1
|
RENGAIYAN PERIASAMY, PALAYIL JOHNKURIAN, INGOLE BABAN. A new deep-sea sponge Fibulia occiensis sp. nov. (Poecilosclerida: Dendoricellidae) from the 25° South Oceanic Core Complex in the Central Indian Ocean Ridge. Zootaxa 2022; 5162:87-96. [DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new deep-sea sponge species, Fibulia occiensis sp. nov., from the Central Indian Ocean Ridge (CIOR) at Rodrigues Triple Junction (RTJ), of the family Dendoricellidae Hentschel, 1923. Two sponge specimens were collected between 1982–2079 m depth using a benthic sledge in the 25° South Oceanic Core Complex (OCC) region. The megabenthic fauna was collected to establish a baseline of environmental and benthic ecological data. This data will be handy in assessing the impact of sulfide mining in the near future. Fibulia occiensis sp. nov. is fragile and stalked, has a single type of oxea, and no sigma. The new species is different from the congeneric Fibulia species by its larger oxeas and the strongly curved isochelae.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mote S, Schönberg CHL, Samaai T, Gupta V, Ingole B. A new clionaid sponge infests live corals on the west coast of India (Porifera, Demospongiae, Clionaida). SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1513430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambhaji Mote
- CSIR–National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Christine H. L. Schönberg
- Oceans Graduate School and UWA Oceans Institute of The University of Western Australia, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, the University of Western Australia, Fairway Entrance 4, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia
| | - Toufiek Samaai
- Department of Environmental Affairs, Oceans and Coasts Branch, Oceans and Coasts Research Chief Directorate, Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Directorate, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, 8012, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Biology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Vishal Gupta
- CSIR–National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Baban Ingole
- CSIR–National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hestetun JT, Tompkins-Macdonald G, Rapp HT. A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
4
|
LAWLEY JONATHANW, AMES CHERYLLEWIS, BENTLAGE BASTIAN, YANAGIHARA ANGEL, GOODWILL ROGER, KAYAL EHSAN, HURWITZ KIKIANA, COLLINS ALLENG. Box Jellyfish Alatina alata Has a Circumtropical Distribution. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 231:152-169. [PMID: 27820907 PMCID: PMC5599302 DOI: 10.1086/690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Species of the box jellyfish (Cubozoa) genus Alatina are notorious for their sting along the beaches of several localities of the Atlantic and Pacific. These species include Alatina alata on the Caribbean Island of Bonaire (the Netherlands), A. moseri in Hawaii, and A. mordens in Australia. Most cubozoans inhabit coastal waters, but Alatina is unusual in that specimens have also been collected in the open ocean at great depths. Alatina is notable in that populations form monthly aggregations for spermcast mating in conjunction with the lunar cycle. Nominal species are difficult to differentiate morphologically, and it has been unclear whether they are distinct or a single species with worldwide distribution. Here we report the results of a population genetic study, using nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from four geographical localities. Our analyses revealed a general lack of geographic structure among Alatina populations, and slight though significant isolation by distance. These data corroborate morphological and behavioral similarities observed in the geographically disparate localities, and indicate the presence of a single, pantropically distributed species, Alatina alata. While repeated, human-mediated introductions of A. alata could explain the patterns we have observed, it seems more likely that genetic metapopulation cohesion is maintained via dispersal through the swimming medusa stage, and perhaps via dispersal of encysted planulae, which are described here for the first time in Alatina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JONATHAN W. LAWLEY
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Floriaónpolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
| | - CHERYL LEWIS AMES
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - BASTIAN BENTLAGE
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
| | - ANGEL YANAGIHARA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - ROGER GOODWILL
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University–Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii 96792
| | - EHSAN KAYAL
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
| | - KIKIANA HURWITZ
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University–Hawaii, Laie, Hawaii 96792
| | - ALLEN G. COLLINS
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
