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Hossain ME, Akter N. Further insights into the prevention of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broiler: a 65-year review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2090305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Emran Hossain
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Nasima Akter
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Bangladesh
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Effect of Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplemented to Drinking Water on Water Quality, Growth Performance, Organ Weights, Cecal Traits and Hematological Parameters of Young Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071865. [PMID: 34201537 PMCID: PMC8300354 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate supplemented to drinking water on water quality, growth performance, relative organ weights, cecal traits and hematological parameters of broilers, a total of 456 one-day-old Cobb MV × Cobb 500 FF mixed broilers were randomly placed in three experimental treatments, with four replicates per treatment and 38 birds per replicate, for 10 days. The treatments consisted of the use of acetic acid (0.4%; T1) as acidifier, an apparently neutral pH (T2) and sodium bicarbonate (1%; T3) as alkalizer of the drinking water. T3 showed the highest values (p < 0.05) for total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, salinity and pH. T1 and T2 showed the same productive response (p > 0.05); however, T3 decreased (p < 0.05) body weight, feed intake and the relative weight of the pancreas and immune organs and increased (p < 0.05) water intake, mortality and relative weight of the heart and liver. Likewise, T3 increased (p < 0.05) the cecal pH, although without changes for the cecal lactic cecal bacteria count and blood parameters (p > 0.05). The acid pH of the drinking water had no effect on the biological response of broilers compared to T2; however, the T3 provoked high mortality, ascites, low productivity and abnormal growth of some organs.
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Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Nafstad O, Moe RO. A comparison of post-mortem findings in broilers dead-on-farm and broilers dead-on-arrival at the abattoir. Poult Sci 2016; 94:2622-9. [PMID: 26500266 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler mortality during transport to abattoirs (dead-on-arrival/DOA) evokes concern due to compromised animal welfare and associated economic losses. The general aim of this study was to characterize pathological lesions associated with mortality in broilers close to slaughter. The specific aim was to investigate whether disease at the end of the growth period may be a predisposing factor for DOA by describing and comparing the pathological findings in broilers dead-on-farm (DOF) in the final days of the production cycle and in broilers DOA from the same flocks. Gross post-mortem examinations were performed on 607 broilers from 32 flocks, either DOF (371) or DOA (236). In DOF broilers, the most common pathological lesions were lung congestion (37.7%), endocarditis (29.4%), and ascites (24.0%), whereas the most common findings in broilers DOA were lung congestion (57.2%) and trauma (24.6%). Lung congestion was more prevalent among DOA broilers compared to DOF broilers (P-value of > 0.001). A possible cause behind the pathological finding lung congestion is sudden death syndrome (SDS). The study indicates that steps in the transportation process per se cause the majority of pathological lesions such as lung congestion and trauma that may have led to the mortalities registered. Pre-existing diseases such as ascites and osteomyelitis may also predispose for DOA. Thus, factors relating to on-farm health, catching, and transportation are all areas of future investigation in order to reduce transport mortalities and to enhance welfare in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kittelsen
- Animalia- Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, NO-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - E G Granquist
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ø Kolbjørnsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, NO-0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Nafstad
- Animalia- Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, NO-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - R O Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Wideman RF, Rhoads DD, Erf GF, Anthony NB. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (ascites syndrome) in broilers: a review. Poult Sci 2013; 92:64-83. [PMID: 23243232 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) syndrome in broilers (also known as ascites syndrome and pulmonary hypertension syndrome) can be attributed to imbalances between cardiac output and the anatomical capacity of the pulmonary vasculature to accommodate ever-increasing rates of blood flow, as well as to an inappropriately elevated tone (degree of constriction) maintained by the pulmonary arterioles. Comparisons of PAH-susceptible and PAH-resistant broilers do not consistently reveal differences in cardiac output, but PAH-susceptible broilers consistently have higher pulmonary arterial pressures and pulmonary vascular resistances compared with PAH-resistant broilers. Efforts clarify the causes of excessive pulmonary vascular resistance have focused on evaluating the roles of chemical mediators of vasoconstriction and