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Lequerica-Fernández P, Rodríguez-Santamarta T, García-García E, Blanco-Lorenzo V, Torres-Rivas HE, Rodrigo JP, Suárez-Sánchez FJ, García-Pedrero JM, De Vicente JC. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin in Relation to the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Oral Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2675. [PMID: 37893049 PMCID: PMC10603998 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of β-catenin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore relationships with the tumor immune microenvironment. Expression of β-catenin and PD-L1, as well as lymphocyte and macrophage densities, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 125 OSCC patient specimens. Membranous β-catenin expression was detected in 102 (81.6%) and nuclear β-catenin in 2 (1.6%) tumors. There was an association between β-catenin expression, tumoral, and stromal CD8+ T-cell infiltration (TIL) and also the type of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumors harboring nuclear β-catenin were associated with a type II TIME (i.e., immune ignorance defined by a negative PD-L1 expression and low CD8+ TIL density), whereas tumors with membranous β-catenin expression were predominantly type IV (i.e., immune tolerance defined by negative PD-L1 and high CD8+ TIL density). Combined, but not individual, high stromal CD8+ TILs and membranous β-catenin expression was independently associated with better disease-specific survival (HR = 0.48, p = 0.019). Taken together, a combination of high stromal CD8+ T-cell infiltration and membranous β-catenin in the tumor emerges as an independent predictor of better survival in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Lequerica-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (T.R.-S.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Santamarta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (T.R.-S.); (J.P.R.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Eduardo García-García
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Verónica Blanco-Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (V.B.-L.); (H.E.T.-R.)
| | - Héctor E. Torres-Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (V.B.-L.); (H.E.T.-R.)
| | - Juan P. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (T.R.-S.); (J.P.R.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juana M. García-Pedrero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (T.R.-S.); (J.P.R.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos De Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (T.R.-S.); (J.P.R.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Carretera de Rubín, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Akinyamoju AO, Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Adeyemi BF, Kolude B. Immunohistochemical Expression of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2023; 13:43-47. [PMID: 37538202 PMCID: PMC10395847 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The E-cadherin/β-catenin protein complexes are actively involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Alterations in cadherin or catenin expression or function, play important roles in the development of invasive or metastatic phenotypes of cancers. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and to compare this with their clinico-pathological parameters. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study to assess the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in 41 cases of OSCC. Data were analyzed using version 26 of SPSS software. Qualitative data were compared using chi-square statistics. Quantitative data were summarized using mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval and compared using a one-way analysis of variance test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Overall, 95.1% of the cases had positive membrane expression for E-cadherin, while cytoplasmic staining was seen in 90.2% cases. Positive nuclear staining was seen in 46.3% cases. There was a decrease in the percentage of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of E-cadherin as the OSCC became more poorly differentiated (χ2 = 13.96, P = 0.016). Also, a decrease in the percentage of nuclear expression of β-catenin in poorly differentiated cases was seen. However, no statistically significant difference was seen in the expression of β-catenin between the different histologic grades (χ2 = 4.8, P = 0.4). Conclusion This study shows a reduction in the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin as OSCC becomes less differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Oluwatoyin Lawal
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Bukola Folasade Adeyemi
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Kolude
