fos, MMP-9, CAⅡ, Src and p62 were decreased after treated with OPG, including attenuation the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways, but the expression of Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ were increased. Knockdown of Beclin1 could reverse the expression of c-Fos and MMP-9 by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, but inhibiting the autophagy and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathway. In addition, inhibition of autophagy using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did not rescues OPG-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis, but caused reduction of the expression of c-Fos and CAⅡ by attenuating the autophagy, as well as the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways. Furthermore, continuous activation of c-Fos could reverse OPG-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis by activating the autophagy and the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways. Thus, overexpression of c-Fos could reverse OPG-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis via activation of Beclin1-induced autophagy, indicating c-Fos might serve as a new candidate for bone-related basic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology DevelopmentJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of ZoonosisYangzhouChina
- Center of Excellence for Vector‐Borne DiseasesDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology DevelopmentJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of ZoonosisYangzhouChina
| | - Jianhong Gu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology DevelopmentJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of ZoonosisYangzhouChina
| | - Zongping Liu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology DevelopmentJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of ZoonosisYangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kong L, Wang Y, Smith W, Hao D. Macrophages in Bone Homeostasis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 14:474-481. [PMID: 30767753 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190214163815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant or prolonged immune responses has been proved to be involved in bone homeostasis. As a component of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role in bone homeostasis. Conventionally, according to response to the various panel of stimuli, macrophages can be plastically classified into two major phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are generally proinflammatory, whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory. Although studies demonstrated that both M1 and M2 phenotypes have been implicated in various inflammatory bone diseases, their direct role in bone homeostasis remains unclear. Thus, in this review, we briefly discuss the term "osteoimmunology", which deals with the crosstalk and shared mechanisms of the bone and immune systems. In addition, we overview M1 and M2 macrophages for their role in osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis as well as relevant signaling cascades involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine, Honghui-Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Uinversity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Youhan Wang
- Department of Spine, Honghui-Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Uinversity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine, Honghui-Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong Uinversity, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu M, Li C, Song Z, Mu S, Wang J, Wei W, Han Y, Qiu D, Chu X, Tong C. The increased marginal zone B cells attenuates early inflammatory responses during sepsis in Gpr174 deficient mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 81:106034. [PMID: 31786099 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR174 plays a crucial role in immune responses, but the role of GPR174 in the pathological progress of sepsis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we generated a sepsis model by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to investigate the role of GPR174 in regulating functions and underlying mechanism of marginal zone B (MZ B) cells in sepsis. We found that in Gpr174 deficient mice, the number of splenic MZ B cells was increased. Moreover, Gpr174-/- MZ B cells exhibited an enhanced response to LPS stimulation in vitro. By using the CLP-induced sepsis model, we demonstrated that the increased MZ B cells attenuated early inflammatory responses during sepsis. RNA sequencing results revealed that the expression of c-fos in splenic B lymphocytes was upregulated in Gpr174 deficient mice. However, the protective role of increased MZ B cells in Gpr174 deficient mice was weakened by a c-fos-specific inhibitor. Collectively, these findings suggested that GPR174 plays an immunomodulatory role in early immune responses during sepsis through the regulation of MZ B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Li
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenju Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sucheng Mu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongze Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Chu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaoyang Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu Z, Wu H, Li C, Fu F, Ding J, Shao S, Li K, Yu X, Su Y, Liang J, Lin X, Yuan G, Zhou J, Song F, Zhao J, Xu J, Liu Q, Xu F. Daphnetin attenuates LPS-induced osteolysis and RANKL mediated osteoclastogenesis through suppression of ERK and NFATc1 pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17812-17823. [PMID: 30815894 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic prosthetic loosening and periprosthetic infection resulting in inflammatory osteolysis is a leading complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Excessive bone destruction around the bone and prosthesis interface plays a key role in the loosening prostheses leading to revision surgery. The bacterial endotoxins or implant-derived wear particles-induced inflammatory response is the major cause of the elevated osteoclast formation and activity. Thus, agents or