vasodilation, as well as on pathological (structural) changes occurring within the pulmonary arterioles (e.g., vascular remodeling and pathology) during the pathogenesis of PAH. The objectives of this review are to (1) summarize the pathophysiological progression initiated by the onset of pulmonary hypertension and culminating in terminal ascites; (2) review recent information regarding the factors contributing to excessively elevated resistance to blood flow through the lungs; (3) assess the role of the immune system during the pathogenesis of PAH; and (4) present new insights into the genetic basis of PAH. The cumulative evidence attributes the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in PAH-susceptible broilers to an anatomically inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity, to excessive vascular tone reflecting the dominance of pulmonary vasoconstrictors over vasodilators, and to vascular pathology elicited by excessive hemodynamic stress. Emerging evidence also demonstrates that the pathogenesis of PAH includes characteristics of an inflammatory/autoimmune disease involving multifactorial genetic, environmental, and immune system components. Pulmonary arterial hypertension susceptibility appears to be multigenic and may be manifested in aberrant stress sensitivity, function, and regulation of pulmonary vascular tissue components, as well as aberrant activities of innate and adaptive immune system components. Major genetic influences and high heritabilities for PAH susceptibility have been demonstrated by numerous investigators. Selection pressures rigorously focused to challenge the pulmonary vascular capacity readily expose the genetic basis for spontaneous PAH in broilers. Chromosomal mapping continues to identify regions associated with ascites susceptibility, and candidate genes have been identified. Ongoing immunological and genomic investigations are likely to continue generating important new knowledge regarding the fundamental biological bases for the PAH/ascites syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, FAyetteville 72701, USA.
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Julian RJ. Physiological, management and environmental triggers of the ascites syndrome: a review. Avian Pathol 2012; 29:519-27. [PMID: 19184847 DOI: 10.1080/03079450020016751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In meat-type chickens, an inadequacy of vascular capacity for blood flow through the lung to provide the tissues with the oxygen needed for rapid growth is the primary cause of pulmonary hypertensioninduced ascites. There are a variety of other factors that can trigger the ascites syndrome. These factors may cause increased blood flow because of a higher metabolic rate (cold, heat, certain nutrients, chemicals, etc.) or they may cause pulmonary hypertension-induced ascites in rapidly growing chickens because of greater resistance to blood flow in the lung by: (i) increased blood viscosity or red blood cell rigidity; or (ii) reduced vascular capacity in the lung. Some secondary factors, such as high sodium from salt in feed or water, may cause both increased flow and increased resistance to flow. Measures to reduce the ascites syndrome must address the primary genetic cause of insufficient vascular flow capacity in the lung and oxygen delivery to tissues, and the secondary factors that increase oxygen requirement, blood flow and the resistance to blood flow in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Julian
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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6
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Scientific Opinion on the influence of genetic parameters on the welfare and the resistance to stress of commercial broilers. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
In recent years, ascites research has centred on gaining an increased understanding of pulmonary hypertension syndrome together with the potential role of primary cardiac pathologies. The impact at a cellular level of factors which trigger ascites and substances that protect against it has also been documented. Primary pulmonary hypertension has been induced when birds are exposed to hypoxia during incubation. The conditions experienced during this phase of development may impact on the ability of the bird to regulate its basal metabolic rate through endocrine signals controlled by thyroid activity. The extent of ventilation in the lung influences the ability of the bird to oxygenate haemoglobin. Ventilation/ perfusion mismatches may occur prior to or post-hatching. This factor has been studied extensively using the pulmonary artery/bronchus clamp model. At high altitude, a decreased ventilation/perfusion ratio may occur following the effective increase in physiological dead space due to the lowered oxygen tension at the level of the parabronchi. This explains the mechanism by which ascites is triggered by hypoxia in this particular situation. The effects of ascites are ameliorated by the use of beta agonists and dietary arginine, which act by increasing ventilation and blood flow in the lungs and thus correcting a ventilation/perfusion mismatch. Transient bacterial and viral infections may also influence the induction of pulmonary hypertension. The increases in blood viscosity associated with ascites are most probably a consequence of the condition rather than a cause. A bird may alleviate the effects of pulmonary hypertension by decreasing blood viscosity through inhibition of