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Thomas A, Slade KS, Blaheta RA, Markowitsch SD, Stenzel P, Tagscherer KE, Roth W, Schindeldecker M, Michaelis M, Rothweiler F, Cinatl J, Dotzauer R, Vakhrusheva O, Albersen M, Haferkamp A, Juengel E, Cinatl J, Tsaur I. Value of c-MET and Associated Signaling Elements for Predicting Outcomes and Targeted Therapy in Penile Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1683. [PMID: 35406455 PMCID: PMC8997038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas the lack of biomarkers in penile cancer (PeCa) impedes the development of efficacious treatment protocols, preliminary evidence suggests that c-MET and associated signaling elements may be dysregulated in this disorder. In the following study, we investigated whether c-MET and associated key molecular elements may have prognostic and therapeutic utility in PeCa. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from therapy-naïve patients with invasive PeCa was used for tissue microarray (TMA) analysis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression of the proteins c-MET, PPARg, β-catenin, snail, survivin, and n-MYC. In total, 94 PeCa patients with available tumor tissue were included. The median age was 64.9 years. High-grade tumors were present in 23.4%, and high-risk HPV was detected in 25.5%. The median follow-up was 32.5 months. High expression of snail was associated with HPV-positive tumors. Expression of β-catenin was inversely associated with grading. In both univariate COX regression analysis and the log-rank test, an increased expression of PPARg and c-MET was predictive of inferior disease-specific survival (DSS). Moreover, in multivariate analysis, a higher expression of c-MET was independently associated with worse DSS. Blocking c-MET with cabozantinib and tivantinib induced a significant decrease in viability in the primary PeCa cell line UKF-PeC3 isolated from the tumor tissue as well as in cisplatin- and osimertinib-resistant sublines. Strikingly, a higher sensitivity to tivantinib could be detected in the latter, pointing to the promising option of utilizing this agent in the second-line treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Kimberly Sue Slade
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Philipp Stenzel
- Department of Pathology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (K.E.T.); (W.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Katrin E. Tagscherer
- Department of Pathology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (K.E.T.); (W.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Department of Pathology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (K.E.T.); (W.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mario Schindeldecker
- Department of Pathology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (P.S.); (K.E.T.); (W.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK;
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (F.R.); (J.C.); (J.C.J.)
- Dr. Petra Joh-Forschungshaus, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (F.R.); (J.C.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Robert Dotzauer
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 28046 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (F.R.); (J.C.); (J.C.J.)
- Dr. Petra Joh-Forschungshaus, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.S.); (R.A.B.); (S.D.M.); (R.D.); (O.V.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (I.T.)
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Ramos-García P, González-Moles MÁ. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of the Aberrant Expression of β-Catenin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030479. [PMID: 35158747 PMCID: PMC8833491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary β-catenin is a multifunctional protein whose physiological functions are mainly related to the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion by forming complexes with the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, both responsible for the preservation of squamous epithelia homeostasis. The loss of β-catenin expression in the cell membrane, the failure of cytoplasmic degradation mechanisms—essentially related to the activation of Wnt canonical oncogenic pathway—and/or its translocation to the nucleus—developing actions as a transcription factor of oncogenes—are aberrant mechanisms with oncogenic implications in oral carcinogenesis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis on 41 studies and 2746 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients we demonstrate that the aberrant expression of β-catenin—mainly the immunohistochemical analysis of its loss in the cell membrane—behaves as a prognostic biomarker, significantly associated with poor survival, essentially linked to the increased risk for the development of lymph node metastases, higher tumour size and clinical stage in these patients. Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of the aberrant expression of β-catenin (assessed through the immunohistochemical loss of membrane expression, cytoplasmic and nuclear expression) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We searched for primary-level studies published before October-2021 through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with no limitation in regard to their publication date or language. We evaluated the methodological quality and risk of bias of the studies included using the QUIPS tool, carried out meta-analyses, explored heterogeneity and their sources across subgroups and meta-regression, and conducted sensitivity and small-study effects analyses. Forty-one studies (2746 patients) met inclusion criteria. The aberrant immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin was statistically associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.20–2.60, p = 0.004), disease-free survival (HR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.10–5.50, p = 0.03), N+ status (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.68–3.40, p < 0.001), higher clinical stage (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.58–3.63, p < 0.001), higher tumour size (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.23–2.53, p = 0.004), and moderately-poorly differentiated OSCC (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.09–2.25, p = 0.02). The loss of β-catenin in the cell membrane showed the largest effect size in most of meta-analyses (singularly for poor overall survival [HR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.55–3.62, p < 0.001], N+ status [OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 2.40–4.93, p < 0.001] and higher clinical stage [OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.17–5.35, p = 0.02]). In conclusion, our findings indicate that immunohistochemical assessment of the aberrant expression of β-catenin could be incorporated as an additional and complementary routine prognostic biomarker for the assessment of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-G.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
| | - Miguel Á. González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.R.-G.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
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Jot K, Urs AB, Kumar P. Does Loss of Immunohistochemical Expression of Glypican 3 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Play a Role in the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway? Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:693-699. [PMID: 34091531 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a cell membrane protein and plays a dual role, as a tumor suppressor and oncogene, depending on its structure. It is known to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and affect cell growth and proliferation. β-catenin plays a major oncogenic role in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between β-catenin and GPC3 in OSCC. Immunoexpression of GPC3 and β-catenin was evaluated semiquantitatively in tumor tissue (n=80) and normal oral mucosa tissue (n=20). For GPC3, the percentage of stained cells and the staining intensity were assessed. For β-catenin, the percentage of stained cells, localization, and intensity of staining were assessed at the tumor-invasive front. The Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between the GPC3 and β-catenin immunoreactivity. Significantly decreased expression of GPC3 (P=0.008) and a highly significant difference in the case of localization of β-catenin (P=0.0001) were observed in OSCC when compared with normal oral mucosa. Cytoplasmic expression with a shift of β-catenin expression to the nucleus was seen in OSCC in comparison with primarily membranous and membranous and cytoplasmic staining in normal mucosa. A significant difference was observed with respect to localization of stain, with β-catenin staining moving to the nuclear compartment with an increase in the tumor grade (P=0.011). No correlation was observed between β-catenin and GPC3 expression in OSCC cases. It is concluded that loss of expression of GPC3 in OSCC compared with normal oral mucosa indicates that it plays the role of a tumor suppressor gene in OSCC and its expression is therefore silenced in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Jot
- Department of Oral Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Hallikeri K, Sudhakaran A, Monteiro R. Immunohistochemical expression of P16 and β-catenin in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma with or without coexistence of oral submucous fibrosis. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_75_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zargaran M. Alternation of β-catenin and CD44s Immunoexpression in Different Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1181-1185. [PMID: 32458620 PMCID: PMC7541855 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell-cell adhesion molecules play an essential role in cell growth and differentiation. β-catenin and CD44s are two adhesion molecules which their expression changes are correlated to loss of differentiation and gain of an invasive epithelial phenotype. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of oral cavity. Aim of this study was to compare β-catenin and CD44s expression in different histopathological grades of OSCC. METHODS β-catenin and CD44s expression were evaluated in 10 well differentiated OSCC (group A) and 10 moderately/poorly differentiated OSCC (group B) using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS β-catenin membranous and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression were significantly different between groups A and B. CD44s membranous expression was insignificant amongst the two groups. CONCLUSION Expression of β-catenin and CD44s alter in different histopathological grades of OSCC. It seems that more rate of aberrant cytoplasmic and/nuclear expression and less membranous expression of β-catenin can lead to significantly lower degree of cell differentiation in OSCC. <br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoumeh Zargaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Paluszczak J. The Significance of the Dysregulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030723. [PMID: 32183420 PMCID: PMC7140616 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about the molecular alterations which are found in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has much increased in recent years. However, we are still awaiting the translation of