compounds that can attenuate the inflammatory response and/or inhibit the elevated osteoclastogenesis and excessive bone resorption would provide a promising therapeutic avenue to prevent aseptic prosthetic loosening in TJA. Daphnetin (DAP), a natural coumarin derivative, is clinically used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we report for the first time that DAP could protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory bone destruction in a murine calvarial osteolysis model in vivo. This protective effect of DAP can in part be attributed to its direct inhibitory effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and bone resorption in vitro. Biochemical analysis found that DAP inhibited the activation of the ERK and NFATc1 signaling cascades. Collectively, our findings suggest that DAP as a natural compound has potential for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxing Wu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hailun Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangsheng Fu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Li
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuangang Su
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Liang
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangming Song
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Subject Planning Shanghai, Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tong X, Gu J, Song R, Wang D, Sun Z, Sui C, Zhang C, Liu X, Bian J, Liu Z. Osteoprotegerin inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by enhancing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1630-1642. [PMID: 30256440 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly differentiated terminal cells formed by fusion of hematopoietic stem cells. Previously, osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by blocking receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) binding to RANK indirect mechanism. Furthermore, autophagy plays an important role during osteoclast differentiation and function. However, whether autophagy is involved in OPG-inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption is not known. To elucidate the role of autophagy in OPG-inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, we used primary osteoclast derived from mice bone marrow monocytes/macrophages (BMM) by induced M-CSF and RANKL. The results showed that autophagy-related proteins expression were upregulated; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast number and bone resorption activity were decreased; LC3 puncta and autophagosomes number were increased and activated AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. In addition, chloroquine (as the autophagy/lysosome inhibitor, CQ) or rapamycin (as the autophagy/lysosome inhibitor, Rap) attenuated osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity by OPG treatment via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Our data demonstrated that autophagy plays a critical role in OPG inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shiu HT, Leung PC, Ko CH. The roles of cellular and molecular components of a hematoma at early stage of bone healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e1911-e1925. [PMID: 29207216 DOI: 10.1002/term.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone healing is a complex repair process that commences with the formation of a blood clot at the injured bone, termed hematoma. It has evidenced that a lack of a stable hematoma causes delayed bone healing or non-union. The hematoma at the injured bone constitutes the early healing microenvironment. It appears to dictate healing pathways that ends in a regenerative bone. However, the hematoma is often clinically removed from the damaged site. Conversely, blood-derived products have been used in bone tissue engineering for treating critical sized defects, including fibrin gels and platelet-rich plasma. A second generation of platelet concentrate that is based on leukocyte and fibrin content has also been developed and introduced in market. Conflicting effect of these products in bone repair are reported. We propose that the bone healing response becomes dysregulated if the blood response and subsequent formation and properties of a hematoma are altered. This review focuses on the central structural, cellular, and molecular components of a fracture hematoma, with a major emphasis on their roles in regulating bone healing mechanism, and their interactions with mesenchymal stem cells. New angles towards a better understanding of these factors and relevant mechanisms involved at the beginning of bone healing may help to clarify limited or adverse effects of blood-derived products on bone repair. We emphasize that the recreation of an early hematoma niche with critical compositions might emerge as a viable therapeutic strategy for enhanced skeletal tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Ting Shiu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kloos B, Chakraborty S, Lindner SG, Noack K, Harre U, Schett G, Krämer OH, Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin- induced osteoclastogenesis requires mTOR activation. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:40. [PMID: 26369790 PMCID: PMC4570759 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a potent inducer of osteoclast formation. Pigs suffering from an infection with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida strains develop atrophic rhinitis characterised by a loss of turbinate bones and conchae. However, on the molecular level the process of bone loss remains largely uncharacterised. Results Recently it was found that PMT activates the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in fibroblasts. Using RAW264.7 macrophages, we investigated the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in PMT-mediated osteoclast formation. PMT induces the differentiation of RAW264.7 macrophages into multinucleated, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive osteoclasts that are capable to resorb bone. In the presence of the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, PMT was significantly less able to induce the formation of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. Accordingly, the