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Karthäuser C, Fucile PD, Maas AE, Blanco-Bercial L, Gossner H, Lowenstein DP, Niimi YJ, Van Mooy BAS, Bernhard JM, Buesseler KO, Sievert SM. RotoBOD─Quantifying Oxygen Consumption by Suspended Particles and Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8760-8770. [PMID: 38717860 PMCID: PMC11112748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Sinking or floating is the natural state of planktonic organisms and particles in the ocean. Simulating these conditions is critical when making measurements, such as respirometry, because they allow the natural exchange of substrates and products between sinking particles and water flowing around them and prevent organisms that are accustomed to motion from changing their metabolism. We developed a rotating incubator, the RotoBOD (named after its capability to rotate and determine biological oxygen demand, BOD), that uniquely enables automated oxygen measurements in small volumes while keeping the samples in their natural state of suspension. This allows highly sensitive rate measurements of oxygen utilization and subsequent characterization of single particles or small planktonic organisms, such as copepods, jellyfish, or protists. As this approach is nondestructive, it can be combined with several further measurements during and after the incubation, such as stable isotope additions and molecular analyses. This makes the instrument useful for ecologists, biogeochemists, and potentially other user groups such as aquaculture facilities. Here, we present the technical background of our newly developed apparatus and provide examples of how it can be utilized to determine oxygen production and consumption in small organisms and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Karthäuser
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Paul D. Fucile
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Amy E. Maas
- Bermuda
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State
University, 17 Biological
Station, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda
| | - Leocadio Blanco-Bercial
- Bermuda
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State
University, 17 Biological
Station, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda
| | - Hannah Gossner
- Bermuda
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State
University, 17 Biological
Station, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda
| | - Daniel P. Lowenstein
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Yuuki J. Niimi
- Bermuda
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Arizona State
University, 17 Biological
Station, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda
| | - Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Joan M. Bernhard
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Ken O. Buesseler
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Stefan M. Sievert
- Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Sutherland KR, Damian-Serrano A, Du Clos KT, Gemmell BJ, Colin SP, Costello JH. Spinning and corkscrewing of oceanic macroplankton revealed through in situ imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9511. [PMID: 38748799 PMCID: PMC11095445 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Helical motion is prevalent in nature and has been shown to confer stability and efficiency in microorganisms. However, the mechanics of helical locomotion in larger organisms (>1 centimeter) remain unknown. In the open ocean, we observed the chain forming salp, Iasis cylindrica, swimming in helices. Three-dimensional imaging showed that helicity derives from torque production by zooids oriented at an oblique orientation relative to the chain axis. Colonies can spin both clockwise and counterclockwise and longer chains (>10 zooids) transition from spinning around a linear axis to a helical swimming path. Propulsive jets are non-interacting and directed at a small angle relative to the axis of motion, thus maximizing thrust while minimizing destructive interactions. Our integrated approach reveals the biomechanical advantages of distributed propulsion and macroscale helical movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Sutherland
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405, USA
| | | | - Kevin T. Du Clos
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
| | - Brad J. Gemmell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sean P. Colin
- Marine Biology/Environmental Sciences, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - John H. Costello
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Biology Department, Providence College, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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3
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Soto-Angel JJ, Nordmann EL, Sturm D, Sachkova M, Pang K, Burkhardt P. Stable Laboratory Culture System for the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2757:123-145. [PMID: 38668964 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Ctenophores are marine organisms attracting significant attention from evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and ecological research. Here, we describe an easy and affordable setup to maintain a stable culture of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. The challenging delicacy of the lobate ctenophores can be met by monitoring the water quality, providing the right nutrition, and adapting the handling and tank set-up to their fragile gelatinous body plan. Following this protocol allows stable laboratory lines, a continuous supply of embryos for molecular biological studies, and independence from population responses to environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Sachkova