platelet function, increased erythrocyte deformability and the production of coronary relaxants. Evidence is accumulating that primary cardiac pathology may be associated with a number of ascites cases. Broilers that subsequently develop ascites, exhibit lower heart rates than their normal flock mates. Furthermore, during ascites, hypoxic broilers exhibit bradycardia as opposed to the expected tachycardia. In these cases, a tachycardia induced by feed restriction may protect the bird by raising its cardiac output. Right atrio-ventricular regurgitant flow velocities in chickens are relatively slow compared with similar regurgitant flows induced by pulmonary hypertension in other species. The conduction system in the avian heart is specialized and contains a recurrent bundle branch that innervates the right atrio-ventricular valve, thus initiating active valve closure before right ventricular systole. This predisposes the heart to right ventricular volume overload through a valvular incompetance following a failure of valvular innervation. The resultant elevated diastolic wall stress can trigger the production of angiotensin II and its converting enzyme, which mediate ventricular hypertrophy. Subclinical myocardial damage, irrespective of its cause, can be detected by the presence of troponin T in the blood. Reactive oxygen species may damage cell membranes compromising cellular function in a number of body systems. A positive correlation exists between oxidized glutathione concentrations and right ventricular weight ratio. This indicates a failure to cope with oxidative stress at the level of the respiratory membrane. It is not known if it is possible to modulate levels of antioxidants at this location and hence protect the bird. The final description of the ascites aetiology may lie in the concept of a circuit of events between the cardiac, pulmonary and vascular systems that satisfy the metabolic requirements of the bird. A deficit in one of these systems, at a level that prevents adequate compensation from other components, triggers the pathological cascade that results in the end point of clinical ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Currie
- Ross Breeders Ltd, Newbridge, Midlothian, EH28 8SZ, Scotland.
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Wideman RF, Bowen OT, Erf GF. Broiler pulmonary hypertensive responses during lipopolysaccharide-induced tolerance and cyclooxygenase inhibition. Poult Sci 2009; 88:72-85. [PMID: 19096060 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) triggers pulmonary hypertension (PH) characterized by an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) that reaches a peak value within 20 to 25 min and then gradually subsides within 60 min. As the PAP subsides PH cannot be reinitiated, signifying the onset of a period of tolerance (refractoriness) to repeated LPS exposure. The present study was conducted to determine the duration of this tolerance, and to evaluate key mediators thought to contribute to LPS-mediated PH in broilers. Tolerance was shown to persist for 4 to 5 d after the initial exposure to LPS. In tolerant broilers supramaximal i.v. injections of LPS did not reinitiate PH, nor was a significant modulatory role for nitric oxide demonstrated. The pulmonary vasculature of tolerant broilers remains responsive to the thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) mimetic U44069, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and constitutive nitric oxide. Meclofenamate successfully blocked the conversion of arachidonic acid to vasoconstrictive eicosanoids such as TxA(2); nevertheless, meclofenamate failed to inhibit PH in response to LPS. Therefore, TxA(2) does not appear to be the primary vasoconstrictor involved in the PH response to LPS and neither does 5-HT. Broilers emerging from tolerance 5 d after the initial exposure to LPS exhibited interindividual variation in their PH responsiveness to a second LPS injection, ranging from zero response (individuals that remain fully tolerant) to large increases in PAP (post-tolerant individuals). Tolerance might be an important compensatory or protective mechanism for broilers whose pulmonary vascular capacity is marginally adequate under optimal conditions, and whose respiratory systems are chronically challenged with LPS in commercial production facilities. The key vasoconstrictors responsible for the PH elicited by LPS remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Lorenzoni A, Wideman R. Intratracheal Administration of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Elicits Pulmonary Hypertension in Broilers with Primed Airways. Poult Sci 2008; 87:645-54. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Bowen O, Erf G, Chapman M, Wideman R. Plasma Nitric Oxide Concentrations in Broilers After Intravenous Injections of Lipopolysaccharide or Microparticles. Poult Sci 2007; 86:2550-4. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Geng AL, Guo YM. Effects of dietary coenzyme Q10supplementation on hepatic mitochondrial function and the activities of respiratory chain-related enzymes in ascitic broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2006; 46:626-34. [PMID: 16359119 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500273292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. One hundred and sixty 1-d-old Arbor Acre male broiler chicks were fed with maize-soybean based diets for 6 weeks in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. The factors were CoQ10 supplementation (0 or 40 mg/kg) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (LPS or saline). 