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Crow GL, Holland BS, Yamamoto G, Ikeda S, Adachi A, Niide K. Integrative Systematics and Biogeography of the Hydrozoans (Leptothecata: Eirenidae) Eirene menoni Kramp, 1953 and Eirene lacteoides Kubota and Horita, 1992 from Japan and China with Comments on Pacific Ocean Distributions. Zool Stud 2023; 62:e49. [PMID: 37965300 PMCID: PMC10641431 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2023.62-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The hydrozoan family Eirenidae is known scientifically for its morphological plasticity and challenges in species identification. We used an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological, molecular and life history evidence to systematically assess field-collected medusae of Eirene menoni Kramp 1953 and captive raised polyps of both E. menoni and E. lacteoides Kubota and Horita 1992. Following morphological review, we updated the genus description to include the presence of rudimentary bulbs (warts) on the ring canal in at least eight of the 24 valid Eirene species. We propose the potential for the mature E. menoni hydrotheca to develop into a gonotheca. However, this proposal will require additional study for verification. We provide validated distribution records from the Indo-Pacific Ocean for E. menoni,and updated collection records for E. lacteoides from the Yellow and East China Seas, and public aquaria-cultured specimens from Japan and Hawaii, using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences that we generated and compared with those from GenBank. The COI gene reliably separated four species, each forming a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap support and low mean intraspecific molecular divergences (≤ 1%) within clades. However, some of the deeper nodes of the tree remained poorly resolved, and our analysis failed to demonstrate monophyly among eirenid genera Eirene and Tima. Our integrative taxonomic approach is essential in confirming species identity within the family Eirenidae and genus Eirene,and we have also identified a likely range expansion of E. lacteoides to Hawaii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Crow
- Ocean Research Explorations, P. O. Box 235926, Honolulu, Hawaii 96823. E-mail: (Crow)
| | - Brenden S Holland
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computer Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744. E-mail: (Holland)
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Enoshima Aquarium, 2-19-1 Katase Kaigan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan. E-mail: (Yamamoto); (Adachi)
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium, 656 Okubo Imaizumi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture 997-1206, Japan. E-mail: (Ikeda)
| | - Aya Adachi
- Enoshima Aquarium, 2-19-1 Katase Kaigan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan. E-mail: (Yamamoto); (Adachi)
| | - Kelley Niide
- Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2777 Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815. E-mail: (Niide)
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Calder DR, Crow GL, Ikeda S, Adachi A, Yamamoto G, Harrington A, Holland BS. Tima nigroannulata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Eirenidae), a New Species of Hydrozoan from Japan. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:370-382. [PMID: 34342958 DOI: 10.2108/zs210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tima nigroannulata sp. nov. is described from medusae collected in shallow waters of four prefectures on the Pacific coast of Japan (Miyagi, Fukushima, Kanagawa, and Miyazaki), as well as from cultures maintained at two aquaria (Enoshima Aquarium, Kanagawa Prefecture; Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium, Yamagata Prefecture). Adult medusae differ from those of other known species of the genus Tima Eschscholtz, 1829 in the following combination of characters: (1) umbrella usually hemispherical or higher, (2) marginal tentacles up to 50 or more in number; and (3) black pigment granules form a ring around the umbrella rim, and sometimes extend onto the tentacles and radial canals. Their hydroids, from aquarium cultures, have stolonal colonies with pedicels of varied length, vestigial hydrothecae, slender and vase- to club-shaped hydranths, and a whorl of about 20 filiform tentacles with an intertentacular web basally. Medusa buds develop singly within gonothecae that arise from the hydrothecal pedicels. The cnidomes of both hydroid and medusa stages comprise heteronemes, provisionally identified as microbasic mastigophores. Medusae of T. nigroannulata are confirmed as a unique, cohesive lineage by comparing mtDNA COI sequence fragments with those from two congeners, resulting in three well-supported reciprocally monophyletic clades, one representing each species. Records of the western Atlantic medusa Tima formosa L. Agassiz, 1862 from Japan overlap those of T. nigroannulata, and are believed to have been based on the new species described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Calder
