1
|
Ramos MCM, Velasco MVR, Bueno M, Veríssimo MDLÓR. Effects of Liquid and Bar Soaps on the Skin of Brazilian Newborns: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 36:267-277. [PMID: 38262395 DOI: 10.1159/000536066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to adults, newborns' skin has a thinner epidermis and stratum corneum with decreased hydration levels, higher transepidermal water loss, and a pH variation between 5.5 and 7.5. These characteristics can predispose to the occurrence of dryness, infections, and dermatological conditions. Water and liquid soap with adequate formulation have shown to be beneficial and safe for newborns' skin. However, studies evaluating the effect of bar soap, products widely used in Brazil and Latin America, are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of liquid and bar soaps on the term newborns' skin. METHODS This randomized controlled, parallel, single-blind clinical trial was conducted at a public university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. 100 healthy term newborns with no congenital anomalies, acute diseases, or dermatological conditions were randomized to use liquid soap (experimental group) or bar soap (control group). Skin pH, transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, sebum content, and skin condition were assessed before and after the first bath, at 48 h, 14 days, and 28 days after birth. These evaluations were performed on the forearm, abdomen, buttocks, and thigh. In addition, the mother's perception of soap use was also evaluated. RESULTS Data of 100 newborns were analyzed by intention to treat. The rate of retention was 53%. Newborns exposed to the liquid soap presented significantly better skin acidification (p < 0.001) and significantly better stratum corneum hydration (p < 0.001) than the skin of newborns exposed to the bar soap, regardless of the area evaluated. There were no significant differences in transepidermal water loss, sebum content, dryness, erythema, or skin breakdown and the mother's perceptions of the use of the soaps. CONCLUSION Newborns in the experimental group presented better skin acidification and stratum corneum hydration when compared to newborns in the control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Bueno
- Peter Gilgan Centre For Research and Learning (PGCRL), Hospital For Sick Children Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Güder S, Güder H. Investigation of the Chemical Content and User Comments on Facial Cleansing Products. Cureus 2023; 15:e38673. [PMID: 37288177 PMCID: PMC10243403 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of skin cleansing is to reduce sebum and exogenous pollutants and control the skin microbiome. Surfactants in cleansers dissolve hydrophobic substances in an aqueous phase and allow them to move away from the skin's surface. The negative effect of surfactants on the skin barrier can be reduced by changing the solution properties. As a dermatologist in the group of patients we encounter in our clinical dermatology practice who recommends face wash products, we thought of conducting this research in order to determine the product contents to identify the products with the highest user satisfaction so that we can easily make the selection of the right product and direct the patients correctly. MATERIALS AND METHODS We planned to conduct cross-sectional research. Ten facial cleansing products sold on the most popular website that sells dermo-cosmetic products online in our country were selected. In the selection of the website, the criterion of having the most Internet traffic was sought. Internet traffic data was obtained from www.similarweb.com. The classification of the identified key ingredients according to their chemical properties was used on https://cosmeticanalysis.com. Reviews for each of the ten products in total were examined from the most recent date to the oldest. RESULTS We detected 87 different chemicals in ten different products. These basically consisted of surfactants, emollients (moisturizers), emulsifiers (cleansers), buffering (denaturators), herbal ingredients-antioxidants, solvents, and moisturizers. A total of 30 different surfactants were identified as the main cleaning ingredient in the examined products. Counterfeit product reporting was especially high on expensive products. No correlation was found between the number of surfactants in the products and the positive effects, such as cleansing and acne reduction and increase, and the negative effects, such as dryness, redness, burning, and smoothing/softening (p>0.05). There was a negative correlation between the cleansing effect of the products and the improvement and worsening of acne (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION The bottom line is that a good facial cleansing product doesn't have to contain a lot of chemicals and surfactants. It should be kept in mind that expensive products may be counterfeit and should question whether the product is original or not on the local product detection system from the barcode number.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semih Güder