this knowledge to new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Among the many molecular changes that are detected in head and neck cancer, the abnormalities in several signaling pathways, which regulate cell proliferation, cell death and stemness, seem to be especially promising with regard to the development of targeted therapies. Canonical Wnt signaling is a pathway engaged in the formation of head and neck tissues, however it is not active in adult somatic mucosal cells. The aim of this review paper is to bring together significant data related to the current knowledge on the mechanisms and functional significance of the dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in head and neck tumors. Research evidence related to the role of Wnt signaling activation in the stimulation of cell proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis in HNSCC is presented. Moreover, its role in promoting stemness traits in head and neck cancer stem-like cells is described. Evidence corroborating the hypothesis that the Wnt signaling pathway is a very promising target of novel therapeutic interventions in HNSCC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Hsu PJ, Yan K, Shi H, Izumchenko E, Agrawal N. Molecular biology of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 102:104552. [PMID: 31918173 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is a heterogeneous and complex disease that arises due to dysfunction of multiple molecular signaling pathways. Recent advances in high-throughput genetic sequencing technologies coupled with innovative analytical techniques have begun to characterize the molecular determinants driving OCSCC. An understanding of the key molecular signaling networks underlying the initiation and progression of is essential for informing treatment of the disease. In this chapter, we discuss recent findings of key genes altered in OCSCC and potential treatments targeting these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Hsu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kenneth Yan
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Joshi S, De Angelis PM, Zucknick M, Schjølberg AR, Andersen SN, Clausen OPF. Role of the Wnt signaling pathway in keratoacanthoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 3:e1219. [PMID: 32672002 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoacanthoma (KA) has a unique life cycle of rapid growth and spontaneous regression that shows similarities to the hair follicle cycle, which involves an active Wnt signaling during physiological regeneration. We analyzed the expression of the Wnt signaling proteins β-catenin, Lef1, Sox9, and Cyclin D1 in young and old human KAs to investigate a possible role for Wnt signaling in KAs. AIM To investigate the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human KAs. METHODS AND RESULTS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 67 KAs were analyzed for protein expression using immunohistochemistry. The majority of KAs were positive for Sox9 and Cyclin D1 but not for nuclear-localized β-catenin or Lef-1. No significant differences in protein expressions were seen between young and old KAs. However, we found a significant association between Ki67 and Cyclin D1 proteins (P= .008). CONCLUSIONS The Wnt signaling pathway does not appear to play a significant role in the biogenesis of human KA. Sox9 overexpression may be indicative of inhibition of Wnt signaling. Sox-9 and Cyclin D1 are proliferation markers that are most likely transactivated by alternate signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Paula M De Angelis
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasa R Schjølberg
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Norheim Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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FOXF2 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of Hela cells by regulating Wnt signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180747. [PMID: 30249755 PMCID: PMC6200704 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article was aimed to study the FOXF2 effects on cervical cancer. Tumor tissues and adjacent tissues of 41 cervical cancer patients were collected. Human endometrial epithelial cells (hEEC) and Hela cells were cultured. FOXF2 expression vector and its empty vector were transfected into Hela cells, and named as pcDNA 3.1-FOXF2 group and Vector group, respectively. Hela cells without any treatment were set as Blank group. qRT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression. Nude mouse xenograft assay was performed to test Hela cells proliferation ability in vivo. FOXF2 and β-catenin positive cell numbers were detected by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Cells migration and invasion were conducted by Transwell. Tumor tissues and Hela cells FOXF2 expression were lower than that in adjacent tissues and hEEC (P<0.01). Low FOXF2 expression predicted poor outcomes of cervical cancer patients. Compared with Blank group and Vector group, Hela cells of pcDNA 3.1-FOXF2 group were with higher FOXF2 expression, lower OD495 value, migrated and invaded cells, higher E-cadherin expression, lower Vimentin and Snail expression, smaller tumor volume in nude mice, lower c-Myc, CyclinDl, MMP9, Lgr5, and nuclear β-catenin expression (all P<0.01). FOXF2 inhibits Hela cells proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulating Wnt signaling pathway.