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kevin Pang
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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von Montfort GM, Costello JH, Colin SP, Morandini AC, Migotto AE, Maronna MM, Reginato M, Miyake H, Nagata RM. Ontogenetic transitions, biomechanical trade-offs and macroevolution of scyphozoan medusae swimming patterns. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9760. [PMID: 37328506 PMCID: PMC10276012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephyrae, the early stages of scyphozoan jellyfish, possess a conserved morphology among species. However, ontogenetic transitions lead to morphologically different shapes among scyphozoan lineages, with important consequences for swimming biomechanics, bioenergetics and ecology. We used high-speed imaging to analyse biomechanical and kinematic variables of swimming in 17 species of Scyphozoa (1 Coronatae, 8 "Semaeostomeae" and 8 Rhizostomeae) at different developmental stages. Swimming kinematics of early ephyrae were similar, in general, but differences related to major lineages emerged through development. Rhizostomeae medusae have more prolate bells, shorter pulse cycles and higher swimming performances. Medusae of "Semaeostomeae", in turn, have more variable bell shapes and most species had lower swimming performances. Despite these differences, both groups travelled the same distance per pulse suggesting that each pulse is hydrodynamically similar. Therefore, higher swimming velocities are achieved in species with higher pulsation frequencies. Our results suggest that medusae of Rhizostomeae and "Semaeostomeae" have evolved bell kinematics with different optimized traits, rhizostomes optimize rapid fluid processing, through faster pulsations, while "semaeostomes" optimize swimming efficiency, through longer interpulse intervals that enhance mechanisms of passive energy recapture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M von Montfort
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil.
| | - John H Costello
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Biology Department, Providence College, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Biology Department, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
| | - Sean P Colin
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Biology Department, Providence College, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, 02809, USA
| | - André C Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, São Paulo, SP, 101, 05508-090, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manuel Hipólito do Rego, km 131.5, São Sebastião, SP, 11612-109, Brazil
| | - Alvaro E Migotto
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manuel Hipólito do Rego, km 131.5, São Sebastião, SP, 11612-109, Brazil
| | - Maximiliano M Maronna
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, São Paulo, SP, 101, 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01-Vargem Limpa-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Miyake
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Renato M Nagata
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-000, Brazil
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Multigenerational laboratory culture of pelagic ctenophores and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in the lobate Mnemiopsis leidyi. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1868-1900. [PMID: 35697825 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite long-standing experimental interest in ctenophores due to their unique biology, ecological influence and evolutionary status, previous work has largely been constrained by the periodic seasonal availability of wild-caught animals and difficulty in reliably closing the life cycle. To address this problem, we have developed straightforward protocols that can be easily implemented to establish long-term multigenerational cultures for biological experimentation in the laboratory. In this protocol, we describe the continuous culture of the Atlantic lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. A rapid 3-week egg-to-egg generation time makes Mnemiopsis suitable for a wide range of experimental genetic, cellular, embryological, physiological, developmental, ecological and evolutionary studies. We provide recommendations for general husbandry to close the life cycle of Mnemiopsis in the laboratory, including feeding requirements, light-induced spawning, collection of embryos and rearing of juveniles to adults. These protocols have been successfully applied to maintain long-term multigenerational cultures of several species of pelagic ctenophores, and can be utilized by laboratories lacking easy access to the ocean. We also provide protocols for targeted genome editing via microinjection with CRISPR-Cas9 that can be completed within ~2 weeks, including single-guide RNA synthesis, early embryo microinjection, phenotype assessment and sequence validation of genome edits. These protocols provide a foundation for using Mnemiopsis as a model organism for functional genomic analyses in ctenophores.