- Dermatology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, İstanbul, TUR
| | - Hüsna Güder
- Dermatology, Maltepe University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, TUR
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rathod S, Desai H, Patil R, Sarolia J. Non-ionic Surfactants as a P-Glycoprotein(P-gp) Efflux Inhibitor for Optimal Drug Delivery-A Concise Outlook. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:55. [PMID: 35043278 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research efforts have been devoted to unraveling the mystery of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) in drug delivery applications. The efflux membrane transporter P-gp is widely distributed in the body and accountable for restricting drug absorption and bioavailability. For these reasons, it is the primary cause of developing multidrug resistance (MDR) in most drug delivery applications. Therefore, P-gp inhibitors must be explored to address MDR and the low bioavailability of therapeutic substrates. Several experimental models in kinetics and dynamic studies identified the sensitivity of drug molecules and excipients as a P-gp inhibitor. In this review, we aimed to emphasize nonionic surface-active agents for effective reversal of P-gp inhibition. As it is inert, non-toxic, noncharged, and quickly reaching the cytosolic lipid membrane (the point of contact with P-gp efflux protein) enables it to be more efficient as P-gp inhibitors. Moreover, nonionic surfactant improves drug absorption and bioavailability through the various mechanism, involving (i) association of drug with surfactant improves solubilization, facilitating its cell penetration and absorption; (ii) weakening the lateral membrane packing density, facilitating the passive drug influx; and (iii) inhibition of the ATP binding cassette of transporter P-glycoprotein. The application of nonionic surfactant as P-gp inhibitors is well established and supported by various experiments. Altogether, herein, we have primarily focused on various nonionic surfactants and their development strategies to conquer the MDR-causing effects of P-gp efflux protein in drug delivery. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramos MCM, Veríssimo MDLÓR, Velasco MVR. Análisis del rótulo y características de los jabones utilizados en la piel del recién nacido. J Wound Care 2022; 31:10-21. [PMID: 36789927 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.latam_sup_5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Objetivo: Analizar la información del rótulo, y las características físicas y fisicoquímicas de los jabones usados en recién nacidos (RN). Método: Estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo de 17 jabones comercializados en San Pablo, Brasil. Se analizó la información del rótulo (tensioactivos, pruebas de seguridad y descripción del valor de pH), y las características físicas (color y fragancia) y fisicoquímicas (valor de pH) del producto; las dos últimas, en laboratorio. Resultados: Se identificaron 27 tipos de tensioactivos: 70,3% (n=19) aniónicos, 18,5% (n=5) anfóteros y 11,1% (n=3) no iónicos. El 37% (n=10) tuvo un potencial moderado de irritación. En cuanto a las pruebas de seguridad, la mayoría de las formulaciones (94,1%) citó “dermatológicamente probado”. Sólo 42% citó “oftalmológicamente probado”. La translucidez estuvo presente en 23,5% (n=4) de los jabones. Todas las formulaciones presentaron fragancia. El promedio más alto de valor de pH fue de jabones en barra tradicionales (9,94 DE 0,81). Conclusión: Las formulaciones analizadas indicaron un potencial de irritación bajo o moderado. Cuatro jabones líquidos y uno en barra combinados tuvieron valores cercanos a los del pH de la piel del RN, y mostraron ser adecuados para la homeostasis de la barrera cutánea. Aunque las formulaciones citaron “dermatológicamente probado”, no todas citaron “oftalmológicamente probado”. Este estudio proporciona elementos para seleccionar un jabón adecuado para el RN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mily C Moreno Ramos
- Programa de Posgrado en Enfermería (PPGE), Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, San Pablo, Brasil
| | - Maria de La Ó Ramallo Veríssimo
- Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, San Pablo, Brasil
| | - Maria V Robles Velasco
- Departamento de Farmácia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmaceúticas, Universidade de São Paulo, San Pablo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jurek I, Szuplewska A, Chudy M, Wojciechowski K. Effect of the oat, horse chestnut, cowherb, soy, quinoa and soapwort extracts on skin‐mimicking monolayers and cell lines. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Jurek
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Michał Chudy
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamil Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
