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Clarke MJ, Broderick C, Hopewell S, Juszczak E, Eisinga A. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 4:CD004002. [PMID: 33878207 PMCID: PMC8092568 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004002.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air travel might increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It has been suggested that wearing compression stockings might reduce this risk. This is an update of the review first published in 2006. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of wearing compression stockings versus not wearing them for preventing DVT in people travelling on flights lasting at least four hours. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and AMED databases and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registers to 1 April 2020. We also checked the bibliographies of relevant studies and reviews identified by the search to check for any additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials of compression stockings versus no stockings in passengers on flights lasting at least four hours. Trials in which passengers wore a stocking on one leg but not the other, or those comparing stockings and another intervention were also eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. We sought additional information from trialists where necessary. MAIN RESULTS One new study that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was identified for this update. Twelve randomised trials (n = 2918) were included in this review: ten (n = 2833) compared wearing graduated compression stockings on both legs versus not wearing them; one trial (n = 50) compared wearing graduated compression tights versus not wearing them; and one trial (n = 35) compared wearing a graduated compression stocking on one leg for the outbound flight and on the other leg on the return flight. Eight trials included people judged to be at low or medium risk of developing DVT (n = 1598) and two included high-risk participants (n = 1273). All flights had a duration of more than five hours. Fifty of 2637 participants with follow-up data available in the trials of wearing compression stockings on both legs had a symptomless DVT; three wore stockings, 47 did not (odds ratio (OR) 0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.25, P < 0.001; high-certainty evidence). There were no symptomless DVTs in three trials. Sixteen of 1804 people developed superficial vein thrombosis, four wore stockings, 12 did not (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.13, P = 0.09; moderate-certainty evidence). No deaths, pulmonary emboli or symptomatic DVTs were reported. Wearing stockings had a significant impact in reducing oedema (mean difference (MD) -4.72, 95% CI -4.91 to -4.52; based on six trials; low-certainty evidence). A further three trials showed reduced oedema in the stockings group but could not be included in the meta-analysis as they used different methods to measure oedema. No significant adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is high-certainty evidence that airline passengers similar to those in this review can expect a substantial reduction in the incidence of symptomless DVT and low-certainty evidence that leg oedema is reduced if they wear compression stockings. The certainty of the evidence was limited by the way that oedema was measured. There is moderate-certainty evidence that superficial vein thrombosis may be reduced if passengers wear compression stockings. We cannot assess the effect of wearing stockings on death, pulmonary embolism or symptomatic DVT because no such events occurred in these trials. Randomised trials to assess these outcomes would need to include a very large number of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike J Clarke
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Sally Hopewell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ed Juszczak
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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An Examination System to Detect Deep Vein Thrombosis of a Lower Limb Using Light Reflection Rheography. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072446. [PMID: 33918113 PMCID: PMC8037157 DOI: 10.3390/s21072446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs can easily arise from prolonged sitting or standing. Elders and pregnant women are most likely to have this disease. When the embolus of DVT comes to pass the lung, it will become a life-threatening disease. Thus, for DVT disease, early detection and the early treatment are needed. The goal of this study was to develop an examination system to be used at non-medical places to detect the DVT of lower limbs with light reflection rheography (LRR). Consisting of a wearable device and a mobile application (APP), the system is operated in a wireless manner to control the actions of sensors and display and store the LRR signals on the APP. Then, the recorded LRR signals are processed to find the parameters of DVT examination. Twenty subjects were recruited to perform experiments. The veins of lower limbs were occluded by pressuring the cuff up to 100 mmHg and 150 mmHg to simulate the slight and serious DVT scenarios, respectively. Six characteristic parameters were defined to classify whether there was positive or negative DVT using the receiver operating characteristic curves, including the slopes of emptying and refilling curves in the LRR signal, and the changes of venous pump volume. Under the slight DVT scenario (0 mmHg vs. 100 mmHg), the first three parameters, m10, m40, and m50, had accuracies of 72%, 69%, and 69%, respectively. Under the serious DVT scenario (0 mmHg vs. 150 mmHg), m10, m40, and m50 achieved accuracies of 73%, 76%, and 73%, respectively. The experimental results show that this proposed examination system may be practical as an auxiliary tool to screen DVT in homecare settings.