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Romero-Kutzner V, Tarí J, Herrera A, Martínez I, Bondyale-Juez D, Gómez M. Ingestion of polyethylene microspheres occur only in presence of prey in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113269. [PMID: 35123273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic ingestion was studied in A. aurita, a bloom-forming, circumglobal medusa. Here, we determined whether factors such as the concentration of polyethylene microspheres (75-90 μm) or the absence/presence of prey affect the ingestion, duration of microspheres in the gastrovascular cavity (time of presence), and retention time. The presence of polyethylene microspheres' was determined by exposing medusae during 480 min to three different treatments (5000, 10,000, 20,000 particles L-1), and was checked every 10 min to ascertain whether they had incorporated any. Preliminary results show that microsphere ingestion occurred only in the presence of prey (⁓294 Artemia nauplii L-1). The time of presence of microbeads in A. aurita increased (103, 177, and 227 min), with increasing microplastic concentration, and the microbeads were egested within 150 min. This study initiates the understanding of the potential implications that arise of the encounter between jellyfish and microplastic agglomerates, and with perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Romero-Kutzner
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Javier Tarí
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alicia Herrera
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ico Martínez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Daniel Bondyale-Juez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - May Gómez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Campus Universitario de Tafira, Canary Islands, Spain
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7
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Feeding Behavior, Shrinking, and the Role of Mucus in the Cannonball Jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 in Captivity. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The importance of mucus produced by jellyfish species remains as understudied as their feeding behavior. Here, we study medusae under captivity, ascertain the role of mucus, and describe its feeding behavior. Between February and March 2019, live adult cannonball jellyfish, Stomolophus sp. 2, were collected in Las Guásimas Bay (Gulf of California, Mexico) and were offered fish eggs, mollusk “D” larvae, or Artemia nauplii in 4-day trials. Descriptions of feeding structures were provided for S. sp. 2. Digitata adhere food and scapulets fragment them, which, driven by water flow, pass via transport channels to the esophagus and the gastrovascular chamber where food is digested. Due to stress by handling, medusae produced mucus and water, lost feeding structures, and decreased in size. Based on our observations and a thorough literature review, we conclude that the production of mucus in S. sp. 2 plays several roles, facilitating capture and packing of prey, acting as a defense mechanism, and facilitating sexual reproduction; the latter improves the likelihood of a population persisting in the long run, because fertilized oocytes in mucus transform to planulae, settle, and transform into asexually reproducing polyps. Polyps live longer than the other life stages and are more resistant to adverse environmental conditions than the medusoid sexual stage.
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Schuchert P, Collins R. Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream. REV SUISSE ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.35929/rsz.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schuchert
- Muséum d'histoire naturelle, C.P. 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland
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Calder DR, Crow GL, Ikeda S, Adachi A, Yamamoto G, Harrington A, Holland BS. Tima nigroannulata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Eirenidae), a New Species of Hydrozoan from Japan. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:370-382. [PMID: 34342958 DOI: 10.2108/zs210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tima nigroannulata sp. nov. is described from medusae collected in shallow waters of four prefectures on the Pacific coast of Japan (Miyagi, Fukushima, Kanagawa, and Miyazaki), as well as from cultures maintained at two aquaria (Enoshima Aquarium, Kanagawa Prefecture; Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium, Yamagata Prefecture). Adult medusae differ from those of other known species of the genus Tima Eschscholtz, 1829 in the following combination of characters: (1) umbrella usually hemispherical or higher, (2) marginal tentacles up to 50 or more in number; and (3) black pigment granules form a ring around the umbrella rim, and sometimes extend onto the tentacles and radial canals. Their hydroids, from aquarium cultures, have stolonal colonies with pedicels of varied length, vestigial hydrothecae, slender and vase- to club-shaped hydranths, and a whorl of about 20 filiform tentacles with an intertentacular web basally. Medusa buds develop singly within gonothecae that arise from the hydrothecal pedicels. The cnidomes of both hydroid and medusa stages comprise heteronemes, provisionally identified as microbasic mastigophores. Medusae of T. nigroannulata are confirmed as a unique, cohesive lineage by comparing mtDNA COI sequence fragments with those from two congeners, resulting in three well-supported reciprocally monophyletic clades, one representing each species. Records of the western Atlantic medusa Tima formosa L. Agassiz, 1862 from Japan overlap those of T. nigroannulata, and are believed to have been based on the new species described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Calder