- National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA’s Fisheries Service, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Granito RN, Custódio MR, Rennó ACM. Natural marine sponges for bone tissue engineering: The state of art and future perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1717-1727. [PMID: 27163295 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine life and its rich biodiversity provide a plentiful resource of potential new products for the society. Remarkably, marine organisms still remain a largely unexploited resource for biotechnology applications. Among them, marine sponges are sessile animals from the phylum Porifera dated at least from 580 million years ago. It is known that molecules from marine sponges present a huge therapeutic potential in a wide range of applications mainly due to its antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic effects. In this context, this article reviews all the information available in the literature about the potential of the use of marine sponges for bone tissue engineering applications. First, one of the properties that make sponges interesting as bone substitutes is their structural characteristics. Most species have an efficient interconnected porous architecture, which allows them to process a significant amount of water and facilitates the flow of fluids, mimicking an ideal bone scaffold. Second, sponges have an organic component, the spongin, which is analogous to vertebral collagen, the most widely used natural polymer for tissue regeneration. Last, osteogenic properties of marine sponges is also highlighted by their mineral content, such as biosilica and other compounds, that are able to support cell growth and to stimulate bone formation and mineralization. This review focuses on recent studies concerning these interesting properties, as well as on some challenges to be overcome in the bone tissue engineering field. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1717-1727, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Neves Granito
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Biosciences, Santos - SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Reis Custódio
- University of São Paulo (USP), Institute of Biosciences (IB/USP), São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miranda LS, Hirano YM, Mills CE, Falconer A, Fenwick D, Marques AC, Collins AG. Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ 2016; 4:e1951. [PMID: 27168970 PMCID: PMC4860332 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staurozoan classification is highly subjective, based on phylogeny-free inferences, and suborders, families, and genera are commonly defined by homoplasies. Additionally, many characters used in the taxonomy of the group have ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and demand new and consistent assessments to establish their correct homologies. Consequently, Staurozoa is in need of a thorough systematic revision. The aim of this study is to propose a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Staurozoa, providing the first phylogenetic classification for the group. According to our working hypothesis based on a combined set of molecular data (mitochondrial markers COI and 16S, and nuclear markers ITS, 18S, and 28S), the traditional suborders Cleistocarpida (animals with claustrum) and Eleutherocarpida (animals without claustrum) are not monophyletic. Instead, our results show that staurozoans are divided into two groups, herein named Amyostaurida and Myostaurida, which can be distinguished by the absence/presence of interradial longitudinal muscles in the peduncle, respectively. We propose a taxonomic revision at the family and genus levels that preserves the monophyly of taxa. We provide a key for staurozoan genera and discuss the evolution of the main characters used in staurozoan taxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucília S Miranda
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yayoi M Hirano
- Coastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Katsuura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Claudia E Mills
- Friday Harbor Laboratories and the Department of Biology, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, United States of America
| | - Audrey Falconer
- Marine Research Group of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Antonio C Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allen G Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hestetun JT, Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N, Borchiellini C, Kelly M, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Rapp HT. The systematics of carnivorous sponges. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:327-45. [PMID: 26416707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carnivorous sponges are characterized by their unique method of capturing mesoplanktonic prey coupled with the complete or partial reduction of the aquiferous system characteristic of the phylum Porifera. Current systematics place the vast majority of carnivorous sponges within Cladorhizidae, with certain species assigned to Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae. Morphological characters have not been able to show whether this classification is evolutionary accurate, and whether carnivory has evolved once or in several lineages. In the present paper we present the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the carnivorous sponges, interpret these results in conjunction with morphological characters, and propose a revised classification of the group. Molecular phylogenies were inferred using 18S rDNA and a combined dataset of partial 28S rDNA, COI and ALG11 sequences. The results recovered carnivorous sponges as a clade closely related