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Messerli MA, Sarkar A. Advances in Electrochemistry for Monitoring Cellular Chemical Flux. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4984-5002. [PMID: 31057100 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transport of organic and inorganic molecules, along with inorganic ions across the plasma membrane results in chemical fluxes that reflect the cellular function in healthy and diseased states. Measurement of these chemical fluxes enables the characterization of protein function and transporter stoichiometry, characterization of a single cell and embryo viability prior to implantation, and screening of pharmaceutical agents. Electrochemical sensors emerge as sensitive and non-invasive tools for measuring chemical fluxes immediately outside the cells in the boundary layer, that are capable of monitoring a diverse range of transported analytes including inorganic ions, gases, neurotransmitters, hormones, and pharmaceutical agents. Used on their own or in combination with other methods, these sensors continue to expand our understanding of the function of rare cells and small tissues. Advances in sensor construction and detection strategies continue to improve sensitivity under physiological conditions, diversify analyte detection, and increase throughput. These advances will be discussed in the context of addressing technical challenges to measuring chemical flux in the boundary layer of cells and measuring the resultant changes to the chemical concentration in the bulk media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
| | - Anyesha Sarkar
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
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Huang YM, Zou YN, Wu QS. Alleviation of drought stress by mycorrhizas is related to increased root H 2O 2 efflux in trifoliate orange. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42335. [PMID: 28176859 PMCID: PMC5296721 DOI: 10.1038/srep42335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Non-invasive Micro-test Technique (NMT) is used to measure dynamic changes of specific ions/molecules non-invasively, but information about hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fluxes in different classes of roots by mycorrhiza is scarce in terms of NMT. Effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth, H2O2, superoxide radical (O2·−), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and H2O2 fluxes in the taproot (TR) and lateral roots (LRs) of trifoliate orange seedlings under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions were studied. DS strongly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization in the TR and LRs, whereas mycorrhizal inoculation significantly promoted plant growth and biomass production. H2O2, O2·−, and MDA concentrations in leaves and roots were dramatically lower in mycorrhizal seedlings than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings under DS. Compared with non-mycorrhizal seedlings, mycorrhizal seedlings had relatively higher net root H2O2 effluxes in the TR and LRs especially under WW, as well as significantly higher total root H2O2 effluxes in the TR and LRs under WW and DS. Total root H2O2 effluxes were significantly positively correlated with root colonization but negatively with root H2O2 and MDA concentrations. It suggested that mycorrhizas induces more H2O2 effluxes of the TR and LRs, thus, alleviating oxidative damage of DS in the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Huang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
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Zhang Y, Sa G, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Deng S, Sun J, Li N, Li J, Yao J, Zhao N, Zhao R, Ma X, Polle A, Chen S. Paxillus involutus-Facilitated Cd 2+ Influx through Plasma Membrane Ca 2+-Permeable Channels Is Stimulated by H 2O 2 and H +-ATPase in Ectomycorrhizal Populus × canescens under Cadmium Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1975. [PMID: 28111579 PMCID: PMC5216326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a Non-invasive Micro-test Technique, flux profiles of Cd2+, Ca2+, and H+ were investigated in axenically grown cultures of two strains of Paxillus involutus (MAJ and NAU), ectomycorrhizae formed by these fungi with the woody Cd2+-hyperaccumulator, Populus × canescens, and non-mycorrhizal (NM) roots. The influx of Cd2+ increased in fungal mycelia, NM and ectomycorrhizal (EM) roots upon a 40-min shock, after short-term (ST, 24 h), or long-term (LT, 7 days) exposure to a hydroponic environment of 50 μM CdCl2. Cd2+ treatments (shock, ST, and LT) decreased Ca2+ influx in NM and EM roots but led to an enhanced influx of Ca2+ in axenically grown EM cultures of the two P. involutus isolates. The susceptibility of Cd2+ flux to typical Ca2+ channel blockers (LaCl3, GdCl3, verapamil, and TEA) in fungal mycelia and poplar roots indicated that the Cd2+ entry occurred mainly through Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane (PM). Cd2+ treatment resulted in H2O2 production. H2O2 exposure accelerated the entry of Cd2+ and Ca2+ in NM and EM roots. Cd2+ further stimulated H+ pumping activity benefiting NM and EM roots to maintain an acidic environment, which favored the entry of Cd2+ across the PM. A scavenger of reactive oxygen species, DMTU, and an inhibitor of PM H+-ATPase, orthovanadate, decreased Ca2+ and Cd2+ influx in NM and EM roots, suggesting that the entry of Cd2+ through Ca2+-permeable channels is stimulated by H2O2 and H+ pumps. Compared to NM roots, EM roots exhibited higher Cd2+-fluxes under shock, ST, and LT Cd2+ treatments. We conclude that ectomycorrhizal P. × canescens roots retained a pronounced H2O2 production and a high H+-pumping activity, which activated PM Ca2+ channels and thus facilitated a high influx of Cd2+ under Cd2+ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Gang Sa
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhimei Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Nianfei Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo, China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xujun Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