2. CoQ10 was supplemented from d 1. From d 18, the chickens received three weekly i.p. injections of LPS (1.0 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent amount of sterile saline as control. From d 10 on, all chickens were exposed to low ambient temperature (12 to 15 degrees C) to induce ascites. 3. The blood packed cell volume and ascites heart index of broiler chickens were reduced by dietary CoQ10 supplementation. Mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration, respiratory control ratio and phosphate oxygen ratio were not changed, but H+/site stoichiometry of complex II + III was elevated by dietary CoQ10 supplementation. 4. Cytochrome c oxidase and H+-ATPase activity were increased by CoQ10 supplementation, whereas NADH cytochrome c reductase and succinate cytochrome c reductase were not influenced. Mitochondrial anti-ROS capability was increased and malondialdehyde content was decreased by CoQ10 supplementation. 5. The work suggested that dietary CoQ10 supplementation could reduce broiler chickens' susceptibility to ascites, which might be the result of improving hepatic mitochondrial function, some respiratory chain-related enzymes activities and mitochondrial antioxidative capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Geng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing
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Bowen OT, Wideman RF, Anthony NB, Erf GF. Variation in the Pulmonary Hypertensive Responsiveness of Broilers to Lipopolysaccharide and Innate Variation in Nitric Oxide Production by Mononuclear Cells. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1349-63. [PMID: 16903464 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.8.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability among broilers in their pulmonary hypertensive (PH) responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) appears to reflect innate variation in the types or proportions of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors released by leukocytes and endothelial cells. Two experiments were designed to evaluate possible correlations between the PH responsiveness to LPS in vivo and the quantities of nitric oxide (NO; a potent pulmonary vasodilator) produced by mononuclear cells in vitro. In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected from male broilers from a base population (control group) and from survivors of a 60% lethal dose i.v. injection of cellulose microparticles (MP survivor group). In Experiment 2, blood samples were collected from male broilers from a relaxed line and from lines known to be susceptible or resistant to pulmonary hypertension syndrome. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC) from each blood sample were cultured at 2 million cells per well, remained unstimulated, or were stimulated with LPS to elicit the expression of inducible NO synthase, and the 24-h production of NO was measured. In both experiments, unstimulated PMNC cultures did not produce consistently detectable levels of NO, whereas LPS-stimulated cultures produced quantities of NO that varied widely among individuals. Nitric oxide production by cultured PMNC also was evaluated by flow cytometry, demonstrating that LPS-stimulated PMNC produced substantially more NO than did unstimulated cells in all of the groups evaluated. Moreover, NO-producing PMNC were identified to be monocytes. The same broilers from which PMNC had been isolated were catheterized subsequently to record pulmonary arterial pressure, LPS was injected i.v. to assess the amplitudes of peak and postpeak PH responses, then N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was injected to inhibit ongoing NO production. In Experiment 1, the amplitude of the peak and postpeak PH responses to LPS were correlated with the quantity of NO produced by LPS-stimulated cultured PMNC from broilers in the control group but not for MP survivors. In Experiment 2, the postpeak PH response to LPS was correlated with the quantity of NO produced by LPS-stimulated PMNC from broilers in the relaxed line, but not in the susceptible or resistant lines. In all groups, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester injections triggered substantial increases in pulmonary arterial pressure (> or = 8 mm Hg), thereby revealing a significant ongoing modulation by NO of the PH response to LPS. We concluded that most of the modulatory NO generated in vivo during the acute PH response to LPS (within 60 min postinjection) likely is produced by constitutive NO synthase in the vascular endothelium. In addition, the NO produced by inducible NO synthase in PMNC appeared to have modulated the LPS-stimulated PH responses of unselected broilers having the broadest range of pulmonary vascular capacities (control broilers and relaxed line), but not in broilers whose pulmonary vascular capacities had been selected to represent the higher (MP survivors, resistant line) or lower (susceptible line) extremes of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Bowen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Chapman ME, Wideman RF. Evaluation of Total Plasma Nitric Oxide Concentrations in Broilers Infused Intravenously with Sodium Nitrite, Lipopolysaccharide, Aminoguanidine, and Sodium Nitroprusside. Poult Sci 2006; 85:312-20. [PMID: 16523632 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.2.