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada,
| | - Gerald L Crow
- Ocean Research Explorations, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium, Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture 997-1206, Japan
| | - Aya Adachi
- Enoshima Aquarium, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Enoshima Aquarium, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan
| | - Anita Harrington
- Hawaii Pacific University, Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computer Sciences, Kaneohe, HI 96749, USA
| | - Brenden S Holland
- Ocean Research Explorations, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA.,Hawaii Pacific University, Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computer Sciences, Kaneohe, HI 96749, USA
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Lechable M, Jan A, Duchene A, Uveira J, Weissbourd B, Gissat L, Collet S, Gilletta L, Chevalier S, Leclère L, Peron S, Barreau C, Lasbleiz R, Houliston E, Momose T. An improved whole life cycle culture protocol for the hydrozoan genetic model Clytia hemisphaerica. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio051268. [PMID: 32994186 PMCID: PMC7657476 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The jellyfish species Clytia hemisphaerica (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has emerged as a new experimental model animal in the last decade. Favorable characteristics include a fully transparent body suitable for microscopy, daily gamete production and a relatively short life cycle. Furthermore, whole genome sequence assembly and efficient gene editing techniques using CRISPR/Cas9 have opened new possibilities for genetic studies. The quasi-immortal vegetatively-growing polyp colony stage provides a practical means to maintain mutant strains. In the context of developing Clytia as a genetic model, we report here an improved whole life cycle culture method including an aquarium tank system designed for culture of the tiny jellyfish form. We have compared different feeding regimes using Artemia larvae as food and demonstrate that the stage-dependent feeding control is the key for rapid and reliable medusa and polyp rearing. Metamorphosis of the planula larvae into a polyp colony can be induced efficiently using a new synthetic peptide. The optimized procedures detailed here make it practical to generate genetically modified Clytia strains and to maintain their whole life cycle in the laboratory.This article has an associated First Person interview with the two first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lechable
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alexandre Jan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la mer de Villefranche, FR3761, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM), Service Aquariologie, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Axel Duchene
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la mer de Villefranche, FR3761, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM), Service Aquariologie, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Julie Uveira
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Brandon Weissbourd
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
| | - Loann Gissat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la mer de Villefranche, FR3761, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM), Service Aquariologie, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Collet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la mer de Villefranche, FR3761, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM), Service Aquariologie, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Gilletta
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Peron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Carine Barreau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Régis Lasbleiz
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la mer de Villefranche, FR3761, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM), Service Aquariologie, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, UMR7009 Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Patry WL, Bubel M, Hansen C, Knowles T. Diffusion tubes: a method for the mass culture of ctenophores and other pelagic marine invertebrates. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8938. [PMID: 32292660 PMCID: PMC7147435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture of pelagic marine invertebrates, especially the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, has been demonstrated in past studies dating back to the 1960s; however, the mass culture of delicate pelagic invertebrates has remained elusive. By using a pair of acrylic tubes and enabling water diffusion between them, we have been able to reliably and cost effectively mass culture several genera of ctenophores (Pleurobrachia, Hormiphora, Bolinopsis, Mnemiopsis and Leucothea), one species of siphonophore (Nanomia) and one species of larvacean (Oikopleura). The simple, compact method is effective enough to support two permanent exhibits of ctenophores at the Monterey Bay Aquarium while minimizing live food culture requirements with the potential to support further investigation of pelagic marine invertebrate ontogeny, ecology and genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L. Patry