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Zou YN, Huang YM, Wu QS, He XH. Mycorrhiza-induced lower oxidative burst is related with higher antioxidant enzyme activities, net H2O2 effluxes, and Ca2+ influxes in trifoliate orange roots under drought stress. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:143-52. [PMID: 25085218 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)-induced lower oxidative burst of host plants under drought stress (DS) are not elucidated. A noninvasive microtest technology (NMT) was used to investigate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae on net fluxes of root hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium ions (Ca2+) in 5-month-old Poncirus trifoliata, in combination with catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as tissue superoxide radical (O2•-) and H2O2 concentrations under DS and well-watered (WW) conditions. A 2-month DS (55% maximum water holding capacity of growth substrates) significantly inhibited AM fungal root colonization, while AM symbiosis significantly increased plant biomass production, irrespective of water status. F. mosseae inoculation generally increased SOD and CAT activity but decreased O2•- and H2O2 concentrations in leaves and roots under WW and DS. Compared with non-AM seedlings, roots of AM seedlings had significantly higher net H2O2 effluxes and net Ca2+ influxes, especially in the meristem zone, but lower net H2O2 efflux in the elongation zone. Net Ca2+ influxes into roots were significantly positively correlated with root net H2O2 effluxes but negatively with root H2O2 concentrations. Results from this study suggest that AM-induced lower oxidative burst is related with higher antioxidant enzyme activities, root net H2O2 effluxes, and Ca2+ influxes under WW and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening/Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, People's Republic of China
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Fussell KC, Udasin RG, Smith PJ, Gallo MA, Laskin JD. Catechol metabolites of endogenous estrogens induce redox cycling and generate reactive oxygen species in breast epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1285-93. [PMID: 21665890 PMCID: PMC3149209 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are major risk factors for the development of breast cancer; they can be metabolized to catechols, which are further oxidized to DNA-reactive quinones and semiquinones (SQs). These metabolites are mutagenic and may contribute to the carcinogenic activity of estrogens. Redox cycling of the SQs and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also an important mechanism leading to DNA damage. The SQs of exogenous estrogens have been shown to redox cycle, however, redox cycling and the generation of ROS by endogenous estrogens has never been characterized. In the present studies, we determined whether the catechol metabolites of endogenous estrogens, including 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol, can redox cycle in breast epithelial cells. These catechol estrogens, but not estradiol, estrone, estriol or 2-methoxyestradiol, were found to redox cycle and generate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and hydroxyl radicals in lysates of three different breast epithelial cell lines: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A. The generation of ROS required reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a reducing equivalent and was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a flavoenzyme inhibitor, indicating that redox cycling is mediated by flavin-containing oxidoreductases. Using extracellular microsensors, catechol estrogen metabolites stimulated the release of H(2)O(2) by adherent cells, indicating that redox cycling occurs in viable intact cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that catechol metabolites of endogenous estrogens undergo redox cycling in breast epithelial cells, resulting in ROS production. Depending on the localized concentrations of catechol estrogens and enzymes that mediate redox cycling, this may be an important mechanism contributing to the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J.S. Smith
- Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 732 445 0170; Fax: +1 732 445 0119;
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Porterfield DM. Measuring metabolism and biophysical flux in the tissue, cellular and sub-cellular domains: Recent developments in self-referencing amperometry for physiological sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1186-96. [PMID: 16870420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultimately, advances in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics will be realized by combining these approaches with biophysical sensors for understanding the functional and structural (physiological) aspects of sub-cellular systems (cytomics). Therefore, the emergence of the new fields of cytomics and physiomics will require new technologies to probe the functional realm of living cells. While amperometric sensors have been used, their sensitivity and reliability are significantly improved through the development of new strategies and data acquisition systems for the operation of the sensors. This includes the application of the principles of the vibrating or self-referencing microsensor to the operation of amperometric sensors. The development of self-referencing amperometry (SRA) is significant because it effectively converts static concentration sensors into dynamic biophysical sensors that directly monitor physiological flux. SRA has been developed for analytes such as O2, NO, H2O2 and ascorbate. These sensors have been validated against non-biological microscopic flux sources that were theoretically modeled, before being applied to biological research. This new sensor technology has been shown, through research in a wide variety of biological and biomedical research projects, to be an important new tool in the arsenal of the cell biologist. SRA technology has been adapted through SRA-H2O2 and SRA-NADH sensors, for electrochemically coupled enzyme based self-referencing biosensors (SRB) for glucose, glutamate and ethanol. These developments in self-referencing sensor technologies offer great promise in extending electroanalytical chemistry and biosensor technologies from the micro to the nanoscale where researchers can study physiology at the sub-cellular and organellar levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marshall Porterfield