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that is synthesized by constitutive and inducible isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (eNOS and iNOS, respectively). The half-life of NO averages only 3 to 4 s in biological fluids, where it is rapidly converted to the stable oxidation products nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-). Our objectives were to use 2 commercial kits to measure total plasma NO, as NO2- + NO3-, and to assess plasma NO values during experimental protocols designed to influence NO accumulation in the plasma. One kit employed copper-coated cadmium as a catalyst for reducing NO3- to NO2-; the second kit employed the enzyme NO3- reductase for the same purpose. Both then employed Griess reagent for the colorimetric determination of NO2- as a measure of total plasma NO. Broilers in Experiment 1 were infused i.v. with solutions containing increasing concentrations of sodium NO2-. Broilers in Experiment 2 were injected with 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is known to stimulate iNOS activity. Both commercial kits successfully detected increases in total plasma NO attributable to ongoing i.v. NO2- infusion or to increased iNOS expression at 5 h after the LPS injection. In Experiment 3, we compared the total plasma NO responses to LPS in the presence and absence of aminoguanidine (AG), a selective inhibitor of iNOS. The AG significantly attenuated the LPS-mediated increase in total plasma NO at 5 h post-injection. In Experiment 4, broilers were infused with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous NO donor molecule that previously had been shown to lower the pulmonary arterial pressure in broilers. The SNP infusion did substantially reduce the pulmonary arterial pressure, but an increase in total plasma NO was not detected during the SNP infusion. Overall, NO accumulation in the plasma was successfully detected after sustained infusion of NaNO2 and administration of LPS for 5 h, but biologically effective levels of NO released from SNP were not detected. Therefore, total plasma NO concentrations (assayed as NO2- + NO3-) qualitatively reflect whole-body NO synthesis, but biologically relevant quantities of NO may be produced at levels that cannot be detected by colorimetric assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Julian RJ. Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry – A review. Vet J 2005; 169:350-69. [PMID: 15848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In humans, metabolic complaints may be associated with a failure in one of the body hormone or enzyme systems, a storage disease related to lack of metabolism of secretory products because of the lack of production of a specific enzyme, or the breakdown or reduced activity of some metabolic function. Some of these disorders also occur in poultry, as do other important conditions such as those associated with increased metabolism, rapid growth or high egg production that result in the failure of a body system because of the increased work-load on an organ or system. These make up the largest group of poultry diseases classified as metabolic disorders and cause more economic loss than infectious agents. Poultry metabolic diseases occur primarily in two body systems: (1) cardiovascular ailments, which in broiler chickens and turkeys are responsible for a major portion of the flock mortality; (2) musculoskeletal disorders, which account for less mortality, but in broilers and turkeys slow down growth (thereby reducing profit), and cause lameness, which remains a major welfare concern. In addition, conditions such as osteoporosis and hypocalcaemia in table-egg chickens reduce egg production and can kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Julian
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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15
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Chapman ME, Wang W, Erf GF, Wideman RF. Pulmonary hypertensive responses of broilers to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): evaluation of LPS source and dose, and impact of pre-existing pulmonary hypertension and cellulose micro-particle selection. Poult Sci 2005; 84:432-41. [PMID: 15782912 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.3.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to pulmonary hypertension (PHS, ascites) in broilers. The lungs of broilers are constantly challenged with LPS that can trigger pulmonary vasoconstriction. Among broilers from a single genetic line, some individuals respond to LPS with large increases in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), whereas others fail to exhibit any response to the same supramaximal dose of LPS. In the present study we evaluated the impact of a variety of factors on the magnitude of the PAP response of male broilers to LPS, including: (1) the role of the initial PAP (low vs. high initial PAP); (2) the source of the LPS (Salmonella typhimurium vs. Escherichia coli); (3) the dose of LPS (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg of BW); and (4) the role of micro-particle selection for improved pulmonary vascular capacity (cellulose survivors vs. saline-injected controls). Broilers in the low initial PAP group (21 +/- 0.34 mmHg, mean +/- SEM) did not differ in their pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS compared with broilers in the high initial PAP group (29 +/- 0.55 mmHg, mean +/- SEM). Lipopolysaccharide from S. typhimurium elicited pulmonary hypertensive responses qualitatively similar to those elicited by E. coli LPS. A detailed evaluation revealed that an LPS dose of 0.1 mg/kg of BW elicits a maximal pulmonary hypertensive response in male broilers, and broilers selected by micro-particle injection for a robust pulmonary vascular capacity did not differ in their pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS compared with unselected broilers. This research confirms that the variable pulmonary hypertensive responses among broilers cannot be attributed to the source or dosage of LPS, or to differences in the baseline pulmonary arterial pressure or micro-particle selection before injecting LPS. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that innate rather than acquired variability may influence the profile of chemical mediators released during the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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Taylor RL. Major histocompatibility (B) complex control of responses against Rous sarcomas. Poult Sci 2004; 83:638-49. [PMID: 15109061 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.4.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken major histocompatibility (B) complex (MHC) affects disease outcome significantly. One of the best characterized systems of MHC control is the response to the oncogenic retrovirus, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Genetic selection altered the tumor growth pattern, either regressively or progressively, with the data suggesting control by one or a few loci. Particular MHC genotypes determine RSV tumor regression or progression indicating the crucial B complex role in Rous sarcoma outcome. Analysis of inbred lines, their crosses, congenic lines, and noninbred populations has revealed the anti-RSV response of many B complex haplotypes. Tumor growth disparity among lines identical at the MHC but differing in their background genes suggested a non-MHC gene contribution to tumor fate. Genetic complementation in tumor growth has also been demonstrated for MHC and non-MHC genes. RSV tumor expansion reflects both tumor cell proliferation and viral replication generating new tumor cells. In addition, the B complex controls tumor growth induced by a subviral DNA construct encoding only the RSV v-src oncogene. Immunity to subsequent tumors and metastasis also exhibit MHC control. Genotypes that regressed either RSV or v-src DNA primary tumors had enhanced protection against subsequent homologous challenge. Regressor B genotypes had lower tumor metastasis compared with progressor types. Together, the data indicate that B complex control of RSV tumor fate is strongly defined by the response to a v-src-determined function. Differential RSV tumor outcomes among various B genotypes may include immune recognition of a tumor-specific antigen or immune system influences on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Taylor
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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17
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Wideman RF, Chapman ME. Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) Amplifies the Pulmonary Hypertensive Response to Endotoxin in Broilers. Poult Sci 2004; 83:485-94. [PMID: 15049503 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.3.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary hypertensive response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) varies widely among individual broilers, leading to the suggestion that innate variability may exist in the proportions or profiles of chemical mediators released during the ensuing inflammatory cascade. LPS induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) to modulate the responses to concurrently produced vasoconstrictors. In experiment 1, broilers were given the NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), followed by a supra-maximal dose of LPS while the pulmonary arterial pressure was recorded. In experiment 2 the cardiac output also was recorded before and following the i.v. injection of L-NAME. In both experiments, injection with L-NAME modestly increased the pulmonary arterial pressure when compared with control values, confirming previous reports that tonic/basal NO synthesis is required to promote flow-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in chickens. This response to L-NAME occurred in spite of a tendency for cardiac output and stroke volume to decline and, therefore, can be attributed to pulmonary vasoconstriction (an increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance) rather than an increase in pulmonary blood flow. When L-NAME was used to block NO synthesis induced by LPS, an early peak of pulmonary hypertension was revealed that rarely develops in broilers in the absence of L-NAME, and that has been correlated with the release of platelet activating factor and thromboxane A2 in mammals. The control group responded to LPS with a delayed-onset pulmonary hypertension that was typical in timing, amplitude, and duration of the responses previously observed in broilers and that has been attributed to endothelin-mediated thromboxane A2 synthesis in mammals. This delayed-onset pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS was longer in duration and higher in amplitude in the L-NAME group when compared with the control group. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that NO modulates the responses to vasoconstrictors released concurrently during the LPS-mediated inflammatory cascade. Inhibition of NOS by L-NAME apparently reduced the modulatory influence of NO and exposed a more dramatic pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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Wang W, Erf GF, Wideman RF. Effect of cage vs. floor litter environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin and on blood-gas values in broilers. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1728-37. [PMID: 12455602 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.11.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous endotoxin has been shown to trigger a delayed pulmonary hypertensive response that varies widely in magnitude and duration among individual broilers. It was proposed that this individual variability may reflect immunological differences acquired during previous respiratory challenges that might have subsequently altered the endotoxin-initiated biochemical cascade. In Experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that, when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages (Cage group), broilers reared on floor litter (Floor group) should experience a greater respiratory challenge and therefore may consistently exhibit a more enhanced pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin. Birds in the Cage group were grown in stainless steel cages at a low density (72 birds/8 m2 chamber), and fecal and dander materials were removed daily. Birds in the Floor group were reared on wood-shavings litter at a higher density (110 birds/8 m2 chamber). Pulmonary and systemic mean arterial pressures and blood-gas values were evaluated prior to and following the intravenous administration of 1 mg Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Broilers in the Floor and Cage groups exhibited pulmonary hypertensive responses to endotoxin that were very similar in terms of time of onset, duration, and magnitude, as well as variability in the response among individuals. Systemic hypotension also developed similarly in both groups following endotoxin injection. Blood-gas values indicated that the partial pressure of CO2 and the HCO3- concentration in arterial blood were higher (P < 0.05) in the Floor group than in the Cage group prior to and subsequent to the endotoxin injection. In Experiment 2, we reevaluated the effect of a dirty vs. a clean environment on blood-gas values using a different strain of broilers, and confirmed the negative impact of floor rearing on blood-gas values. We conclude that broilers reared on the floor inhaled litter dust and noxious fumes, which impaired pulmonary gas exchange and increased the arterial partial pressure of CO2 when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages. Nevertheless, the pulmonary hypertensive response to endotoxin did not differ between broilers reared on the floor and those in cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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Wideman RF, Erf GF, Chapman ME, Wang W, Anthony NB, Xiaofang L. Intravenous micro-particle injections and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: acute post-injection mortality and ascites susceptibility. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1203-17. [PMID: 12211314 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.8.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenously injected micro-particles become trapped within the pulmonary vasculature where they increase the resistance to blood flow and trigger pulmonary hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that i.v. micro-particle injections can be used to trigger acute (24 to 48 h) post-injection mortality in broilers having the most limited pulmonary vascular capacity, or ascites in broilers whose marginal cardiopulmonary capacity renders them susceptible to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). Progressive inflammation-associated responses were initiated within the lung parenchyma by 10 to 80 microm diameter dextran polymer (Sephadex) and 30 microm diameter cellulose micro-particles, leading to the scavenging of Sephadex micro-particles from the pulmonary vasculature by <5 d post-injection, whereas the cellulose micro-particles persisted for >7 d post-injection. The persistency and size of the cellulose apparently facilitated chronic occlusion of blood flow through precapillary arterioles, thereby triggering appreciable post-injection mortality and PHS at relatively low injection volumes (0.3 to 0.6 mL at 0.02 g/mL). In contrast, the small size of the polystyrene microspheres (15 microm), and the lack of persistency of the Sephadex micro-particles, apparently precluded the reliable occurrence of post-injection mortality or PHS until higher volumes (>0.8 mL at 0.02 g/mL) were injected. Values for the total susceptibility index (TSI: 24 to 48 h post-injection mortality + PHS mortality) following cellulose injections were higher for broilers reared at cool temperatures than at thermoneutral temperatures. The incidences of PHS induced by exposing broilers from different genetic lines to constant cool temperatures qualitatively paralleled the respective post-injection mortalities elicited by injecting the cellulose micro-particle suspension into the same lines. These observations indicate the micro-particle injection methodology potentially can replace unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion as the technique of choice for genetically selecting broilers that have a sufficiently robust pulmonary vascular capacity to resist the onset of pulmonary hypertension and PHS. The functional importance of the relative antigenicity of different