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12
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Padhi SS, Roy S, Kar M, Saha A, Roy S, Adhya A, Baisakh M, Banerjee B. Role of CDKN2A/p16 expression in the prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2017; 73:27-35. [PMID: 28939073 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CDKN2A/p16 is a known tumor suppressor gene with a homologous deletion in Oral Squamous cell carcinoma. CDKN2A/p16 is found to be inactivated in a broad spectrum of solid tumors and in more than 80% of OSCC. Molecular alteration of CDKN2A/p16 in progression of OSCC can pose an important tool for the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD Systematic network analysis was carried out to obtain involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer by polysearch and FunDO. In the present study we have screened 104 OSCC patients from eastern region of India for CDKN2A/p16 expression in recurrent and non-recurrent OSCC. The observation was validated by Comparative Genomic Hybridisation and Next generation sequencing in recurrent cases. RESULT Systematic analysis revealed direct involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer. There was a consistent downregulated expression of CDKN2A/p16 in the recurrent cases. The gene expression study confirmed a >5-fold downregulation of CDKN2A/p16 in recurrent tumors as compared to non-recurrent ones. Array CGH analysis revealed a copy number deletion in the recurrent case. Furthermore, next generation sequencing validated deletion of CDKN2A/p16 and reported it asa common variant with a nonsense mutation having stop /loss of function of the gene in recurrent cases. Recurrent cases with deleted CDKN2A/p16 expression had poor prognosis and low survival rate. CONCLUSION CDKN2A/p16 frequently alters in oral cancer progression with a deletion/loss of function in the recurrent cases displaying its role in aiding several molecular events for the malignant transformations occurring throughout disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shree Padhi
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Madhabananda Kar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751016, India
| | - Arka Saha
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shomereeta Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Amit Adhya
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Manas Baisakh
- Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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13
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Prgomet Z, Andersson T, Lindberg P. Higher expression of WNT5A protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma compared with dysplasia and oral mucosa with a normal appearance. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:237-246. [PMID: 28603941 PMCID: PMC5519933 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WNT5A is a secreted signaling protein that promotes migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells through activation of non‐canonical WNT signaling. Here, we examined expression of WNT5A, β‐catenin, and E‐cadherin by immunohistochemistry in 21 human diagnostic incision biopsies that each had regions of oral mucosa with a normal appearance adjacent to the affected tissue, dysplasia, and OSCC. We also investigated the effect of recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A) on expression of the cell‐adhesion proteins E‐cadherin and β‐catenin by western blot analysis. No expression of WNT5A protein was present in oral mucosa with a normal appearance or in mild grade dysplasia. However, expression of WNT5A increased along with increasing grade of dysplasia, and the highest expression was detected in OSCCs. Expression of membranous β‐catenin and of E‐cadherin was lower, whereas expression of cytoplasmic β‐catenin was higher, in OSCCs than in non‐cancerous regions. However, there was no correlation between expression of WNT5A and expression of either β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Furthermore, treatment of OSCC cells with rWNT5A had no effect on the expression of β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Taken together with previous results, we conclude that WNT5A influences the progression of OSCC without affecting the canonical WNT/β‐catenin pathway and without down‐regulating E‐cadherin. WNT5A may have potential as a biological marker for malignant transformation of dysplasia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Prgomet
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Diagnostic Biomarkers in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:19-32. [PMID: 27924463 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), a low-grade variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is most frequently seen in the oral cavity. No clear etiology has been found for this lesion, but human papilloma virus, chewing betel nuts, and ultraviolet radiation are suggested as probable causes. Differential diagnosis of OVC is challenging for oral pathologists. The aim of this study was to review the molecular-based approaches for differential diagnosis of OVC. An electronic search was conducted in Medline and Scopus from January 2004 to July 2015 limited to English language publications. Published papers on verrucous carcinoma (VC) were found according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed qualitatively. Data extraction were performed according to PRISMA statement. A total of 423 articles were reviewed; out of which, 26 articles completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies investigated proliferative and apoptotic biomarkers such as p53 and Ki67. No definite conclusion was drawn for cytoskeletal biomarkers due to variability of factors and lack of significant expression. However, it seems that cytokeratin10 (CK 10) can be useful for differentiation of OVC and benign squamous lesions. Among cell surface and extracellular matrix biomarkers tissue biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, CD31 and CD68 seem to be useful for differentiation of OVC and OSCC and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) can help in differentiation of OVC from oral epithelial dysplasia. Differences among OVC, OSCC and normal epithelium in expression profiles of the investigated biomarkers help in their differential diagnosis; although, clinicohistopathological similarities among verrucous hyperplasia, noninvasive OVC and invasive well-differentiated OSCC make the diagnosis difficult. Further studies are required to better differentiate these oral lesions.