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bindley Bioscience Center: Physiological Sensing Facility, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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Block ML, Hong JS. Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 76:77-98. [PMID: 16081203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1161] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, a common denominator among the diverse list of neurodegenerative diseases, has recently been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system and produce a barrage of factors (IL-1, TNFalpha, NO, PGE2, superoxide) that are toxic to neurons. Evidence supports that the unregulated activation of microglia in response to environmental toxins, endogenous proteins, and neuronal death results in the production of toxic factors that propagate neuronal injury. In the following review, we discuss the common thread of microglial activation across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, define current perceptions of how microglia are damaging neurons, and explain how the microglial response to neuronal damage results in a self-propelling cycle of neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Block
- Neuropharmacology Section, MD F1-01, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. These cells defend the central nervous system against invading microorganisms and clear the debris from damaged cells. Upon activation, microglial cells produce a large number of neuroactive substances that include cytokines, proteases, and prostanoids. In addition, activated microglial cells release radicals, such as superoxide and nitric oxide, that are products of the enzymes NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase, respectively. Microglia-derived radicals, as well as their reactive reaction products hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, have the potential to harm cells and have been implicated in contributing to oxidative damage and neuronal cell death in neurological diseases. For self-protection against oxidative damage, microglial cells are equipped with efficient antioxidative defense mechanisms. These cells contain glutathione in high concentrations, substantial activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, as well as NADPH-regenerating enzymes. Their good antioxidative potential protects microglial cells against oxidative damage that could impair important functions of these cells in defense and repair of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dringen
- Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Abstract
Peroxides are generated continuously in cells that consume oxygen. Among the different peroxides, hydrogen peroxide is the molecule that is formed in highest quantities. In addition, organic hydroperoxides are synthesized as products of cellular metabolism. Generation and disposal of peroxides is a very important process in the human brain, because cells of this organ consume 20% of the oxygen used by the body. To prevent cellular accumulation of peroxides and damage generated by peroxide-derived radicals, brain cells contain efficient antioxidative defense mechanisms that dispose of peroxides and protect against oxidative damage. Cultured brain cells have been used frequently to investigate peroxide metabolism of neural cells. Efficient disposal of exogenous hydrogen peroxide was found for cultured astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and neurons. Comparison of specific peroxide clearance rates revealed that cultured oligodendrocytes dispose of the peroxide quicker than the other neural cell cultures. Both catalase and the glutathione system contribute to the clearance of hydrogen peroxide by brain cells. For efficient glutathione-dependent reduction of peroxides, neural cells contain glutathione in high concentration and have substantial activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and enzymes that supply the NADPH required for the glutathione reductase reaction. This article gives an overview on the mechanisms involved in peroxide detoxification in brain cells and on the capacity of the different types of neural cells to dispose of peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dringen
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Twig G, Graf SA, Messerli MA, Smith PJS, Yoo SH, Shirihai OS. Synergistic amplification of beta-amyloid- and interferon-gamma-induced microglial neurotoxic response by the senile plaque component chromogranin A. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C169-75. [PMID: 15342341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the microglial neurotoxic response by components of the senile plaque plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia induce neurodegeneration primarily by secreting nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and hydrogen peroxide. Central to the activation of microglia is the membrane receptor CD40, which is the target of costimulators such as interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Chromogranin A (CGA) is a recently identified endogenous component of the neurodegenerative plaques of AD and Parkinson's disease. CGA stimulates microglial secretion of NO and TNFalpha, resulting in both neuronal and microglial apoptosis. Using electrochemical recording from primary rat microglial cells in culture, we have shown in the present study that CGA alone induces a fast-initiating oxidative burst in microglia. We compared the potency of CGA with that of beta-amyloid (betaA) under identical conditions and found that CGA induces 5-7 times greater NO and TNFalpha secretion. Coapplication of CGA with betaA or with IFNgamma resulted in a synergistic effect on NO and TNFalpha secretion. CD40 expression was induced by CGA and was further increased when betaA or IFNgamma was added in combination. Tyrphostin A1 (TyrA1), which inhibits the CD40 cascade, exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of the CGA effect alone and in combination with IFNgamma and betaA. Furthermore, CGA-induced mitochondrial depolarization, which precedes microglial apoptosis, was fully blocked in the presence of TyrA1. Our results demonstrate the involvement of CGA with other components of the senile plaque and raise the possibility that a narrowly acting agent such as TyrA1 attenuates plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Twig
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Bogorff DJ, Messerli MA, Malchow RP, Smith PJS. Development and Characterization of a Self-Referencing Glutamate-Selective Micro-biosensor. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2003; 205:207-208. [PMID: 14583532 DOI: 10.2307/1543255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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