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Foch E, Allou N, Vitry T, Masse L, Allyn J, Andre M, Allou N. Pulmonary embolism in a returning traveller with COVID-19 pneumonia. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5824830. [PMID: 32330267 PMCID: PMC7188122 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Foch
- Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Nathalie Allou
- Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Thierry Vitry
- Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Laurie Masse
- Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Jérôme Allyn
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France.,Département d'Informatique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Michel Andre
- Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Nicolas Allou
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France.,Département d'Informatique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint Denis, France
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Clarke MJ, Broderick C, Hopewell S, Juszczak E, Eisinga A. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 9:CD004002. [PMID: 27624857 PMCID: PMC6457834 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004002.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air travel might increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It has been suggested that wearing compression stockings might reduce this risk. This is an update of the review first published in 2006. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of wearing compression stockings versus not wearing them for preventing DVT in people travelling on flights lasting at least four hours. SEARCH METHODS For this update the Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist (CIS) searched the Specialised Register (10 February 2016). In addition, the CIS searched the Cochrane Register of Studies (CENTRAL (2016, Issue 1)). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials of compression stockings versus no stockings in passengers on flights lasting at least four hours. Trials in which passengers wore a stocking on one leg but not the other, or those comparing stockings and another intervention were also eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. We sought additional information from trialists where necessary. MAIN RESULTS One new study that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was identified for this update. Eleven randomised trials (n = 2906) were included in this review: nine (n = 2821) compared wearing graduated compression stockings on both legs versus not wearing them; one trial (n = 50) compared wearing graduated compression tights versus not wearing them; and one trial (n = 35) compared wearing a graduated compression stocking on one leg for the outbound flight and on the other leg on the return flight. Eight trials included people judged to be at low or medium risk of developing DVT (n = 1598) and two included high-risk participants (n = 1273). All flights had a duration of more than five hours.Fifty of 2637 participants with follow-up data available in the trials of wearing compression stockings on both legs had a symptomless DVT; three wore stockings, 47 did not (odds ratio (OR) 0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.25, P < 0.001; high-quality evidence). There were no symptomless DVTs in three trials. Sixteen of 1804 people developed superficial vein thrombosis, four wore stockings, 12 did not (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.13, P = 0.09; moderate-quality evidence). No deaths, pulmonary emboli or symptomatic DVTs were reported. Wearing stockings had a significant impact in reducing oedema (mean difference (MD) -4.72, 95% CI -4.91 to -4.52; based on six trials; low-quality evidence). A further two trials showed reduced oedema in the stockings group but could not be included in the meta-analysis as they used different methods to measure oedema. No significant adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is high-quality evidence that airline passengers similar to those in this review can expect a substantial reduction in the incidence of symptomless DVT and low-quality evidence that leg oedema is reduced if they wear compression stockings. Quality was limited by the way that oedema was measured. There is moderate-quality evidence that superficial vein thrombosis may be reduced if passengers wear compression stockings. We cannot assess the effect of wearing stockings on death, pulmonary embolism or symptomatic DVT because no such events occurred in these trials. Randomised trials to assess these outcomes would need to include a very large number of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike J Clarke
- Queen's University BelfastCentre for Public HealthInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, Royal Victoria HospitalGrosvenor RoadBelfastUKBT12 6BJ
| | - Cathryn Broderick
- University of EdinburghUsher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsTeviot PlaceEdinburghUKEH8 9AG
| | - Sally Hopewell
- University of OxfordOxford Clinical Trials Research UnitNuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesWindmill RoadOxfordUKOX3 7LD
| | - Ed Juszczak
- University of OxfordSir Richard Doll BuildingOld Road CampusHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7LF
| | - Anne Eisinga
- UK Cochrane CentreNational Institute for Health ResearchSummertown Pavilion, Middle WayOxfordUKOX2 7LG
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Polo Romero FJ, Santisteban López Y, Marañés Antoñanzas I, Beato Pérez JL. [Parasitosis (I). Imported heart and lung lesions]. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 11:3165-3170. [PMID: 32287898 PMCID: PMC7143677 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-5412(14)70753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Imported parasitoses are an uncommon condition in our setting, although recently, the increase of migratory flow has been leading to an increase in the detected cases of these diseases. This fundamentally occurs in immigrants from tropical zones where these conditions are generally endemic. However, imported parasitoses are being increasingly diagnosed in Western persons who have lived in the tropics for different reasons. When examining a subject with cardiovascular syndromes with a possible parasitic origin, it could be useful to classify the possible geographic zone of origin in order to perform disease screening. Then, if the problem is mainly respiratory, it would be well to first rule out the existence of tuberculosis in the case of long stays and to individual the diagnosis according to the geographic area, season of the year, type of exposure and symptoms presented, in the case of shorter stays.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Polo Romero