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15
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Angadi PV, Patil PV, Angadi V, Mane D, Shekar S, Hallikerimath S, Kale AD, Kardesai SG. Immunoexpression of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Proteins E-Cadherin, β-Catenin, and N-Cadherin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 24:696-703. [PMID: 27312520 DOI: 10.1177/1066896916654763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process for acquisition of malignant phenotype, aggressiveness, and metastatic capacity in neoplasms. It is characterized by loss of epithelial markers and gain of mesenchymal markers. Studies on EMT and its potential association with the histological grading are sparse in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to evaluate the expression of EMT-associated proteins-E-cadherin, β-catenin, and N-cadherin-in different grades of OSCC. Methodology In all, 60 cases of OSCC further subdivided into 20 cases each of well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated OSCCs were stained immunohistochemically with E-cadherin, β-catenin, and N-cadherin antibodies. The differences in the expression were evaluated using χ2 and Fisher exact tests, whereas Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the markers. Results A reduced E-cadherin expression noted in 40% of the OSCCs was associated with reduced β-catenin expression in 66.6% of the cases and increase in the expression of mesenchymal N-cadherin seen in 80% of cases. This expression pattern demonstrated a significant association with histological grades. A membrane to cytoplasmic shift of E-cadherin (73.3%) and β-catenin (78.3%) increased with histological grade. A negative correlation was observed with the E-cadherin and N-cadherin localization, though it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion OSCC tissues had high levels of EMT phenotype as compared with the normal oral mucosa. This phenotype was characterized by reduced E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and overexpression of N-cadherin. Aberrant localization of the studied proteins was a hallmark for depicting EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnya V Angadi
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vidya Angadi
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepa Mane
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Saurabh Shekar
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Alka D Kale
- KLE University's VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - S G Kardesai
- KLE University's JN Medical College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Nwanze J, Cohen C, Schmitt AC, Siddiqui MT. β-Catenin Expression in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Comparison and Correlation with p16 and Human Papillomavirus in situ Hybridization. Acta Cytol 2016; 59:479-84. [PMID: 26849661 DOI: 10.1159/000443602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been noted to be upregulated in head and neck cancers, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study compared the efficacy of β-catenin immunohistochemistry (IHC), p16 IHC and automated human papillomavirus (HPV) in situ hybridization (ISH) in OSCC. METHODS Sixty-eight OSCCs (48 surgical specimens and 20 fine-needle aspirations) were evaluated. Nuclear staining only of β-catenin was assessed as 0-3+ intensity (relative to controls of benign squamous mucosa). p16 was interpreted as positive if 70% of tumor cells showed brown nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. HPV ISH was interpreted as positive if a minimum of one tumor cell showed brown punctate dot-like nuclear positivity. p16 IHC and HPV ISH were then correlated with β-catenin staining. HPV ISH was used as the gold standard. RESULTS Twenty-five of 48 surgical specimens (52.1%) and 11 of 20 cell blocks (55%) stained positively for β-catenin, making a total of 36 of 68 (52.9%) staining positively for β-catenin, as compared to 61.7% positive for p16 IHC and 70.6% positive by automated HPV ISH, the gold standard method for OSCC diagnosis. x03C7;2 analysis revealed no significant correlation between β-catenin and HPV ISH (p > 0.05) and demonstrated a strong correlation between p16 and HPV ISH (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION β-Catenin IHC is not a sensitive or specific marker of HPV and is unlikely to be a useful adjunct to p16 IHC or HPV ISH in the setting of advanced OSCC. However, as this study focused on samples of advanced OSCC, β-catenin IHC may still find some use in the diagnosis of early-stage OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julum Nwanze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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17
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Zhou S, Chen L, Mashrah M, Zhu Y, Liu J, Yang X, He Z, Wang L, Xiang T, Yao Z, Guo F, Yang W, Zhang C. Deregulation of secreted frizzled-related proteins is associated with aberrant β-catenin activation in the carcinogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2923-31. [PMID: 26508877 PMCID: PMC4610781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s91460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs), the first identified Wnt antagonists, have been well recognized as tumor suppressors in multiple human cancers through suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. To better elucidate the mechanisms of SFRPs involved in the carcinogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), one of the precancerous lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we investigated expression and localization of SFRP1, SFRP5, and β-catenin in normal oral epithelium, OSF, and OSCC tissues. We found that SFRP1 and