- Animal Care Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - MacKenzie Bubel
- Animal Care Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Cypress Hansen
- Animal Care Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Knowles
- Animal Care Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
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Díaz-Jiménez L, Pérez-Rostro CI, Hernández-Vergara MP, Perez-Legaspi IA. Efecto de la dieta y el sistema de cultivo en la supervivencia y desarrollo larval del camarón bandeado Stenopus hispidus. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Rice E, Stewart G. Decadal changes in zooplankton abundance and phenology of Long Island Sound reflect interacting changes in temperature and community composition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 120:154-165. [PMID: 27552121 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Between 1939 and 1982, several surveys indicated that zooplankton in Long Island Sound, NY (LIS) appeared to follow an annual cycle typical of the Mid-Atlantic coast of North America. Abundance peaked in both early spring and late summer and the peaks were similar in magnitude. In recent decades, this cycle appeared to have shifted. Only one large peak tended to occur, and summer copepod abundance was consistently reduced by ∼60% from 1939 to 1982 levels. In other Mid-Atlantic coastal systems such a dramatic shift has been attributed to the earlier appearance of ctenophores, particularly Mnemiopsis leidyi, during warmer spring months. However, over a decade of surveys in LIS have consistently found near-zero values in M. leidyi biomass during spring months. Our multiple linear regression model indicates that summer M. leidyi biomass during this decade explains <25% of the variation in summer copepod abundance. During these recent, warmer years, summer copepod community shifts appear to explain the loss of copepod abundance. Although Acartia tonsa in 2010-2011 appeared to be present all year long, it was no longer the dominant summer zooplankton species. Warmer summers have been associated with an increase in cyanobacteria and flagellates, which are not consumed efficiently by A. tonsa. This suggests that in warming coastal systems multiple environmental and biological factors interact and likely underlie dramatic alterations to copepod phenology, not single causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rice
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gillian Stewart
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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Henschke N, Everett JD, Richardson AJ, Suthers IM. Rethinking the Role of Salps in the Ocean. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:720-733. [PMID: 27444105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salps are barrel-shaped, gelatinous zooplankton that regularly form large swarms. They have historically been ignored because they are difficult to sample and their gelatinous body structure suggests that they are unimportant in food webs and biogeochemical cycles. We collate evidence to overturn several common misconceptions about salps that have hampered research. We show that salps play a major role in carbon sequestration and are key components of marine food webs as a food source for at least 202 species including fish, turtles, and crustaceans. The future of salps in the Anthropocene is uncertain, and therefore further research into areas such as basic rate processes and their biogeochemical impact through new and innovative laboratory and field methods is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Henschke
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 22, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia.
| | - Jason D Everett
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 22, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Dutton Park 4001, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Iain M Suthers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 22, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia
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16
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Ctenophores: an evolutionary-developmental perspective. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:85-92. [PMID: 27351593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ctenophores are non-bilaterian metazoans of uncertain phylogenetic position, some recent studies placing them as sister-group to all other animals whereas others suggest this placement is artefactual and ctenophores are more closely allied with cnidarians and bilaterians, with which they share nerve cells, muscles and gut. Available information about developmental genes and their expression and function in ctenophores is reviewed. These data not only unveil some conserved aspects of molecular developmental mechanisms with other basal metazoan lineages, but also can be expected to enlighten the genomic and molecular bases of the evolution of ctenophore-specific traits, including their unique embryonic development, complex anatomy and high cell type diversity.
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17