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital de Hellín. Hellín. Albacete. España
| | | | | | - J L Beato Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital de Hellín. Hellín. Albacete. España
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Penney K, Snyder J, Crooks VA, Johnston R. Risk communication and informed consent in the medical tourism industry: a thematic content analysis of Canadian broker websites. BMC Med Ethics 2011; 12:17. [PMID: 21943392 PMCID: PMC3189886 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical tourism, thought of as patients seeking non-emergency medical care outside of their home countries, is a growing industry worldwide. Canadians are amongst those engaging in medical tourism, and many are helped in the process of accessing care abroad by medical tourism brokers - agents who specialize in making international medical care arrangements for patients. As a key source of information for these patients, brokers are likely to play an important role in communicating the risks and benefits of undergoing surgery or other procedures abroad to their clientele. This raises important ethical concerns regarding processes such as informed consent and the liability of brokers in the event that complications arise from procedures. The purpose of this article is to examine the language, information, and online marketing of Canadian medical tourism brokers' websites in light of such ethical concerns. METHODS An exhaustive online search using multiple search engines and keywords was performed to compile a comprehensive directory of English-language Canadian medical tourism brokerage websites. These websites were examined using thematic content analysis, which included identifying informational themes, generating frequency counts of these themes, and comparing trends in these counts to the established literature. RESULTS Seventeen websites were identified for inclusion in this study. It was found that Canadian medical tourism broker websites varied widely in scope, content, professionalism and depth of information. Three themes emerged from the thematic content analysis: training and accreditation, risk communication, and business dimensions. Third party accreditation bodies of debatable regulatory value were regularly mentioned on the reviewed websites, and discussion of surgical risk was absent on 47% of the websites reviewed, with limited discussion of risk on the remaining ones. Terminology describing brokers' roles was somewhat inconsistent across the websites. Finally, brokers' roles in follow up care, their prices, and the speed of surgery were the most commonly included business dimensions on the reviewed websites. CONCLUSION Canadian medical tourism brokers currently lack a common standard of care and accreditation, and are widely lacking in providing adequate risk communication for potential medical tourists. This has implications for the informed consent and consequent safety of Canadian medical tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali Penney
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy Snyder
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Valorie A Crooks
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rory Johnston
- Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Pérez-Arellano JL, Bengoa Dolón M, Gómez Munuera M, Muro A. Lesiones cardíacas y pulmonares importadas. MEDICINE - PROGRAMA DE FORMACIÓN MÉDICA CONTINUADA ACREDITADO 2010; 10:3771-3775. [PMID: 32287887 PMCID: PMC7143584 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-5412(10)70112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Pérez-Arellano
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Medicina Tropical. Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria. Las Palmas. Gran Canaria. España
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Quirúrgicas. Universidad de Las Palmas. Las Palmas. Gran Canaria. España
| | - M Bengoa Dolón
- Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria. Las Palmas. Gran Canaria. España
| | - M Gómez Munuera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital Universitario de Salamanca. Salamanca. España
| | - A Muro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular. CIETUS. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. España
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Page SJ. Current issue in tourism: The evolution of travel medicine research: A new research agenda for tourism? TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2009; 30:149-157. [PMID: 32287728 PMCID: PMC7115677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable growth in interest in the field of travel medicine and the intersection with Tourism Studies since the 1990s. Yet this interest from a medical perspective is not new as a review of The Lancet, one of the most well-established medical journals, shows. What is new is the way in which the interest in travel medicine has developed across the science-social science divide and has now become one strand of a wider practitioner and academic interest in tourist well-being. With the exception of studies on technology and tourism and environmental science and tourism (e.g. climate change), this science-social science intersection has been comparatively absent from research in Tourism Studies. For this reason, this current issue's paper seeks to broadly outline the evolution of this area of study and some of the influential studies published to date along with some of the research agendas now emerging in this new area of study.