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada,
| | - Gerald L Crow
- Ocean Research Explorations, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium, Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture 997-1206, Japan
| | - Aya Adachi
- Enoshima Aquarium, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Enoshima Aquarium, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture 251-0035, Japan
| | - Anita Harrington
- Hawaii Pacific University, Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computer Sciences, Kaneohe, HI 96749, USA
| | - Brenden S Holland
- Ocean Research Explorations, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA.,Hawaii Pacific University, Department of Natural Sciences, College of Natural and Computer Sciences, Kaneohe, HI 96749, USA
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Chiaverano LM, Holland BS, Crow GL, Blair L, Yanagihara AA. Long-term fluctuations in circalunar Beach aggregations of the box jellyfish Alatina moseri in Hawaii, with links to environmental variability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77039. [PMID: 24194856 PMCID: PMC3806728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The box jellyfish Alatina moseri forms monthly aggregations at Waikiki Beach 8-12 days after each full moon, posing a recurrent hazard to swimmers due to painful stings. We present an analysis of long-term (14 years: Jan 1998- Dec 2011) changes in box jellyfish abundance at Waikiki Beach. We tested the relationship of beach counts to climate and biogeochemical variables over time in the North Pacific Sub-tropical Gyre (NPSG). Generalized Additive Models (GAM), Change-Point Analysis (CPA), and General Regression Models (GRM) were used to characterize patterns in box jellyfish arrival at Waikiki Beach 8-12 days following 173 consecutive full moons. Variation in box jellyfish abundance lacked seasonality, but exhibited dramatic differences among months and among years, and followed an oscillating pattern with significant periods of increase (1998-2001; 2006-2011) and decrease (2001-2006). Of three climatic and 12 biogeochemical variables examined, box jellyfish showed a strong, positive relationship with primary production, >2 mm zooplankton biomass, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) index. It is clear that that the moon cycle plays a key role in synchronizing timing of the arrival of Alatina moseri medusae to shore. We propose that bottom-up processes, likely initiated by inter-annual regional climatic fluctuations influence primary production, secondary production, and ultimately regulate food availability, and are therefore important in controlling the inter-annual changes in box jellyfish abundance observed at Waikiki Beach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano M. Chiaverano
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brenden S. Holland
- Center for Conservation Research & Training, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Gerald L. Crow
- Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Landy Blair
- Ocean Safety and Lifeguard Services, City and County of Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Angel A. Yanagihara
- Bekesy Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, and Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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Nagai H, Takuwa K, Nakao M, Sakamoto B, Crow GL, Nakajima T. Isolation and characterization of a novel protein toxin from the Hawaiian box jellyfish (sea wasp) Carybdea alata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:589-94. [PMID: 10964708 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The box jellyfish (sea wasp) Carybdea alata Reynaud, 1830 (Cubozoa) is distributed widely in the tropics. The sting of C. alata causes severe pain and cutaneous inflammation in humans. We successfully isolated C. alata toxin-A (CaTX-A, 43 kDa) and -B (CaTX-B, 45 kDa) for the first time from the tentacle of C. alata collected at a site along the Hawaiian shore. The experimental results showed that CaTX-A, but not CaTX-B, is present in the nematocyst, the organ responsible for stinging. Both CaTX-A and -B showed potent hemolytic activity, with CaTX-A being lethally toxic to crayfish when administered via intraperitoneal injection. Furthermore, we sequenced the cDNA encoding CaTX-A. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaTX-A (463 amino acids) showed 43.7% homology to Carybdea rastoni toxins (CrTXs) but not with any other known proteins. Therefore, these jellyfish toxins potentially represent a novel class of bioactive proteins. Secondary structure analysis of CaTX-A and CrTXs suggested the presence of amphiphilic alpha-helices, which are also seen in several known hemolytic or cytolytic protein toxins, including peptide toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagai
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka, 618-8503, Japan.