resulting resorption of bone was strongly reduced. A major target of mTOR is the 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70 S6K1). Activated p70 S6K1 decreases the expression of programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), a negative transcriptional regulator of osteoclastogenesis, at the protein and gene level. Ultimately this results in the activation of c-Jun, a component of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex, which is a major transcription factor for the induction of osteoclast-specific genes. We now demonstrate that c-Jun and its downstream target, the osteoclast-specific bone degrading protease cathepsin K, are upregulated upon PMT treatment in an mTOR-dependent manner. Conclusions Activation of mTOR signalling plays a central role in the formation of osteoclasts through the bacterial toxin PMT. On the molecular level, PMT-induced activation of mTOR leads to down regulation of PDCD4, a known repressor of AP-1 complex, culminating in the activation of c-Jun, an essential transcription factor for triggering osteoclastogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-015-0117-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kloos
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sushmita Chakraborty
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja G Lindner
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Noack
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Department of Biochemistry, University of Jena, Hans Knöll Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Harre
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koide N, Kaneda A, Yokochi T, Umezawa K. Inhibition of RANKL- and LPS-induced osteoclast differentiations by novel NF-κB inhibitor DTCM-glutarimide. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
19
|
The P2X7 receptor: a key player in immune-mediated bone loss? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:954530. [PMID: 24574936 PMCID: PMC3915485 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are often multiorganic diseases with manifestations not related directly to the primary affected organ. They are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to osteoporosis and bone fractures. The exact mechanism for the accompanying bone loss is not understood in full detail, but factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, it has become evident that the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune-mediated bone loss. It stems from an increase in bone resorption and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and has been shown to not only mediate the inflammatory response but also to strongly stimulate bone degradation. The purinergic P2X7 receptor is central in the processing of these two cytokines and in the initiation of the inflammatory response, and it is a key molecule in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of this review is therefore to provide evidence-based novel hypotheses of the role of ATP-mediated purinergic signalling via the P2X7 receptor in immune-mediated bone loss and -osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Park JE, Son AI, Zhou R. Roles of EphA2 in Development and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:334-57. [PMID: 24705208 PMCID: PMC3924825 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has been implicated in the regulation of many aspects of mammalian development. Recent analyses have revealed that the EphA2 receptor is a key modulator for a wide variety of cellular functions. This review focuses on the roles of EphA2 in both development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Park
- Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alexander I Son
- Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Renping Zhou
- Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saito K, Nakatomi M, Ida-Yonemochi H, Kenmotsu SI, Ohshima H. The expression of GM-CSF and osteopontin in immunocompetent cells precedes the odontoblast differentiation following allogenic tooth transplantation in mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:518-29. [PMID: 21430263 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411403314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp elaborates both bone and dentin under pathological conditions such as tooth replantation/transplantation. This study aims to clarify the expression of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and osteopontin (OPN) in the process of reparative dentin formation by allogenic tooth transplantation using in situ hybridization for OPN and immunohistochemistry for GM-CSF and OPN at both levels of light and electron microscopes. Following the extraction of the mouse molar, the roots and pulp floor were resected and immediately allografted into the sublingual region. On days 1 to 3, immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells expressed both GM-CSF and OPN, and some of them were arranged along the pulp-dentin border and extended their cellular processes into the dentinal tubules. On days 5 to 7, tubular dentin formation commenced next to the preexisting dentin at the pulp horn where nestin-positive odontoblast-like cells were arranged. Until day 14, bone-like tissue formation occurred in the pulp chamber, where OPN-positive osteoblasts surrounded the bone matrix. These results suggest that the secretion of GM-CSF and OPN by immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells plays a role in the maturation of dendritic cells and the differentiation of odontoblasts, respectively, in the regenerated pulp tissue following tooth transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Saito
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang L, Zhang C, Peng B. Immunolocalization of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor 6 in Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2009; 35:834-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
23
|