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Preliminary observations on ephyrae predation by Lychnorhiza lucerna medusa (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zoolgart.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Mamish S, Al-Masri MS, Durgham H. Radioactivity in three species of eastern Mediterranean jellyfish. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 149:1-7. [PMID: 26186235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of (137)Cs, (40)K, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (234)U and (238)U were determined in umbrella and oral arms of three widely distributed jellyfish species; namely Rhopilema nomadica Galil, 1990, Aurelia aurita Linne, 1758 and Aequorea forskalea Péron & Lesueur, 1810 collected from February 2011 to January 2012 in four sampling locations along the Syrian coast (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). The results have shown significant variations in radionuclides activity concentrations amongst the species. The average activity concentrations of (40)K, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (234)U and (238)U in the umbrella of R. nomadica species were higher than the average activity concentrations in the umbrella of A. aurita species by about 3.2, 1.4, 1.8, 3.2 and 3.2 folds, and A. forskalea species by about 45.5, 15.4, 19, 7.4 and 7.6 folds, respectively. The average activity concentrations of (40)K, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (234)U and (238)U in oral arms of R. nomadica species were higher than the average activity concentrations in oral arms of A. aurita species by about 3.8, 1.7, 1.9, 2.8 and 2.9 folds, respectively. (137)Cs activity concentrations were below the detection limit in all measured samples. In addition, activity concentrations of (137)Cs, (40)K, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (234)U and (238)U were also determined in 44 surface seawater samples and the activity concentrations ranged between 10.6 and 11.9 Bq l(-1) for (40)K, 1.1 and 1.4 mBq l(-1) for (210)Po, 0.5 and 0.7 mBq l(-1) for (210)Pb, 40.8 and 44.5 mBq l(-1) for (234)U, and 36.9 and 38.4 mBq l(-1) for (238)U, while (137)Cs activity concentrations were below the detection limit in all measured samples. Moreover, the umbrella and oral arms readily accumulated (40)K, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (234)U and (238)U above ambient seawater levels in the sequence of (210)Po > (210)Pb > (4) K > (234)U and (238)U. Concentration ratio (CR) values were relatively high for (210)Po and (210)Pb and reached 10(3) and 10(2), respectively for the jellyfish R. nomadica species compared to A. aurita and A. forskalea species. Therefore, R. nomadica can be used as biomonitor for these two radionuclides in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, the obtained data can be considered the first reported baseline values for radioactivity in jellyfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mamish
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Department of Protection and Safety, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - M S Al-Masri
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Department of Protection and Safety, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - H Durgham
- Tishreen University, High Institute of Marine Biology, Lattakia, Syria
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19
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Khong NMH, Yusoff FM, Jamilah B, Basri M, Maznah I, Chan KW, Nishikawa J. Nutritional composition and total collagen content of three commercially important edible jellyfish. Food Chem 2015; 196:953-60. [PMID: 26593577 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate nutraceutical potential of three commercially significant edible jellyfish species (Acromitus hardenbergi, Rhopilema hispidum and Rhopilema esculentum). The bell and oral arms of these jellyfishes were analyzed for their proximate composition, calorific value, collagen content, amino acid profile, chemical score and elemental constituent. In general, all jellyfish possessed low calorific values (1.0-4.9 kcal/g D.W.) and negligible fat contents (0.4-1.8 g/100 g D.W.), while protein (20.0-53.9 g/100 g D.W.) and minerals (15.9-57.2g/100g D.W.) were found to be the richest components. Total collagen content of edible jellyfish varied from 122.64 to 693.92 mg/g D.W., accounting for approximately half its total protein content. The dominant amino acids in both bell and oral arms of all jellyfish studied includes glycine, glutamate, threonine, proline, aspartate and arginine, while the major elements were sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and silicon. Among the jellyfish, A. hardenbergi exhibited significantly higher total amino acids, chemical scores and collagen content (p<0.05) compared to R. hispidum and R. esculentum. Having good protein quality and low calories, edible jellyfish is an appealing source of nutritive ingredients for the development of oral formulations, nutricosmetics and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M H Khong
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - B Jamilah
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Mahiran Basri
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - I Maznah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kim Wei Chan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Marine Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan.
