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Porter L, Sultan O, Mitchell BG, Jenney A, Kiernan M, Brewster DJ, Russo PL. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A scoping review. J Hosp Infect 2024; 147:25-31. [PMID: 38447803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare hygiene plays a crucial role in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. Patients admitted to a room where the previous occupant had a multi-drug-resistant bacterial infection are at an increased risk of colonization and infection with the same organism. A 2006 systematic review by Kramer et al. found that certain pathogens can survive for months on dry surfaces. The aim of this review is to update Kramer et al.'s previous review and provide contemporary data on the survival of pathogens relevant to the healthcare environment. We systematically searched Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus databases for studies that described the survival time of common nosocomial pathogens in the environment. Pathogens included in the review were bacterial, viral, and fungal. Studies were independently screened against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria by two researchers. Conflicts were resolved by one of two senior researchers. A spreadsheet was developed for the data extraction. The search identified 1736 studies. Following removal of duplicates and application of the search criteria, the synthesis of results from 62 included studies were included. 117 organisms were reported. The longest surviving organism reported was Klebsiella pneumoniae which was found to have persisted for 600 days. Common pathogens of concern to infection prevention and control, can survive or persist on inanimate surfaces for months. This data supports the need for a risk-based approach to cleaning and disinfection practices, accompanied by appropriate training, audit and feedback which are proven to be effective when adopted in a 'bundle' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Porter
- Department of Nursing Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Australia; School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - O Sultan
- Department of Nursing Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Australia; School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - B G Mitchell
- School of Nursing, Avondale University, Wahroonga, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - A Jenney
- Microbiology Unit, Alfred Health, Prahran, Australia
| | - M Kiernan
- Richard Wells Research Centre, University of West London, London, UK
| | - D J Brewster
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Intensive Care Unit, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Australia
| | - P L Russo
- Department of Nursing Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Australia; School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; School of Nursing, Avondale University, Wahroonga, Australia.
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Yeon J, Park AR, Nguyen HTT, Gwak H, Kim J, Sang MK, Kim JC. Inhibition of Oomycetes by the Mixture of Maleic Acid and Copper Sulfate. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:960-965. [PMID: 34705489 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1559-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the protective activity of the Bordeaux mixture against plant disease caused by oomycetes was discovered, copper compounds have been used for more than a century as an effective plant protection strategy. However, the application of excessive copper can cause adverse effects through long-term heavy metal accumulation in soils. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new strategies to reduce or replace copper in pesticides based on organic and low-input farming systems. Organic acids are eco-friendly. In this study, we tested the antifungal and anti-oomycete activity of maleic acid (MA) and copper sulfate (CS) against 13 plant pathogens. Treatment with a mixture of MA and CS showed strong anti-oomycetes activity against Phytophthora xcambivora, P. capsici, and P. cinnamomi. Moreover, the concentration of CS in the activated mixture of MA and CS was lower than that in the activated CS only, and the mixture showed synergy or partial synergy effects on the anti-oomycete activity. Application of a wettable powder formulation of MA and CS mixture (MCS 30WP; 26.67% MA and 3.33% CS) had excellent protective activity in pot experiments with control values of 73% Phytophthora blight on red pepper, 91% damping-off on cucumber, and 84% Pythium blight on creeping bentgrass, which are similar to those of the CS wettable powder formulation (6.67% CS) containing two times the CS content of MCS 30WP. These observations suggest that the synergistic effect of the MA and CS combination is a sustainable alternative for effective management of destructive oomycete diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyeong Yeon
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Gwak
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Sang
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Nguyen VT, Trinh KS. In situ DEPOSITION OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES ON POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FILTERS AND ANTIBACTERIAL TESTING AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Salmonella enterica. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20190208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Tien Nguyen
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Son Trinh
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam
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The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:32/4/e00125-18. [PMID: 31413046 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00125-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a global problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controlling the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a major public health challenge, and antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most important global problems in current times. The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known for centuries, and ongoing research is being conducted on the use of copper-coated hard and soft surfaces for reduction of microbial contamination and, subsequently, reduction of HAIs. This review provides an overview of the historical and current evidence of the antimicrobial and wound-healing properties of copper and explores its possible utility in obstetrics and gynecology.