micro-particle types, and the extent to which key immune-mediated responses, either beneficial or detrimental, might be co-selected by the micro-particle injection technology, remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Wideman RF, Erf GF, Chapman ME. Intravenous Endotoxin Triggers Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Pulmonary Hypertension in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2001; 80:647-55. [PMID: 11372717 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins stimulate endothelin-mediated, thromboxane-dependent increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in mammals, and thromboxane has been shown to cause an immediate but transient pulmonary vasoconstriction in broiler chickens. In the present study, i.v. injections of 1 mg endotoxin into anesthetized male broilers caused a pulmonary vasoconstrictive response that was delayed in onset by 15 min and that elevated the pulmonary arterial pressure by 10 mm Hg within 25 min postinjection. Thereafter, pulmonary hemodynamic variables gradually (> or = 15 min) returned toward pre-injection levels, and supplemental injections of 4 mg endotoxin during this recovery period failed to reinitiate pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, injecting the thromboxane A2 mimetic U44069 during the endotoxin recovery period triggered pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension similar in magnitude to the responses triggered by U44069 before endotoxin had been administered. The time course and magnitude of the pulmonary hemodynamic responses to endotoxin were highly variable among individual broilers, whereas the individual responses to U44069 were more consistent. Unanesthetized broilers resembled anesthetized broilers in the time course, magnitude, and variability of their pulmonary hemodynamic responses to endotoxin. Overall, these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that endotoxin initiates a biochemical cascade, culminating in the delayed onset of pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension within 20 min postinjection. Subsequently, the pulmonary vasculature remains responsive to large bolus injections of exogenous thromboxane mimetic; however depletion of endogenous vasoconstrictive components of the endotoxin-mediated cascade, a compensatory increase in endogenous vasodilators, or the induction of a transient cellular tolerance to endotoxin prevented fourfold higher doses of endotoxin from reversing the return toward a normal pulmonary vascular tone. Individual differences among broilers in their susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) may be related to innate or acquired variability in their pulmonary vascular responsiveness to vasoactive mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Wideman RF, Maynard P, Bottje WG. Thromboxane mimics the pulmonary but not systemic vascular responses to bolus HCl injections in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 1999; 78:714-21. [PMID: 10228968 DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.5.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bolus i.v. injections of 1.2 N HCl elicit a rapid but transient pulmonary vasoconstriction in broiler chickens. In mammals, the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to bolus acid injection depends on increased synthesis of thromboxane A2; however, the vascular responsiveness of domestic fowl to thromboxane previously had not been evaluated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that, if HCl triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction by stimulating thromboxane A2 synthesis in broilers, then bolus i.v. injections of the potent thromboxane A2 mimetic U44069 (9,11-dideoxy-9alpha,11alpha-epoxy-methanoprostaglandin++ + F2alpha; 1 micromol/mL; 0.5 mL injected volume) should trigger hemodynamic responses similar to those elicited by HCl (1.2 N; 1.5 mL injected volume). Both HCl and the thromboxane mimetic elicited twofold or greater increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, which in turn increased pulmonary arterial pressure by 50% despite concurrent reductions in cardiac output. The reductions in cardiac output were associated with reductions in stroke volume but not heart rate. The thromboxane mimetic also increased the total peripheral resistance, which minimized the reduction in mean systemic arterial pressure associated with the decrease in cardiac output. In contrast, HCl injections did not increase total peripheral resistance; consequently, the reduction in cardiac output caused the mean systemic arterial pressure to decrease by 30 mm Hg. Mannitol (2.5%; 1.5 mL) was injected i.v. as a volume control, and had no influence on any of the variables. This study provides the first direct evidence that thromboxane is a potent pulmonary vasoconstrictor in broilers, and provides support for the hypothesis that thromboxane mediates the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to bolus i.v. injections of HCl. The differential response of the systemic vasculature to the thromboxane mimetic and HCl may indicate that cardiopulmonary responses to HCl injections are not mediated solely via thromboxane production. Alternatively, a direct dilatory effect of elevated hydrogen ion concentrations on the systemic vasculature may have counteracted any tendency for simultaneously evolved endogenous thromboxane to elicit systemic vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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