SFRP5 were readily expressed in normal oral mucous tissues but gradually decreased in OSF early, moderately advanced, and advanced tissues and rarely expressed in OSCC tissues. We found the changes of SFRP1 localization and SFRP5 localization from nucleus to cytoplasm in the carcinogenesis of OSF. There is a significant association among reduced SFRP1, SFRP5, and cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin expression, which is correlated with higher tumor grade and stage of OSCC. We further found that SFRP1 and SFRP5 were frequently methylated in OSCC cases with betel quid chewing habit but not in normal oral mucous and different stages of OSF tissues, suggesting that methylation of SFRP1 and SFRP5 is tumor specific in the carcinogenesis of OSF. Taken together, our data demonstrated that reduced SFRP1 and SFRP5 by promoter methylation could lead to cytoplasmic/nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and tumor progression. The changes of SFRPs and β-catenin localization, as well as SFRPs' methylation, could be useful predictors or biomarkers of OSF malignant progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghui Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mubarak Mashrah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Yao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Reyes M, Rojas-Alcayaga G, Maturana A, Aitken JP, Rojas C, Ortega AV. Increased nuclear β-catenin expression in oral potentially malignant lesions: A marker of epithelial dysplasia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e540-6. [PMID: 26241451 PMCID: PMC4598921 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulation of ?-catenin is associated with malignant transformation; however, its relationship with potentially malignant and malignant oral processes is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the nuclear ?-catenin expression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
Material and Methods Cross sectional study. Immunodetection of ?-catenin was performed on 72 samples, with the following distribution: 21 mild dysplasia, 12 moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia 3, 36 OSCC including 19 well differentiated, 15 moderately differentiated and 2 poorly differentiated. Through microscopic observation the number of positive cells per 1000 epithelial cells was counted. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal Wallis test was used. Results Nuclear expression of ?-catenin was observed in all samples with severe and moderate dysplasia, with a median of 267.5, in comparison to mild dysplasia whose median was 103.75. Only 10 samples (27.7%) with OSCC showed nuclear expression, with statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results are consistent with most of the reports which show increased presence of ?-catenin in severe and moderate dysplasia compared to mild dysplasia; however the expression of nuclear ?-catenin decreased after starting the invasive neoplastic process. This suggests a role for this protein in the progression of dysplasia and early malignant transformation to OSCC. Immunodetection of ?-catenin could be a possible immune marker in the detection of oral dysplasia. Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), ?-catenin, oral dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Reyes
- Av. Sergio Livingstone 943, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile,
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Zaid KW. Immunohistochemical assessment of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the histological differentiations of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8847-53. [PMID: 25374218 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the expression and localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) so that we could correlate the findings with prognostic-relevant histopathological variables. E-cadherin and β-catenin expression in normal oral epithelia and in oral squamous cell carcinomas was examined immunohistochemically, and associations with histopathological differentiation and prognosis were then analyzed in 33 patients who had been operated on for OSCC. E-cadherin expression was found in (82%) of the squamous cells of well differentiated OSCC, (61%) of moderately differentiated and (39%) of poorly differentiated. E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with histological grade (p=0.000). No nuclear staining was detected. In (19.5%) of the cells E-cadherin localized in the cytoplasm, with no correlation to the histological grade (p=0.106). β-Catenin expression was found in 87% of the squamous cells of well differentiated OSCC, 67% of moderately differentiated and 43% of poorly differentiated, the expression was significantly associated with histological grade (p=0.000). the nuclear β-Catenin expression appeared in 3.3% of the cells and it was correlated to the histological grade (p=0.000). In (23.5%) of the cells β-Catenin localized in the cytoplasm, with correlation to the histological grade (p=0.002). According to this study the expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin were independent prognostic factors for histological grade. E-cadherin was closely linked to β-catenin expression in OSCC (p=0.000) and to tumor differentiation. That reflects a structural association and the role of both in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Waleed Zaid
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology , Faculty of Dentistry , University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria E-mail :
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20