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Dhandole LK, Seo YS, Kim SG, Kim A, Cho M, Jang JS. A mechanism study on the photocatalytic inactivation ofSalmonella typhimuriumbacteria by CuxO loaded rhodium–antimony co-doped TiO2nanorods. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1092-1100. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed photocatalytic inactivation mechanism forS. typhimurium, using a CuxO/Rh–Sb–TiO2NR was studied under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Love Kumar Dhandole
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
| | - Young-Seok Seo
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
| | - Su-Gyeong Kim
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
| | - Aerin Kim
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
| | - Jum Suk Jang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience
- College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences
- Chonbuk National University
- Iksan
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Angelé-Martínez C, Nguyen KVT, Ameer FS, Anker JN, Brumaghim JL. Reactive oxygen species generation by copper(II) oxide nanoparticles determined by DNA damage assays and EPR spectroscopy. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:278-288. [PMID: 28248593 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1293750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (NPCuO) have many industrial applications, but are highly cytotoxic because they generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is unknown whether the damaging ROS are generated primarily from copper leached from the nanoparticles, or whether the nanoparticle surface plays a significant role. To address this question, we separated nanoparticles from the supernatant containing dissolved copper, and measured their ability to damage plasmid DNA with addition of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate, or both. While DNA damage from the supernatant (measured using an electrophoresis assay) can be explained solely by dissolved copper ions, damage by the nanoparticles in the presence of ascorbate is an order of magnitude higher than can be explained by dissolved copper and must, therefore, depend primarily upon the nanoparticle surface. DNA damage is time-dependent, with shorter incubation times resulting in higher EC50 values. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the main ROS generated by NPCuO/hydrogen peroxide as determined by EPR measurements; NPCuO/hydrogen peroxide/ascorbate conditions generate ascorbyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals. Thus, NPCuO generate ROS through several mechanisms, likely including Fenton-like and Haber-Weiss reactions from the surface or dissolved copper ions. The same radical species were observed when NPCuO suspensions were replaced with the supernatant containing leached copper, washed NPCuO, or dissolved copper solutions. Overall, NPCuO generate significantly more ROS and DNA damage in the presence of ascorbate than can be explained simply from dissolved copper, and the NPCuO surface must play a large role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khanh Van T Nguyen
- b School of Biotechnology, International University - Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
| | - Fathima S Ameer
- a Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , SC , USA
| | - Jeffrey N Anker
- a Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , SC , USA
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Emam HE, Ahmed HB, Bechtold T. In-situ deposition of Cu 2O micro-needles for biologically active textiles and their release properties. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:255-265. [PMID: 28363548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal/metal oxide containing fibres are gradually increasing in textile industrialization recently, owing to their high potential for application as antimicrobial textiles. In this study, the reducing properties of cellulose were applied to synthesize cuprous oxide in-situ. The direct formation of Cu2O on viscose fabrics was achieved via quite simple technique in two subsequent steps: alkalization and sorption. Cu contents in fabrics before and after rinsing ranged between 45.2-86.4mmol/kg and 18.1-67.7mmol/kg, respectively. Uniform micro-needles of Cu2O were obtained with regular size and dimensions of 1.60±0.20μm in length and 0.13±0.03μm in width. Release of Cu1+/2+ ions from selected samples was studied in water, physiological fluid and artificial sweat. Copper containing fabrics exhibited a percent of 96.8-97.8% and 85.5-89.0% for reduction in microbial viability, which was tested for S. aureus (as gram positive bacteria), E. coli (as gram-negative bacteria) and C. albicans and A. niger (as fungal species), respectively after 24h contact time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam E Emam
- Pretreatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fibers, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Scopus Affiliation ID 60014618, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Hanan B Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Thomas Bechtold
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria(1)
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Park HJ, Nguyen TTM, Yoon J, Lee C. Role of reactive oxygen species in Escherichia coli inactivation by cupric ion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11299-11304. [PMID: 22998466 DOI: 10.1021/es302379q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated Escherichia coli inactivation by cupric ion (Cu[II]), focusing on intracellular generation and consumption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide and hydroxyl radials. In the presence of Cu(II), intracellular superoxide levels of E. coli decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that superoxide radical was used to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) in cells. The variation in the hydroxyl radical level by adding Cu(II) was negligible. Molecular oxygen and hydroxyl radical scavengers did not affect the inactivation efficacy of E. coli by Cu(II), excluding the possibility that hydroxyl radicals induced by the copper-mediated reduction of oxygen contributed to the microbiocidal action of Cu(II). However, the inactivation of E. coli by Cu(II) was considerably inhibited and accelerated by a Cu(I)-chelating agent and a Cu(II)-reducing agent, respectively. Our results suggest that the microbiocidal action of Cu(II) is attributable to the cytotoxicity of cellularly generated Cu(I), which does not appear to be associated with oxidative damage by Cu(I)-driven ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Park