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Crow GL, Ron B, Atkinson S, Rasmussen LE. Serum T(4) and serum T(3) concentrations in immature captive whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus. J Exp Zool 1999; 284:500-4. [PMID: 10469987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Serum T(3) (3,5,3' triiodothyronine) and serum T(4) (thyroxine) concentrations were repetitively assayed by radioimmunoassay over a three-year period in two male and two female immature captive whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus. These sharks were maintained at the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii, in an open system holding pool receiving 568 liters per minute of water from a saltwater well with an iodide concentration of 0.076 mg/liter. No significant male-female difference was observed for either serum T(3) or serum T(4). No seasonal pattern of serum T(3) was detected (P = 0.07). Serum T(3) concentrations ranged (mean +/- SEM) from 0. 52 to 0.83 ng/mL (0.67 +/- 0.01; n = 64). A significant seasonal difference was observed for serum T(4) (P < 0.001). Serum T(4) concentration was higher in winter (October-January) with a mean (range +/- SEM) of 6.58 ng/mL (1.48-8.77 +/- 0.35; n = 24) and lower in summer (May-August) with a mean of 3.62 ng/mL (1.34-5.71 +/- 0. 22; n = 24). The thyroid hormone T(4) has a seasonal rhythm even in immature sharks and may have an important role in physiology. J. Exp. Zool. 284:500-504, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Crow
- Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, USA.
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Crow GL. The business of planning your practice: success is no accident. Adv Pract Nurs Q 1998; 2:55-61. [PMID: 9447059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Not all businesses succeed. A successful business beings with a well-executed business plan. A business plan is essential for the nurse practitioner who is attempting to open a practice. To finance your practice you need a business plan that identifies your purpose, the market you will service, how the practice will be financed, and the general business structure. The importance of planning your practice cannot be overemphasized. A business plan can lessen the likelihood of failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Crow
- Sonoma State University, Department of Nursing, Rohnert Park, California, USA
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Crow GL, Brock JA, Kaiser S. Fusarium solani fungal infection of the lateral line canal system in captive scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) in Hawaii. J Wildl Dis 1995; 31:562-5. [PMID: 8592393 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-31.4.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two of five scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) captured May 1987 in Hawaii (USA) developed granulomatous exudative mycotic dermatitis localized in the lateral line canal system. The lesion initially was noted in the cephalic canals, but over a period of months extended into the lateral canal. Fusarium solani and Vibrio spp. were isolated from the canal exudate of both sharks. Bacterial colonies were not observed in the canal walls or surrounding tissues. Fusarium solani infection resulted in a chronic physical and behavioral deterioration of the two sharks; one shark was euthanized in September 1988 and the other in July 1989. This is the first report of Fusarium solani infection in the lateral line canal system and the third account in hammerhead sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Crow
- Waikiki Aquarium, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96815, USA
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Crow GL, Brock JA. The use of gentamicin sulfate therapy in a captive blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) with intestinal biting syndrome. Zoo Biol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430120509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Benz GW, Mohan PJ, Crow GL. Developmental Stages of Paralebion elongatus from Aquarium-Held Reef Whitetip Sharks (Triaenodon obesus) Captured in Hawaiian Waters. J Parasitol 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/3283225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Crow GL, Brock JA, Howe JC, Linnon BE. Shark bite wounds of the valvular intestine: The cause of an acute mortality syndrome of captive blacktip reef sharks,Carcharhinus melanopterus. Zoo Biol 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Crow GL, Howe JC, Uchida S, Kamolnick S, Wisner MG, Caira JN. Protrusion of the Valvular Intestine Through the Cloaca in Sharks of the Family Carcharhinidae. COPEIA 1990. [DOI: 10.2307/1445839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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