to the families Mycalidae and Guitarridae, showing family Cladorhizidae to be monophyletic and also including carnivorous species currently placed in other families. The genus Lycopodina is resurrected for species currently placed in the paraphyletic subgenus Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) featuring forceps spicules and lacking sigmas or sigmancistras. The genera Chondrocladia and Cladorhiza are found to be monophyletic. However, results indicate that the subgenus Chondrocladia is polyphyletic with respect to the subgenera Meliiderma and Symmetrocladia. Euchelipluma, formerly Guitarridae, is retained, but transferred to Cladorhizidae. The four known carnivorous species currently in Esperiopsis are transferred to Abyssocladia. Neocladia is a junior homonym and is here renamed Koltunicladia. Our results provide strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that carnivory in sponges has evolved only once. While spicule characters mostly reflect monophyletic groups at the generic level, differences between genera represent evolution within family Cladorhizidae rather than evolution of carnivory in separate lineages. Conflicting spicule characters can be reinterpreted to support the inclusion of all carnivorous sponges within Cladorhizidae, and a carnivorous habit should thus be considered the main diagnostic character in systematic classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Thomassen Hestetun
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jean Vacelet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Nicole Boury-Esnault
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Michelle Kelly
- National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 109-695, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Av./Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Av./Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Uni Environment, P.O. Box 7810, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Redmond NE, Morrow CC, Thacker RW, Diaz MC, Boury-Esnault N, Cardenas P, Hajdu E, Lobo-Hajdu G, Picton BE, Pomponi SA, Kayal E, Collins AG. Phylogeny and Systematics of Demospongiae in Light of New Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA (18S) Sequences. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:388-415. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
9
|
Morrow CC, Redmond NE, Picton BE, Thacker RW, Collins AG, Maggs CA, Sigwart JD, Allcock AL. Molecular phylogenies support homoplasy of multiple morphological characters used in the taxonomy of Heteroscleromorpha (Porifera: Demospongiae). Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:428-46. [PMID: 23753661 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge classification has long been based mainly on morphocladistic analyses but is now being greatly challenged by more than 12 years of accumulated analyses of molecular data analyses. The current study used phylogenetic hypotheses based on sequence data from 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and the CO1 barcoding fragment, combined with morphology to justify the resurrection of the order Axinellida Lévi, 1953. Axinellida occupies a key position in different morphologically derived topologies. The abandonment of Axinellida and the establishment of Halichondrida Vosmaer, 1887 sensu lato to contain Halichondriidae Gray, 1867, Axinellidae Carter, 1875, Bubaridae Topsent, 1894, Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905, and a new family Dictyonellidae van Soest et al., 1990 was based on the conclusion that an axially condensed skeleton evolved independently in separate lineages in preference to the less parsimonious assumption that asters (star-shaped spicules), acanthostyles (club-shaped spicules with spines), and sigmata (C-shaped spicules) each evolved more than once. Our new molecular trees are congruent and contrast with the earlier, morphologically based, trees. The results show that axially condensed skeletons, asters, acanthostyles, and sigmata are all homoplasious characters. The unrecognized homoplasious nature of these characters explains much of the incongruence between molecular-based and morphology-based phylogenies. We use the molecular trees presented here as a basis for re-interpreting the morphological characters within Heteroscleromorpha. The implications for the classification of Heteroscleromorpha are discussed and a new order Biemnida ord. nov. is erected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Morrow
- *School of Biological Sciences, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; National Museums Northern Ireland, 153 Bangor Road, Holywood BT18 0EU, Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; School of Natural Science and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karlińska-Batres K, Wörheide G. Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of the symbionts associated with the coralline sponge Astrosclera willeyana of the Great Barrier Reef. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:740-752. [PMID: 23525793 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The coralline sponge Astrosclera willeyana, considered to be a living representative of the reef-building stromatoporoids of the Mesozoic and the Paleozoic periods, occurs widely throughout the Indo-Pacific oceans. We aimed to examine, for the first time, the phylogenetic diversity of the microbial symbionts associated with A. willeyana using molecular methods and to investigate the spatial variability in the sponge-derived microbial communities of A. willeyana from diverse sites along the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of 12 Astrosclera specimens and sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene clone library, constructed using a specimen of A. willeyana from the Yonge Reef (380 clones), revealed the presence of a complex microbial community with high diversity. An assessment of the 16S rRNA gene sequences to the particular phylogenetic groups showed domination of the Chloroflexi (42 %), followed by the Gammaproteobacteria (14 %), Actinobacteria (11 %), Acidobacteria (8 %), and the Deferribacteres (7 %). Of the microbes that were identified, a further 15 % belonged to the Deltaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Nitrospirae genera. The minor phylogenetic groups Gemmatimonadetes, Spirochaetes, Cyanobacteria, Poribacteria, and the Archaea composed 3 % of the community. Over 94 % of the sequences obtained from A. willeyana grouped together with other sponge- or coral-derived sequences, and of these, 72 % formed, with nearest relatives, 46 sponge-specific or sponge-coral clusters, highlighting the uniqueness of the microbial consortia in sponges. The DGGE results showed clear divisions according to the geographical origin of the samples, indicating closer relationships between the microbial communities with respect to their geographic origin (northern vs. southern GBR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klementyna Karlińska-Batres
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Karlińska-Batres K, Wörheide G. Microbial diversity in the coralline sponge Vaceletia crypta. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 103:1041-56. [PMID: 23361993 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coralline sponges of the genus Vaceletia are regarded as 'living fossils', the only recent members of the so-called 'sphinctozoan-type' sponges that contributed to reef-building during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras. Vaceletia species were thought to be extinct until the discovery of Vaceletia crypta in the 1970s. Here, we used molecular methods to provide first insights into the microbial diversity of these coralline sponges. Both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of 19 Vaceletia specimens and the analysis of 427 clones from a bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library of a specimen of V. crypta from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) revealed high diversity and a complex composition with a relatively uniform phylogenetic distribution. Only a single archaeal 16S rRNA phylotype was recovered. The most abundant bacteria were the Chloroflexi (35 %). Of the microbial community, 58 % consisted of the Gammaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Nitrospira, Deltaproteobacteria, Deferribacteres and Acidobacteria, with nearly equal representation. Less abundant members of the microbial community belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria (3 %), as well as to the Poribacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus and Archaea (all together 4 %). Of the established 96 OTUs, 88 % were closely related to other sponge-derived sequences and thereof 71 OTUs fell into sponge- or sponge-coral specific clusters, which underscores that the "living fossil" coralline sponge Vaceletia shares features of its microbial community with other sponges. The DGGE cluster analysis indicated distinct microbial communities in the different growth forms (solitary and colonial) of Vaceletia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klementyna Karlińska-Batres
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The phylogeny of halichondrid demosponges: past and present re-visited with DNA-barcoding data. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-011-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Cárdenas P, Pérez T, Boury-Esnault N. Sponge systematics facing new challenges. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 61:79-209. [PMID: 22560778 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387787-1.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Systematics is nowadays facing new challenges with the introduction of new concepts and new techniques. Compared to most other phyla, phylogenetic relationships among sponges are still largely unresolved. In the past 10 years, the classical taxonomy has been completely overturned and a review of the state of the art appears necessary. The field of taxonomy remains a prominent discipline of sponge research and studies related to sponge systematics were in greater number in the Eighth World Sponge Conference (Girona, Spain, September 2010) than in any previous world sponge conferences. To understand the state of this rapidly growing field, this chapter proposes to review studies, mainly from the past decade, in sponge taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny. In a first part, we analyse the reasons of the current success of this field. In a second part, we establish the current sponge systematics theoretical framework, with the use of (1) cladistics, (2) different codes of nomenclature (PhyloCode vs. Linnaean system) and (3) integrative taxonomy. Sponges are infamous for their lack of characters. However, by