- World Class University (WCU) program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment (C2E2), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Aiken ZA, Hyett G, Dunnill CW, Wilson M, Pratten J, Parkin IP. Antimicrobial Activity in Thin Films of Pseudobrookite-Structured Titanium Oxynitride under UV Irradiation Observed forEscherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200904285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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The antimicrobial properties of copper surfaces against a range of important nosocomial pathogens. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW. Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4239-44. [PMID: 16751537 PMCID: PMC1489622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02532-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most notable method of infection from Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) is through contaminated food products, usually ground beef. The objective of this study was to evaluate seven cast copper alloys (61 to 95% Cu) for their ability to reduce the viability of E. coli O157, mixed with or without ground beef juice, and to compare these results to those for stainless steel. E. coli O157 (NCTC 12900) (2 x 10(7) CFU) mixed with extracted beef juice (25%) was inoculated onto coupons of each copper cast alloy or stainless steel and incubated at either 22 degrees C or 4 degrees C for up to 6 h. E. coli O157 viability was determined by plate counts in addition to staining in situ with the respiratory indicator fluorochrome 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium. Without beef extract, three alloys completely killed the inoculum during the 6-h exposure at 22 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, only the high-copper alloys (>85%) significantly reduced the numbers of O157. With beef juice, only one alloy (95% Cu) completely killed the inoculum at 22 degrees C. For stainless steel, no significant reduction in cell numbers occurred. At 4 degrees C, only alloys C83300 (93% Cu) and C87300 (95% Cu) significantly reduced the numbers of E. coli O157, with 1.5- and 5-log kills, respectively. Reducing the inoculum to 10(3) CFU resulted in a complete kill for all seven cast copper alloys in 20 min or less at 22 degrees C. These results clearly demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of cast copper alloys with regard to E. coli O157, and consequently these alloys have the potential to aid in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Noyce
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom.
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Borkow G, Gabbay J. Putting copper into action: copper-impregnated products with potent biocidal activities. FASEB J 2004; 18:1728-30. [PMID: 15345689 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2029fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used for centuries to disinfect liquids, solids, and human tissue. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide, and antibacterial and antifouling agent. Copper also displays potent antiviral activity. We hypothesized that introducing copper into clothing, bedding, and other articles would provide them with biocidal properties. A durable platform technology has been developed that introduces copper into cotton fibers, latex, and other polymeric materials. This study demonstrates the broad-spectrum antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal) and antimite activities of copper-impregnated fibers and polyester products. This technology enabled the production of antiviral gloves and filters (which deactivate HIV-1 and other viruses), antibacterial self-sterilizing fabrics (which kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci), antifungal socks (which alleviate symptoms of athlete's foot), and anti-dust mite mattress covers (which reduce mite-related allergies). These products did not have skin-sensitizing properties, as determined by guine pig maximization and rabbit skin irritation tests. Our study demonstrates the potential use of copper in new applications. These applications address medical issues of the greatest importance, such as viral transmissions; nosocomial, or healthcare-associated, infections; and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Kielemoes J, Verstraete W. Influence of copper-alloying of austenitic stainless steel on multi-species biofilm development. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 33:148-52. [PMID: 11472524 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the bactericidal influence of copper-alloying of stainless steel on microbial colonization. METHODS AND RESULTS Inhibition of bacterial adherence was investigated by monitoring (192 h) the development of a multi-species biofilm on Cu-alloyed (3.72 wt%) stainless steel in a natural surface water. During the first 120 h of exposure, lower numbers of viable bacteria in the water in contact with copper-containing steel relative to ordinary stainless steel were observed. Moreover, during the first 48 h of exposure, lower colony counts were found in the biofilm adhering to the Cu-alloyed steel. No lower colony or viable counts were found throughout the remainder of the experimental period. CONCLUSION The presence of Cu in the steel matrix impedes the adhesion of micro-organisms during an initial period (48 h), while this bactericidal effect disappears after longer incubation periods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The application of Cu-alloyed stainless steels for bactericidal purposes should be restricted to regularly-cleaned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kielemoes
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Environmental Interventions to Control Nosocomial Infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/30141080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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