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20
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Piette J, Lemaire P. Thaliaceans, The Neglected Pelagic Relatives of Ascidians: A Developmental and Evolutionary Enigma. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 90:117-45. [DOI: 10.1086/681440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Kolbasova GD, Zalevsky AO, Gafurov AR, Gusev PO, Ezhova MA, Zheludkevich AA, Konovalova OP, Kosobokova KN, Kotlov NU, Lanina NO, Lapashina AS, Medvedev DO, Nosikova KS, Nuzhdina EO, Bazykin GA, Neretina TV. A new species of Cyanea jellyfish sympatric to C. capillata in the White Sea. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Reuben Shipway J, Borges LMS, Müller J, Cragg SM. The broadcast spawning Caribbean shipworm, Teredothyra dominicensis (Bivalvia, Teredinidae), has invaded and become established in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Almeda R, Wambaugh Z, Chai C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Buskey EJ. Effects of crude oil exposure on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and survival of adult and larval stages of gelatinous zooplankton. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74476. [PMID: 24116004 PMCID: PMC3792109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatinous zooplankton play an important role in marine food webs both as major consumers of metazooplankton and as prey of apex predators (e.g., tuna, sunfish, sea turtles). However, little is known about the effects of crude oil spills on these important components of planktonic communities. We determined the effects of Louisiana light sweet crude oil exposure on survival and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in adult stages of the scyphozoans Pelagia noctiluca and Aurelia aurita and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, and on survival of ephyra larvae of A. aurita and cydippid larvae of M. leidyi, in the laboratory. Adult P. noctiluca showed 100% mortality at oil concentration ≥20 µL L(-1) after 16 h. In contrast, low or non-lethal effects were observed on adult stages of A. aurita and M. leidyi exposed at oil concentration ≤25 µL L(-1) after 6 days. Survival of ephyra and cydippid larva decreased with increasing crude oil concentration and exposition time. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for ephyra larvae ranged from 14.41 to 0.15 µL L(-1) after 1 and 3 days, respectively. LC50 for cydippid larvae ranged from 14.52 to 8.94 µL L(-1) after 3 and 6 days, respectively. We observed selective bioaccumulation of chrysene, phenanthrene and pyrene in A. aurita and chrysene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]anthracene in M. leidyi. Overall, our results indicate that (1) A. aurita and M. leidyi adults had a high tolerance to crude oil exposure compared to other zooplankton, whereas P. noctiluca was highly sensitive to crude oil, (2) larval stages of gelatinous zooplankton were more sensitive to crude oil than adult stages, and (3) some of the most toxic PAHs of crude oil can be bioaccumulated in gelatinous zooplankton and potentially be transferred up the food web and contaminate apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeda
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zoe Wambaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Oceanography, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Chao Chai
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zucheng Wang
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Buskey
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
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24
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Gouveneaux A, Mallefet J. Physiological control of bioluminescence in a deep-sea planktonic worm, Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, 1879. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:4285-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.090852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff 1879 (Tomopteridae) is a transparent holoplanktonic polychaete that can emit a bright light. In this work, we investigated the emission pattern and control of this deep-sea worm's luminescence. Potassium chloride depolarisation applied on anesthetised specimens triggered a maximal yellow light emission from specific parapodial sites, suggesting that a nervous control pathway was involved. A pharmacological screening revealed a sensitivity to carbachol, which was confirmed by a dose-light response associated with a change in the light emission pattern, where physiological carbachol concentrations induced flashes and higher concentrations induced glows. The light response induced by its hydrolysable agonist, acetylcholine, was significantly weaker but was facilitated by eserine pretreatment. In addition, a specific inhibitory effect of tubocurarine was observed on carbachol-induced emission. Lastly, KCl- and carbachol-induced light responses were significantly reduced when preparations were pre-incubated in Ca2+-free artificial sea water or in different calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) and calmodulin inhibitor (trifluoperazine) solutions. All of these results strongly suggest that T. helgolandica produces its light flashes via activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors and a calcium-dependent intracellular mechanism involving L-type calcium channels.