listing and discussing in a third part all characters available to taxonomists, we show how diverse characters are and that new ones are being used and tested, while old ones should be revisited. We then review the systematics of the four main classes of sponges (Hexactinellida, Calcispongiae, Homoscleromorpha and Demospongiae), each time focusing on current issues and case studies. We present a review of the taxonomic changes since the publication of the Systema Porifera (2002), and point to problems a sponge taxonomist is still faced with nowadays. To conclude, we make a series of proposals for the future of sponge systematics. In the light of recent studies, we establish a series of taxonomic changes that the sponge community may be ready to accept. We also propose a series of sponge new names and definitions following the PhyloCode. The issue of phantom species (potential new species revealed by molecular studies) is raised, and we show how they could be dealt with. Finally, we present a general strategy to help us succeed in building a Porifera tree along with the corresponding revised Porifera classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cárdenas
- Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 "BOrEA", Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wörheide G, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, Larroux C, Maldonado M, Voigt O, Borchiellini C, Lavrov DV. Deep phylogeny and evolution of sponges (phylum Porifera). ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 61:1-78. [PMID: 22560777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387787-1.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are a diverse taxon of benthic aquatic animals of great ecological, commercial, and biopharmaceutical importance. They are arguably the earliest-branching metazoan taxon, and therefore, they have great significance in the reconstruction of early metazoan evolution. Yet, the phylogeny and systematics of sponges are to some extent still unresolved, and there is an on-going debate about the exact branching pattern of their main clades and their relationships to the other non-bilaterian animals. Here, we review the current state of the deep phylogeny of sponges. Several studies have suggested that sponges are paraphyletic. However, based on recent phylogenomic analyses, we suggest that the phylum Porifera could well be monophyletic, in accordance with cladistic analyses based on morphology. This finding has many implications for the evolutionary interpretation of early animal traits and sponge development. We further review the contribution that mitochondrial genes and genomes have made to sponge phylogenetics and explore the current state of the molecular phylogenies of the four main sponge lineages (Classes), that is, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Calcarea, and Homoscleromorpha, in detail. While classical systematic systems are largely congruent with molecular phylogenies in the class Hexactinellida and in certain parts of Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha, the high degree of incongruence in the class Calcarea still represents a challenge. We highlight future areas of research to fill existing gaps in our knowledge. By reviewing sponge development in an evolutionary and phylogenetic context, we support previous suggestions that sponge larvae share traits and complexity with eumetazoans and that the simple sedentary adult lifestyle of sponges probably reflects some degree of secondary simplification. In summary, while deep sponge phylogenetics has made many advances in the past years, considerable efforts are still required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the relationships among and within the main sponge lineages to fully appreciate the evolution of this extraordinary metazoan phylum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erwin PM, Olson JB, Thacker RW. Phylogenetic diversity, host-specificity and community profiling of sponge-associated bacteria in the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26806. [PMID: 22073197 PMCID: PMC3206846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine sponges can associate with abundant and diverse consortia of microbial symbionts. However, associated bacteria remain unexamined for the majority of host sponges and few studies use phylogenetic metrics to quantify symbiont community diversity. DNA fingerprinting techniques, such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP), might provide rapid profiling of these communities, but have not been explicitly compared to traditional methods. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the bacterial communities associated with the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona tubifera, a sympatric tunicate, Didemnum sp., and ambient seawater from the northern Gulf of Mexico by combining replicated clone libraries with T-RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Clone libraries revealed that bacterial communities associated with the two sponges exhibited lower species richness and lower species diversity than seawater and tunicate assemblages, with differences in species composition among all four source groups. T-RFLP profiles clustered microbial communities by source; individual T-RFs were matched to the majority (80.6%) of clone library sequences, indicating that T-RFLP analysis can be used to rapidly profile these communities. Phylogenetic metrics of community diversity indicated that the two sponge-associated bacterial communities include dominant and host-specific bacterial lineages that are distinct from bacteria recovered from seawater, tunicates, and unrelated sponge hosts. In addition, a large proportion of the symbionts associated with H. heliophila were shared with distant, conspecific host populations in the southwestern Atlantic (Brazil). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The low diversity and species-specific nature of bacterial communities associated with H. heliophila and H. tubifera represent a distinctly different pattern from other, reportedly universal, sponge-associated bacterial communities. Our replicated sampling strategy, which included samples that reflect the ambient environment, allowed us to differentiate resident symbionts from potentially transient or prey bacteria. Pairing replicated clone library construction with rapid community profiling via T-RFLP analyses will greatly facilitate future studies of sponge-microbe symbioses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Erwin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Julie B. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Thacker
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
ROSSI ANDRÉLINHARES, DE MORAES RUSSO CLAUDIAAUGUSTA, SOLÉ-CAVA ANTONIOMATEO, RAPP HANSTORE, KLAUTAU MICHELLE. Phylogenetic signal in the evolution of body colour and spicule skeleton in calcareous sponges. Zool J Linn Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Gazave E, Carteron S, Chenuil A, Richelle-Maurer E, Boury-Esnault N, Borchiellini C. Polyphyly of the genus Axinella and of the family Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiaep). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Pöppe J, Sutcliffe P, Hooper JNA, Wörheide G, Erpenbeck D. CO I barcoding reveals new clades and radiation patterns of Indo-Pacific sponges of the family Irciniidae (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida). PLoS One 2010; 5:e9950. [PMID: 20376349 PMCID: PMC2848591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA barcoding is a promising tool to facilitate a rapid and unambiguous identification of sponge species. Demosponges of the order Dictyoceratida are particularly challenging to identify, but are of ecological as well as biochemical importance. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we apply DNA barcoding with the standard CO1-barcoding marker on selected Indo-Pacific specimens of two genera, Ircinia and Psammocinia of the family Irciniidae. We show that the CO1 marker identifies several species new to science, reveals separate radiation patterns of deep-sea Ircinia sponges and indicates dispersal patterns of Psammocinia species. However, some species cannot be unambiguously barcoded by solely this marker due to low evolutionary rates. Conclusions/Significance We support previous suggestions for a combination of the standard CO1 fragment with an additional fragment for sponge DNA barcoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pöppe
- Museum für Naturkunde, Department of Malacozoology, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Blanquer A, Uriz MJ. Cryptic speciation in marine sponges evidenced by mitochondrial and nuclear genes: A phylogenetic approach. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 45:392-7. [PMID: 17434762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Blanquer
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes-CSIC, c/ Accés cala St Francesc, 14 17300 Blanes-Girona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jackson DJ, Macis L, Reitner J, Degnan BM, Wörheide G. Sponge Paleogenomics Reveals an Ancient Role for Carbonic Anhydrase in Skeletogenesis. Science 2007; 316:1893-5. [PMID: 17540861 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) were prolific reef-building organisms during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic approximately 542 to 65 million years ago. These ancient animals inherited components of the first multicellular skeletogenic toolkit from the last common ancestor of the Metazoa. Using a paleogenomics approach, including gene- and protein-expression techniques and phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that a molecular component of this toolkit was the precursor to the alpha-carbonic anhydrases (alpha-CAs), a gene family used by extant animals in a variety of fundamental physiological processes. We used the coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana, a "living fossil" that has survived from the Mesozoic, to provide insight into the evolution of the ability to biocalcify, and show that the alpha-CA family expanded from a single ancestral gene through several independent gene-duplication events in sponges and eumetazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Jackson