Feng MY, Wang K, Shi QT, Yu XW, Geng JS. Gene expression profiling in TWIST-depleted gastric cancer cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:262-70. [PMID: 19051271 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TWIST is an important transcription factor during embryonic development and has recently been found to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon seen during the initial steps of tumor metastasis. To further investigate the potential targets and interacting genes of TWIST in human gastric cancer, we performed microarray analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in HGC-27 cells, with or without small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of TWIST. Our results showed that NF1, RAP1A, SRPX, RBL2, PFDN4, ILK, F2R, ERBB3, and MYB were up-regulated, whereas AKR1C2, FOS, GDF15, NR2F1, ATM, and CTPS were down-regulated after TWIST depletion. Moreover, TWIST-depleted HGC-27 cells showed a reversal of the morphologic and molecular changes associated with EMT. These results provide evidence that TWIST regulates the expression of several genes involved in the differentiation, adhesion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells. The role of TWIST in the development of certain types of gastric cancer is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Feng
- The Pathology Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009; 19:1-46. [PMID: 19191755 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the two major bone cells involved in the bone remodeling process. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation while osteoclasts are the bone-resorbing cells. The major event that triggers osteogenesis and bone remodeling is the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into differentiating osteoblast cells and monocyte/macrophage precursors into differentiating osteoclasts. Imbalance in differentiation and function of these two cell types will result in skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteopetrosis, periodontal disease, and bone cancer metastases. Osteoblast and osteoclast commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of the multiple factors and signaling networks that control the differentiation process at a molecular level. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Understanding the signaling networks that control the commitment and differentiation of bone cells will not only expand our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal development but will also aid our ability to develop therapeutic means of intervention in skeletal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Soltanoff
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Matsuo K. Eph and ephrin interactions in bone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 658:95-103. [PMID: 19950019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1050-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells communicate with each other using various cell surface molecules. Membrane-bound ephrin ligands and Eph tyrosine kinase receptors have been characterized in diverse biological processes, including angiogenesis and neuronal development. Several ephrins and Ephs are expressed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts and regulate bone mineral metabolism through bidirectional signaling into not only receptor-expressing cells but also into ligand-expressing cells. We propose that interaction between ephrinB2-expressing osteoclasts and EphB4-expressing osteoblasts facilitates the transition from bone resorption to bone formation during bone remodeling. Other groups have reported the regulation of ephrinB2 by PTH or PTHrP and the possible involvement of EphB4 in osteoarthritis. It is likely that various ephrins and Ephs mediate interaction among bone cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Collaborative Research Resources, School of Medicine, Keio University, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Correlation between the Expression of c-Fos and Osteoclasts in Induced Periapical Lesions in Rats. J Endod 2008; 34:22-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Kim HJ, Lee Y, Chang EJ, Kim HM, Hong SP, Lee ZH, Ryu J, Kim HH. Suppression of osteoclastogenesis by N,N-dimethyl-D-erythro-sphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibition-independent action. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:418-28. [PMID: 17504945 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (DMS) competitively inhibits sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and has been widely used to assess the role of SPHK during cellular events, including motility, proliferation, and differentiation. In the present study, the effect of DMS on the differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) to osteoclasts was investigated. When the osteoclast precursor cells were treated with DMS, the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis was completely blocked. We were surprised to find, however, that knock-down of SPHK by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in BMMs did not reduce osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, both overexpression of SPHK and exogenous addition of sphingosine-1-phosphate, the product of SPHK activity, failed to overcome the antiosteoclastogenic effect of DMS. These results suggest that DMS inhibited osteoclastogenesis independently of SPHK. Subsequent characterization of the DMS-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis revealed that DMS did not affect RANKL-induced activation of JNK, p38, NF-kappaB, and Ca2+ oscillation. On the other hand, DMS strongly inhibited two separate signaling pathways, the RANKL-induced activation of ERK and Akt, which eventually converged on the transcription factors c-Fos and NFATc1. There was significant increase in the osteoclast formation in the presence of DMS when BMMs were overexpressed with c-Fos, suggesting that c-Fos was a critical downstream target of DMS for the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that DMS has an antiosteoclastogenic function independently of its SPHK inhibitory activity. Considering previously reported anticancer properties of DMS, our study may also propose that DMS is an ideal drug candidate for bone metastases, for which osteoclastic bone-resorption is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hasegawa T, Suzuki H, Yoshie H, Ohshima H. Influence of extended operation time and of occlusal force on determination of pulpal healing pattern in replanted mouse molars. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:259-72. [PMID: 17497176 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism regulating the divergent healing processes following tooth replantation is unclear. This study clarifies the relationship between the healing pattern, the time taken for tooth replantation, and the influence of occlusal force. We investigated the pulpal healing process after tooth replantation by immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and nestin and by histochemistry for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. The upper right first molar of 3-week-old mice was extracted and repositioned in the original socket immediately or 30 min to 6 h after the operation. We divided the animals into a non-occluded group in which the lower right first molar was extracted and an occluded group without extraction of the counterpart tooth. In control teeth (upper left first molar), the periphery of the coronal dental pulp showed intense nestin-positive reaction. Tooth replantation weakened the nestin-positive reaction in the pulp tissue. On postoperative days 5-7, tubular dentin formation commenced next to preexisting dentin in which nestin-positive odontoblast-like cells were arranged in successful cases. In other cases, bone-like tissue formation occurred in the pulp chamber until day 14. The ratio of tertiary dentin formation was significantly higher in the non-occluded group. The intentionally prolonged time for the completion of tooth replantation induced bone-like tissue formation, expanded inflammatory reaction, or fibrous tissue formation in pulp tissue. Thus, the lack of a proper oxygenated medium is probably decisive for the survival of odontoblast-lineage cells, and occlusal force during and/or after operation worsens the fate of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hasegawa
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maruyama K, Sano GI, Ray N, Takada Y, Matsuo K. c-Fos-deficient mice are susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1520-3. [PMID: 17178788 PMCID: PMC1828558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01316-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Fos is a component of transcription factor AP-1. We show that macrophages lacking c-Fos exhibit enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, potentiated NF-kappaB phosphorylation, and increased cell death following Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Furthermore, mice lacking c-Fos are highly susceptible to infection, suggesting that c-Fos confers resistance to Salmonella infection in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Grcević D, Lukić IK, Kovacić N, Ivcević S, Katavić V, Marusić A. Activated T lymphocytes suppress osteoclastogenesis by diverting early monocyte/macrophage progenitor lineage commitment towards dendritic cell differentiation through down-regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Fos. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:146-58. [PMID: 16968409 PMCID: PMC1809724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated T lymphocytes either stimulate or inhibit osteoclastogenesis from haematopoietic progenitors in different experimental models. To address this controversy, we used several modes of T lymphocyte activation in osteoclast differentiation--mitogen-pulse, anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation and in vivo and in vitro alloactivation. Osteoclast-like cells were generated from non-adherent immature haematopoietic monocyte/macrophage progenitors in murine bone-marrow in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and monocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). All modes of in vivo and in vitro T lymphocyte activation and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subpopulations produced similar inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis paralleled by enhanced dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. Osteoclast-inhibitory effect was associated with T lymphocyte activation and not proliferation, and could be replaced by their culture supernatants. The stage of osteoclast differentiation was crucial for the inhibitory action of activated T lymphocytes on osteoclastogenesis, because the suppressive effect was visible only on early osteoclast progenitors but not on committed osteoclasts. Inhibition was associated specifically with increased granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression by the mechanism of progenitor commitment toward lineages other than osteoclast because activated T lymphocytes down-regulated RANK, CD115, c-Fos and calcitonin receptor expression, and increased differentiation towards CD11c-positive DC. An activated T lymphocyte inhibitory role in osteoclastogenesis, confirmed in vitro and in vivo, mediated through GM-CSF release, may be used to counteract activated bone resorption mediated by T lymphocyte-derived cytokines in inflammatory and immune disorders. We also demonstrated the importance of alloactivation in osteoclast differentiation and the ability of cyclosporin A to abrogate T lymphocyte inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, thereby confirming the functional link between alloreaction and bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Grcević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ogawa R, Saito C, Jung HS, Ohshima H. Capacity of dental pulp differentiation after tooth transplantation. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:715-24. [PMID: 16865348 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Under pathological conditions, dental pulp elaborates both bone and dentin matrix in which the contribution of periodontal tissue cannot be excluded. This study has aimed to clarify the capability of dental pulp to deposit bone matrix in an auto-graft experiment by using (1) immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and nestin and (2) histochemistry for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Following the extraction of the molars of 3-week-old mice, the roots and pulp floor were resected and immediately transplanted into the sublingual region. On Days 5-7, tubular dentin formation commenced next to the pre-existing dentin at the pulp horn in which nestin-positive odontoblast-like cells were arranged. Up until Day 14, bone-like tissue formation occurred in the pulp chamber in which intense TRAP-positive cells appeared. These results suggest that odontoblast- and osteoblast-lineage cells reside in the dental pulp. Overall, specific dental pulp regeneration should provide fundamental knowledge for the realization of human tooth regeneration in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichiro Ogawa