- SaponLabs Ltd. Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jurek I, Szuplewska A, Chudy M, Wojciechowski K. Soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis L.) Extract vs. Synthetic Surfactants-Effect on Skin-Mimetic Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185628. [PMID: 34577098 PMCID: PMC8467643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our skin is continuously exposed to different amphiphilic substances capable of interaction with its lipids and proteins. We describe the effect of a saponin-rich soapwort extract and of four commonly employed synthetic surfactants: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) on different human skin models. Two human skin cell lines were employed: normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human melanoma cells (A375). The liposomes consisting of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixture in a molar ratio of 7:3, mimicking the cell membrane of keratinocytes and melanoma cells were employed as the second model. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), the particle size distribution of liposomes was analyzed before and after contact with the tested (bio)surfactants. The results, supplemented by the protein solubilization tests (albumin denaturation test, zein test) and oil emulsification capacity (using olive oil and engine oil), showed that the soapwort extract affects the skin models to a clearly different extent than any of the tested synthetic surfactants. Its protein and lipid solubilizing potential are much smaller than for the three anionic surfactants (SLS, ALS, SLES). In terms of protein solubilization potential, the soapwort extract is comparable to CAPB, which, however, is much harsher to lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Jurek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Szuplewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Michał Chudy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Kamil Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (A.S.); (M.C.)
- SaponLabs Ltd., Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Surfactants, many of which are used as detergents, can be found in many common household items, such as shampoos, conditioners, soaps, and cosmetics. One should recognize the multitude of surfactants that are used in today's products to identify any potential allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) or irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Given their abundance in everyday products, it is understandable that many cases of occupational contact dermatitis that arise can be attributed to surfactants. The products most connected with ACD are cocamidopropyl betaine, oleamidopropyl dimethylamine, decyl glucoside, 3-dimethylaminopropylamine, amidoamine, and cocamide diethanolamine. Similarly, the most common surfactant-related causes of ICD are sodium lauryl sulfate and benzalkonium chloride. It is important for dermatologists to identify the causes and differentiate between the two, to adjust treatments and products accordingly. Here, the most frequently used surfactants, as well as their correlation between ACD and ICD, will be reviewed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Seweryn A. Interactions between surfactants and the skin - Theory and practice. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:242-255. [PMID: 29685575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary causes of skin irritation is the use of body wash cosmetics and household chemicals, since they are in direct contact with the skin, and they are widely available and frequently used. The main ingredients of products of this type are surfactants, which may have diverse effects on the skin. The skin irritation potential of surfactants is determined by their chemical and physical properties resulting from their structure, and specific interactions with the skin. Surfactants are capable of interacting both with proteins and lipids in the stratum corneum. By penetrating through this layer, surfactants are also able to affect living cells in deeper regions of the skin. Further skin penetration may result in damage to cell membranes and structural components of keratinocytes, releasing proinflammatory mediators. By causing irreversible changes in cell structure, surfactants can often lead to their death. The paper presents a critical review of literature on the effects of surfactants on the skin. Aspects discussed in the paper include the skin irritation potential of surfactants, mechanisms underlying interactions between compounds of this type and the skin which have been proposed over the years, and verified methods of reducing the skin irritation potential of surfactant compounds. Basic research conducted in this field over many years translate into practical applications of surfactants in the cosmetic and household chemical industries. This aspect is also emphasized in the present study.