- Geoscience Centre Göttingen, Department of Geobiology, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ. Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian palaeobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1144/sp286.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWell-supported molecular phylogenies, combined with knowledge of modern biology, can lead to new inferences about the sequence of character acquisition in early animal evolution, the taxonomic affinity of enigmatic Precambrian and Cambrian fossils, and the Proterozoic Earth system in general. In this paper we demonstrate, in accordance with previous molecular studies, that sponges are paraphyletic, and that calcisponges are more closely related to eumetazoans than they are to demosponges. In addition, our Bayesian analysis finds the Homoscleromorpha, previously grouped with the demosponges, to be even more closely related to eumetazoans than are the calcisponges. Hence there may be at least three separate extant ‘poriferan’ lineages, each with their own unique skeleton. Because spiculation is convergent within ‘Porifera’, differences between skeletonization processes in enigmatic Cambrian taxa such as Chancelloria and modern sponges does not mean that these Problematica are not organized around a poriferan body plan, namely a benthic, sessile microsuspension feeding organism. The shift from the anoxic and sulphidic deep ocean that characterized the mid-Proterozoic to the well-ventilated Phanerozoic ocean occurs before the evolution of macrozooplanton and nekton, and thus cannot have been caused by the advent of faecal pellets. However, the evolution and ecological dominance of sponges during this time interval provides both a mechanism for the long-term generation of isotopically-light CO2 that would be recorded in carbon isotopic excusions such as the ‘Shuram’ event, and an alternative mechanism for the drawdown and sequestration of dissolved organic carbon within the sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Sperling
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - D. Pisani
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, The National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - K. J. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Erpenbeck D, Breeuwer JAJ, Parra-Velandia FJ, van Soest RWM. Speculation with spiculation?—Three independent gene fragments and biochemical characters versus morphology in demosponge higher classification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 38:293-305. [PMID: 16325431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Demosponge higher-level systematics is currently a subject of major changes due to the simplicity and paucity of complex morphological characters. Still, sponge classification is primarily based on morphological features. The systematics of the demosponge order Agelasida has been exceptionally problematic in the past. Here, we present the first molecular phylogenetic analysis based on three partially independent genes in demosponges in combination with a comprehensive search for biochemical synapomorphies to indicate their phylogenetic relationships. We show how sponges with fundamentally different skeletons can be in fact closely related and discuss examples of the misleading nature of morphological systematics in sponges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Erpenbeck
- IBED, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94766, 1090GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Systematic and evolutionary studies of Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 are a very dynamic field of research. The scientific knowledge pertaining to Demospongiae systematics has been recently assembled in the collective book Systema Porifera. However, a general consensus among spongologists has not yet been achieved regarding this group and the phylogenetic relationships within Demospongiae and between Demospongiae and other clades of Porifera and metazoans are still unresolved. The two traditional subclasses Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha are polyphyletic and it is proposed that they be abandoned. Since the publication of Systema Porifera, several works have suggested the polyphyly of Halichondrida and the paraphyly of Haplosclerida, as well as the monophyly of Tetractinellida (Astrophorida + Spirophorida), Keratosa (Dictyoceratida + Dendroceratida), and Myxospongiae (Chondrosida + Verongida + Halisarcida). Within all the classical orders, whether they are monophyletic or not, families and even genera have also been found to be polyphyletic. For example, Ancorinidae, Geodiidae, and Axinellidae are clearly polyphyletic. No single data set is able to resolve all the problems; thus, it is absolutely necessary that the classification of Demospongiae be examined from all angles and with as many data sets as possible.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The most recent advances concerning the phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges (Calcarea or Calcispongia) are reviewed here, in the light of the history of taxonomy of the group and conceptions about its evolution, starting from Haeckel's works at the end of the 19th century. Calcisponge phylogeny has recently started to be addressed using modern tools of phylogenetic reconstruction: cladistic analysis of morphological characters and molecular phylogeny (so far using 18S and 28S rDNA sequences). The monophyly of calcareous sponges is strongly supported in these works, as is their subdivision into two clades, Calcinea (whose proposed synapomorphy is the basal position of nuclei in choanocytes, with no relation to the flagella) and Calcaronea (whose possible synapomorphy is the formation of the amphiblastula larva through the original process of eversion of the stomoblastula). While the molecular phylogeny of Calcinea is still in its infancy because of insufficient taxonomic sampling, several lines are emerging for the phylogeny of Calcaronea, and these are in strong disagreement with the classification issued from the "traditional" morphological approach. Phylogenetic hypotheses also permit the reconstruction of morphological character evolution, which appears complex and subject to a high level of homoplasy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Schmitt S, Hentschel U, Zea S, Dandekar T, Wolf M. ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny of Aplysinidae (Verongida, Demospongiae). J Mol Evol 2005; 60:327-36. [PMID: 15871043 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