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reppe S, Stilgren L, Olstad OK, Brixen K, Nissen-Meyer LS, Gautvik KM, Abrahamsen B. Gene expression profiles give insight into the molecular pathology of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone 2006; 39:189-98. [PMID: 16516570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling has been used to study the molecular mechanisms of increased bone remodeling caused by PHPT. This disease is a model for chronic over-stimulation of target organs by PTH due to an inappropriate overproduction of the hormone. Hyperactivity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts lead to increased calcium and phosphate mobilization from the skeleton and hypercalcaemia. The ensemble of genes that alter expression and thus is responsible for the effects of chronic PTH stimulation is today largely unknown. The differentiated gene expression profiles revealed characteristic molecular disease modalities which define the bone remodeling abnormalities occurring in PTH dependent osteodystrophy. We analyzed mRNAs in transiliacal bone biopsies from 7 patients with PHPT using Affymetrix HG-U133A Gene Chips containing more than 22000 different probe sets. Similar analyses of the global transcriptional activity were repeated in a second bone biopsy from the same patient taken one year after surgery and reversal of disease parameters. Real time PCR was carried out on many genes for corroboration of the results. Out of more than 14500 different genes examined, 99 which were related to bone and extra-cellular matrix, showed altered expression. Of these were 85 up- and 14 down-regulated before operation. The majority of regulated genes represented structural and adhesion proteins, but included also proteases and protease regulators which promote resorption. Increased expressions of collagen type 1 and osteocalcin mRNAs in disease reflecting the PTH anabolic action were paralleled by increased concentrations of these proteins in serum. In addition, genes encoding transcriptional factors and their regulators as well as cellular signal molecules were up-regulated during disease. The identified genetic signature represents the first extensive description of the ensemble of bone and matrix related mRNAs, which are regulated by chronic PTH action. These results identify the molecular basis for this skeletal disease, and provide new insight into this clinical condition with potential bearing on future treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjur Reppe
- University of Oslo, Department of Medical Biochemistry, P.O. Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway, and Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tsukamoto-Tanaka H, Ikegame M, Takagi R, Harada H, Ohshima H. Histochemical and immunocytochemical study of hard tissue formation in dental pulp during the healing process in rat molars after tooth replantation. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 325:219-29. [PMID: 16596394 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp is assumed to possess the capacity to elaborate both bone and dentin matrix under the pathological conditions following tooth injury. This study was undertaken to clarify the mechanism inducing bone formation in the dental pulp by investigating the pulpal healing process, after tooth replantation, by micro-computed tomography (mu-CT), immunocytochemistry for heat-shock protein (HSP)-25 and cathepsin K (CK), and histochemistry for both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Under deep anesthesia, the upper right first molar of 4-week-old Wistar rats was extracted and immediately repositioned in the original socket. In control teeth at this age, the periphery of the coronal dental pulp showed intense ALP-positive and HSP-25-positive reactions, whereas there were no TRAP-positive or CK-positive cells. Tooth replantation weakened or terminated ALP-positive and HSP-25-positive reactions in the pulp tissue at the initial stages. At 3-7 days after operation, the ALP-positive region recovered from the root apex to the coronal pulp followed by HSP-25-positive reactions in successful cases showing tertiary dentin formation. In other cases, TRAP-positive and CK-positive cells appeared in the pulp tissue of the replanted tooth at postoperative days 5-10 and remained associated with the bone tissue after 12-60 days. Immunoelectron microscopy clearly demonstrated that CK-positive osteoclast-lineage cells made contact with mesenchymal cells with prominent nucleoli and well-developed cell organelles. These data suggest that the appearance of TRAP-positive and CK-positive cells is involved in the induction of bone tissue formation in dental pulp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsukamoto-Tanaka