Collapse
|
9
|
Skudlik C, Markthaler M, John SM. Occupational contact allergy to sodium cocoamphopropionate in a skin protection cream. Contact Dermatitis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrueck; 49076 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Marcella Markthaler
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario de Canarias; 38320 Tenerife Spain
| | - Swen M. John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrueck; 49076 Osnabrück Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ionic Behavior Assessment of Surface-Active Compounds from Corn Steep Liquor by Exchange Resins. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Mendes BR, Shimabukuro DM, Uber M, Abagge KT. Critical assessment of the pH of children's soap. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:290-5. [PMID: 26844391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pH value of children's antibacterial soaps and syndets used in children's baths and verify whether there is information regarding pH on the product label. METHODS Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical observational study that included ninety soap samples, both in bar and liquid presentations, as follows: 67 children's soap (group 1), 17 antibacterial soaps (group 2), and 6 syndets (group 3). Each sample had its pH measured after 1% dilution. In addition to descriptive statistics, the Pearson-Yates chi-squared test and Student's t-tests were applied, considering the minimal significance level of 5%. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for inferential statistics. RESULTS The pH levels varied considerably between liquid and bar presentations, with lower levels (4.4-7.9) found for the liquids (p<0.05). Syndets showed pH levels close to the ideal (slightly acid) and the antibacterial soaps showed the highest pH levels (up to 11.34) (p<0.05). Only two of the soaps included in the study had information about their pH levels on the product packaging. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the pH of children's soap by doctors and users is important, considering the great pH variability found in this study. Moreover, liquid soaps, and especially syndets, are the most recommended for the sensitive skin of neonates and infants, in order to guarantee skin barrier efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marjorie Uber
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Kerstin Taniguchi Abagge
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S. S1-Leitlinie „Berufliche Hautmittel: Hautschutz, Hautpflege und Hautreinigung“ (ICD 10: L23, L24) - Kurzversion. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12617_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manigé Fartasch
- Abteilung klinische & experimentelle Berufsdermatologie, Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung; Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA)
| | - Thomas L. Diepgen
- Abteilung Klinische Sozialmedizin, Berufs- und Umweltdermatologie; Ruprecht- Karls-Universität Heidelberg
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institut & Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- & Umweltmedizin; Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg
| | | | - Swen Malte John
- Fachgebiet Dermatologie; Umweltmedizin, Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S. S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24) - short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015; 13:594-606. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manigé Fartasch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Occupational Dermatology; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Occupational Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA); Germany
| | - Thomas L. Diepgen
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena; Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine; Health Theory, University of Osnabrueck; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hagvall L, Bråred-Christensson J, Inerot A. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by sodium cocoamphopropionate in a liquid soap used in fast-food restaurants. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 71:122-4. [PMID: 25040716 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fiume MM, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Decyl Glucoside and Other Alkyl Glucosides as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:22S-48S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813497764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed the safety of 19 alkyl glucosides as used in cosmetics and concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating. Most of these ingredients function as surfactants in cosmetics, but some have additional functions as skin-conditioning agents, hair-conditioning agents, or emulsion stabilizers. The Panel reviewed the available animal and clinical data on these ingredients. Since glucoside hydrolases in human skin are likely to break down these ingredients to release their respective fatty acids and glucose, the Panel also reviewed CIR reports on the safety of fatty alcohols and were able to extrapolate data from those previous reports to support safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monice M. Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fiume MM, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Diethanolamides as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:36S-58S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813486300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cocamide diethanolamine (DEA) and some of the other diethanolamides are mainly used as surfactant foam boosters or viscosity increasing agents in cosmetics, although a few are reported to be used as hair and skin conditioning agents, surfactant-cleansing or surfactant-emulsifying agents, or as an opacifying agent. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered new data and information from previous CIR reports to assess the concerns about the potential for amidases in human skin to convert these diethanolamides into DEA and the corresponding fatty acids. The Expert Panel concluded that these diethanolamides are safe as used when formulated to be nonirritating and when the levels of free DEA in the diethanolamides do not exceed those considered safe by the Panel. The Panel also recommended that these ingredients not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds can be formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monice M. Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ball N, Cagen S, Carrillo JC, Certa H, Eigler D, Emter R, Faulhammer F, Garcia C, Graham C, Haux C, Kolle SN, Kreiling R, Natsch A, Mehling A. Evaluating the sensitization potential of surfactants: Integrating data from the local lymph node assay, guinea pig maximization test, and in vitro methods in a weight-of-evidence approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:389-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|