18S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) full-length sequences, each of which was sequenced three times, were used to construct phylogenetic trees with alignments based on secondary structures, in order to elucidate genealogical relationships within the Aplysinidae (Verongida). The first poriferan ITS-2 secondary structures are reported. Altogether 11 Aplysina sponges and 3 additional sponges (Verongula gigantea, Aiolochroia crassa, Smenospongia aurea) from tropical and subtropical oceans were analyzed. Based on these molecular studies, S. aurea, which is currently affiliated with the Dictyoceratida, should be reclassified to the Verongida. Aplysina appears as monophyletic. A soft form of Aplysina lacunosa was separated from other Aplysina and stands at a basal position in both 18S and ITS-2 trees. Based on ITS-2 sequence information, the Aplysina sponges could be distinguished into a single Caribbean-Eastern Pacific cluster and a Mediterranean cluster. The species concept for Aplysina sponges as well as a phylogenetic history with a possibly Tethyan origin is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schmitt
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Erpenbeck D, Breeuwer JAJ, van Soest RWM. Identification, characterization and phylogenetic signal of an elongation factor-1 alpha fragment in demosponges (Metazoa, Porifera, Demospongiae). ZOOL SCR 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
27
|
Erpenbeck D, van Soest RW. A survey for biochemical synapomorphies to reveal phylogenetic relationships of halichondrid demosponges (Metazoa: Porifera). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Borchiellini C, Chombard C, Manuel M, Alivon E, Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N. Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 32:823-37. [PMID: 15288059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the 13 orders of Demospongiae, based on 18S and C1, D1 and C2 domains of 28S rRNA (for, respectively, 26 and 32 taxa) has been performed. The class Demospongiae as traditionally defined is not found to be monophyletic. Instead, a clade comprising all demosponges except Homoscleromorpha is well-supported, and we define phylogenetically the name Demospongiae in this more restricted sense to preclude the possibility of drastic alterations of the meaning of Demospongiae in the future, depending on the position of Homoscleromorpha. Within this clade Demospongiae s.s., ceractinomorphs and tetractinomorphs are polyphyletic, implying homoplastic evolution of characters such as reproductive strategies (viviparity vs. oviparity) and skeleton architecture (reticulate vs. radiate). The topology derived from our molecular data provides a basis for proposing a new classification of Demospongiae s.s., and suggests a reverse polarity of some characters, with respect to traditional conceptions: viviparity, presence of monaxon spicules and of spongin appear to be ancestral, whereas oviparity, and presence of tetraxon spicules appear as derived characters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Borchiellini
- Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, UMR-CNRS 6540, Station marine d'Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Erpenbeck D, McCormack GP, Breeuwer JAJ, van Soest RWM. Order level differences in the structure of partial LSU across demosponges (Porifera): new insights into an old taxon. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 32:388-95. [PMID: 15186823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Erpenbeck
- IBED, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94766, 1090GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Richelle-Maurer E, De Kluijver M, Feio S, Gaudêncio S, Gaspar H, Gomez R, Tavares R, Van de Vyver G, Van Soest R. Localization and ecological significance of oroidin and sceptrin in the Caribbean sponge Agelas conifera. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(03)00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
McCormack GP, Erpenbeck D, van Soest RWM. Major discrepancy between phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular and morphological criteria within the Order Haplosclerida (Phylum Porifera: Class Demospongiae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Alvarez B, Crisp MD, Driver F, Hooper JNA, Van Soest RWM. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) using morphological and molecular data. ZOOL SCR 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2000.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Zrzavy J, Mihulka S, Kepka P, Bezdek A, Tietz D. Phylogeny of the Metazoa Based on Morphological and 18S Ribosomal DNA Evidence. Cladistics 1998; 14:249-285. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|