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ray N, Kuwahara M, Takada Y, Maruyama K, Kawaguchi T, Tsubone H, Ishikawa H, Matsuo K. c-Fos suppresses systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Int Immunol 2006; 18:671-7. [PMID: 16569682 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the role of the transcription factor c-Fos in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine response using mice lacking c-Fos (Fos-/- mice). Compared with wild-type controls, Fos-/- macrophages and mice showed significantly enhanced production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p40, but reduced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Bandshift analysis revealed that LPS-induced NF-kappaB binding activity to a functional site in the TNF-alpha promoter was significantly higher in Fos-/- than in wild-type macrophages. Using telemetry, we monitored body temperature and heart rate after LPS injection and found that Fos-/- mice undergo more severe hypothermia and bradycardia than wild-type mice. Such shock responses in Fos-/- mice were significantly reversed by neutralizing TNF-alpha. These data reveal a novel in vivo role for c-Fos as an anti-inflammatory transcription factor acting through suppression of NF-kappaB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelanjan Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The skeleton and the immune system share a variety of different cytokines and transcription factors, thereby mutually influencing each other. These interactions are not confined to the bone marrow cavity where bone cells and hematopoietic cells exist in proximity but also occur at locations that are target sites for inflammatory bone diseases. The newly established research area termed 'osteoimmunology' attempts to unravel these skeletal/immunological relationships. Studies towards a molecular understanding of inflammatory bone diseases from an immunological as well as a bone-centered perspective have been very successful and led to the identification of several signaling pathways that are causally involved in inflammatory bone loss. Induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand (RANKL) signals by activated T cells and subsequent activation of the key transcription factors Fos/activator protein-1 (AP-1), NF-kappaB, and NF for activation of T cells c1 (NFATc1) are in the center of the signaling networks leading to osteoclast-mediated bone loss. Conversely, nature has employed the interferon system to antagonize excessive osteoclast differentiation, although this counteracting activity appears to be overruled under pathological conditions. Here, we focus on Fos/AP-1 functions in osteoimmunology, because this osteoclastogenic transcription factor plays a central role in inflammatory bone loss by regulating genes like NFATc1 as well as the interferon system. We also attempt to put potential therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bone diseases in perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin F Wagner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the formation, activation, and survival of osteoclasts, which are derived from precursor cells in the myeloid lineage. In contrast, study of the regulation of osteoclast precursors (OCPs) has been relatively slow, in part because it has been hard to accurately identify them. However, following the discovery of cell-surface markers that facilitated purification of OCPs, recent studies have demonstrated that peripheral blood OCP numbers are increased in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated arthritis, both in animals and humans, and these numbers correlate with serum TNF levels. The increase can be reversed by anti-TNF therapy. Furthermore, the precursor cells that give rise to osteoclasts can also differentiate into other cell types, including dendritic cells. Receptor activator nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) stimulates OCPs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and RANKL blockade prevents joint inflammation in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis. These findings suggest that OCPs may serve as a source for both osteoclasts and other effector cells and participate actively in the pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulation of OCP formation and differentiation and provide a model of a vicious cycle in which pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in inflamed joints feedback on the bone marrow to promote the generation and release of OCPs. The OCPs then home to the inflamed joints to differentiate into mature osteoclasts or to produce more inflammatory factors in the presence of RANKL. Disruption of this cycle could provide a new strategy for the development of drugs to treat inflammatory arthritis and other disorders associated with elevated OCP/myeloid progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hwang YH, Lee JW, Hahm ER, Jung KC, Lee JH, Park CH, Rhee HS, Ryu JM, Kim HK, Yang CH. Momordin I, an inhibitor of AP-1, suppressed osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and also reduced osteoclast activity and survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:815-23. [PMID: 16213465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts originating from hematopoietic precursor cells differentiate into multinucleated cells through multiple steps. The essential roles of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in osteoclast differentiation have been clearly demonstrated in numerous studies. c-Fos, a component of AP-1 transcription factor, plays a key role in osteoclast differentiation. Recently, we found a strong inhibitor of AP-1 transcriptional activity, named momordin I, based on the structure of oleanolic acid glycosides and originally isolated from Ampelopsis radix. So, we hypothesized that momordin I might be able to regulate osteoclast formation, activity, and survival. Here, we report the ability of momordin I to suppress osteoclastogenesis in a co-cultured system and a RANKL-induced osteoclast precursor system. Momordin I remarkably inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB as well as AP-1 in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells, in which momordin I appeared to target IkappaB degradation and c-Fos expression, respectively, but not MAPK signaling pathways. The ability of momordin I to change the ratio of RANKL and OPG in primary osteoblasts was partially responsible for the reduction of osteoclast formation. Furthermore, pit formation on dentin slices was suppressed by momordin I with stimulating actin ring disruption. Our results also showed that momordin I highly shortened osteoclast lifespan and induced osteoclast apoptosis. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate for the first time that momordin I is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation via the reduction of NF-kappaB and AP-1, and also suppresses osteoclast function and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ha Hwang
- Department of Chemistry (NS60), Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong san 56-1, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|