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25
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Heat tolerance, behavioural temperature selection and temperature-dependent respiration in larval Octopus huttoni. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Lucas CH, Graham WM, Widmer C. Jellyfish life histories: role of polyps in forming and maintaining scyphomedusa populations. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 63:133-196. [PMID: 22877612 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394282-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large population fluctuations of jellyfish occur over a variety of temporal scales, from weekly to seasonal, inter-annual and even decadal, with some regions of the world reported to be experiencing persistent seasonal bloom events. Recent jellyfish research has focussed on understanding the causes and consequences of these population changes, with the vast majority of studies considering the effect of changing environmental variables only on the pelagic medusa. But many of the bloom-forming species are members of the Scyphozoa with complex metagenic life cycles consisting of a sexually reproducing pelagic medusa and asexually reproducing benthic polyp. Recruitment success during the juvenile (planula, polyp and ephyrae) stages of the life cycle can have a major effect on the abundance of the adult (medusa) population, but until very recently, little was known about the ecology of the polyp or scyphistoma phase of the scyphozoan life cycle. The aim of this review is to synthesise the current state of knowledge of polyp ecology by examining (1) the recruitment and metamorphosis of planulae larvae into polyps, (2) survival and longevity of polyps, (3) expansion of polyp populations via asexual propagation and (4) strobilation and recruitment of ephyrae (juvenile medusae). Where possible, comparisons are made with the life histories of other bentho-pelagic marine invertebrates so that further inferences can be made. Differences between tropical and temperate species are highlighted and related to climate change, and populations of the same species (in particular Aurelia aurita) inhabiting different habitats within its geographic range are compared. The roles that polyps play in ensuring the long-term survival of jellyfish populations as well as in the formation of bloom populations are considered, and recommendations for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy H Lucas
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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27
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Multiple introductions and invasion pathways for the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Eurasia. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Pierce J. Prediction, location, collection and transport of jellyfish (Cnidaria) and their polyps. Zoo Biol 2009; 28:163-76. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Dawson MN, Hamner WM. A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5:135-50. [PMID: 17626000 PMCID: PMC2093964 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluid mechanics of marine and terrestrial systems are surprisingly similar at many spatial and temporal scales. Not surprisingly, the dispersal of organisms that float, swim or fly is influenced by the fluid environments of air and seawater. Nonetheless, it has been argued repeatedly that the geography of evolution differs fundamentally between marine and terrestrial taxa. Might this view emanate from qualitative contrasts between the pelagic ocean and terrestrial land conflated by anthropocentric perception of within- and between-realm variation? We draw on recent advances in biogeography to identify two pairs of biophysically similar marine and terrestrial settings--(i) aerial and marine microplankton and (ii) true islands and brackish seawater lakes--which have similar geographies of evolution. Commonalities at these scales, the largest and smallest biogeographic scales, delimit the geographical extents that can possibly characterize evolution in the remaining majority of species. The geographies of evolution therefore differ statistically, not fundamentally, between marine and terrestrial systems. Comparing the geography of evolution in diverse non-microplanktonic and non-island species from a biophysical perspective is an essential next step for quantifying precisely how marine and terrestrial systems differ and is an important yet under-explored avenue of macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Dawson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95344, USA.
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30
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Oliveira OMPD, Mianzan H, Migotto AE, Marques AC. Chave de identificação dos Ctenophora da costa brasileira. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032007000300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Embora abundantes e importantes ecologicamente no meio marinho, os ctenóforos do litoral brasileiro têm sido pouco estudados. O presente estudo tem por objetivo prover informações para auxiliar na identificação desses organismos. Para tal, são descritos métodos de fixação e documentação fotográfica dos ctenóforos. A terminologia referente ao grupo, em língua portuguesa, é apresentada na forma de um glossário. Além disso, as características que distinguem as treze espécies registradas para águas brasileiras são organizadas em uma chave de identificação. A complementação da identificação pode ser feita pela literatura indicada para cada espécie.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermes Mianzan
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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31
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Coates MM, Garm A, Theobald JC, Thompson SH, Nilsson DE. The spectral sensitivity of the lens eyes of a box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora (Conant). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:3758-65. [PMID: 16985192 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Box jellyfish, or cubomedusae (class Cubozoa), are unique among the Cnidaria in possessing lens eyes similar in morphology to those of vertebrates and cephalopods. Although these eyes were described over 100 years ago, there has been no work done on their electrophysiological responses to light. We used an electroretinogram (ERG) technique to measure spectral sensitivity of the lens eyes of the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora. The cubomedusae have two kinds of lens eyes, the lower and upper lens eyes. We found that both lens eye types have similar spectral sensitivities, which likely result from the presence of a single receptor type containing a single opsin. The peak sensitivity is to blue-green light. Visual pigment template fits indicate a vitamin A-1 based opsin with peak sensitivity near 500 nm for both eye types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Coates
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA.
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