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Sándor T. Travel thrombosis: Pathomechanisms and clinical aspects. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2008; 15:243-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Reilly T, Waterhouse J, Edwards B. Some chronobiological and physiological problems associated with long-distance journeys. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008; 7:88-101. [PMID: 19237142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-distance travel is becoming increasingly common. Whatever the means of transport, any long journey will be associated with "travel fatigue". The symptoms associated with this phenomenon result from a changed routine (particularly sleep lost and meals) and the general disruption caused by travel. Planning any trip well in advance will minimise many of these problems, but some factors are less easy to guard against. These problems include sitting in cramped and uncomfortable conditions and, with flights, the hypoxic environment in the cabin. After arrival at the destination in another country, there can be problems coping with the local language, alterations in food and different customs. If the flight has crossed the equator, then there is likely to be a change in season and natural lighting and, if it has crossed several time zones, there will also be the problem of "jet lag", caused by a transient desynchrony between the "body clock" and the new local time. Moreover, the new environment might differ from the place of departure with regard to ambient temperature and humidity, altitude, natural lighting (including ultraviolet radiation) and pollution. The traveller needs to be aware of these changes before setting off, so that appropriate preparations (clothing, for example) can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reilly
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK
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Abstract
The number of travellers undertaking long-distance flights has continued to increase. Such flights are associated with travel fatigue and jet lag, the symptoms of which are considered here, along with their similarities, differences, and causes. Difficulties with jet lag because of sleep loss and decreased performance are emphasised. Since jet lag is caused mainly by inappropriate timing of the body clock in the new time zone, the pertinent properties of the body clock are outlined, with a description of how the body clock can be adjusted. The methods, both pharmacological and behavioural, that have been used to alleviate the negative results of time-zone transitions, are reviewed. The results form the rationale for advice to travellers flying in different directions and crossing several time zones. Finally, there is an account of the main problems that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Waterhouse
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK.
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Clarke M, Hopewell S, Juszczak E, Eisinga A, Kjeldstrøm M. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD004002. [PMID: 16625594 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004002.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air travel might increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It has been suggested that wearing compression stockings might reduce this risk. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of wearing compression stockings versus not wearing them among people travelling on flights lasting at least four hours. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group's Specialized Register (January 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (in The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2005), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2005), EMBASE (January 1980 to December 2005) and several other electronic or grey literature sources, detailed in full in the review. The most recent searches were done in January 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials of compression stockings versus no stockings in passengers on flights lasting at least four hours. Trials in which passengers wore a stocking on one leg but not the other, or those comparing stockings and another intervention were also eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two authors independently assessed the quality of each study and extracted data. We sought additional information from trialists. MAIN RESULTS Ten randomized trials (n = 2856) were included; nine (n = 2821) compared wearing stockings on both legs versus not wearing them, and one (n = 35) compared wearing a stocking on one leg for the outbound flight and on the other leg on the return flight. Of the nine trials, seven included people judged to be at low or medium risk (n = 1548) and two included high risk participants (n = 1273). All flights lasted at least seven hours. Fifty of 2637 participants with follow-up data available in the trials of wearing stockings on both legs had a symptomless DVT; three wore stockings, 47 did not (odds ratio 0.10, 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.25, P < 0.00001). There were no symptomless DVTs in three trials. No deaths, pulmonary emboli or symptomatic DVTs were reported. Wearing stockings had a significant impact in reducing oedema (based on six trials). No significant adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Airline passengers similar to those in this review can expect a substantial reduction in the incidence of symptomless DVT and leg oedema if they wear compression stockings. We cannot assess the effect of wearing stockings on death, pulmonary embolus or symptomatic DVT because no such events occurred in these trials. Randomized trials to assess these outcomes would need to include a very large number of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clarke
- UK Cochrane Centre, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, UK, OX2 7LG.
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