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Padhi S, Saha A, Kar M, Ghosh C, Adhya A, Baisakh M, Mohapatra N, Venkatesan S, Hande MP, Banerjee B. Clinico-Pathological Correlation of β-Catenin and Telomere Dysfunction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. J Cancer 2015; 6:192-202. [PMID: 25653721 PMCID: PMC4314668 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumorigenesis is a complex process of accumulated alteration in function of multiple genes and pathways. Wnt signalling pathway is involved in various differentiation events during embryonic development and is conserved in various species. OBJECTIVE A multicentre collaborative initiative is undertaken to study the occurrence, prognosis and molecular mechanism of HNSCC (Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) which is highly prevalent in eastern parts of India. From a large cohort of HNSCC tissue repository, 67 cases were selected for multi-parametric investigation. RESULTS 67 cases showed stable β-catenin expression. We have seen correlation, if any, of the transcription factor - β-catenin, telomere maintenance and shelterin complex proteins - TRF2, Rap1 and hTert with respect to tumor differentiation and telomere dysfunction. Immunohistochemistry of β-catenin protein showed stable and high expression in tumor when compared to stroma. MDSCC (Moderately Differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma) cases expressed nuclear expression of β-catenin in invasive fronts and showed increased genomic instability. Higher frequency of Anaphase bridges was observed ranging from <3% in normal cut margin to 13% in WDSCC (Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma) and 18% in MDSCC (Moderately differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma). There was significant decrease in telomere length in MDSCC (<4) when compared to the normal cut margin samples (<7). Quantitative Real Time-PCR confirmed a significant correlationship between stable β-catenin expression and poor clinical and pathological outcome. CONCLUSION The Stabilisation and accumulation of β-catenin was significant and correlated well with de-differentiation process as well as prognosis and therapy outcome of the patients in the cohort. Expression status of molecular markers such as β-catenin, hTert, TRF2 and RAP1 correlate significantly with the process of tumorigenesis and prognosis and may play a role in therapeutic management of Head and neck patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatishree Padhi
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Arka Saha
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Madhabananda Kar
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, Kalinga Institute of Medical sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India. ; 5. Department of Surgical Oncology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Chinmoy Ghosh
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Amit Adhya
- 3. Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, odisha-751024, India
| | - Manas Baisakh
- 4. Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Nachiketa Mohapatra
- 4. Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Shriram Venkatesan
- 6. Genome Stability Laboratory, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- 6. Genome Stability Laboratory, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
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Shah AA, Jeffus SK, Stelow EB. Squamous cell carcinoma variants of the upper aerodigestive tract: a comprehensive review with a focus on genetic alterations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:731-44. [PMID: 24878013 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0070-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract is a heterogenous entity. Although conventional squamous cell carcinomas are easily recognized, the morphologic variants of squamous cell carcinoma can present a diagnostic challenge. Familiarity with these variants is necessary because many are associated with unique risk factors and are characterized by specific molecular alterations (eg, nuclear protein in testis midline carcinomas). Perhaps the most important distinction is in identifying viral-related from nonviral-related carcinomas. The accurate diagnosis of these variants is necessary for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. OBJECTIVES To provide a clinicopathologic overview and summary of the molecular alterations of the common squamous cell carcinoma variants, including verrucous, spindle cell, acantholytic, adenosquamous, basaloid, and papillary squamous cell carcinoma, as well as nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma, and to discuss the distinguishing features of human papillomavirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-related squamous cell carcinomas. DATA SOURCES Published peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Familiarity with squamous cell carcinoma variants is essential for proper diagnosis and to guide appropriate clinical management. Further insight into the molecular alterations underlying those variants may lead to alterations in existing treatment approaches and to evolution of novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeesha A Shah
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
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22
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Balasundaram P, Singh MK, Dinda AK, Thakar A, Yadav R. Study of β-catenin, E-cadherin and vimentin in oral squamous cell carcinoma with and without lymph node metastases. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:145. [PMID: 25047112 PMCID: PMC4223686 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/6506095201182002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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González-Moles MA, Ruiz-Ávila I, Gil-Montoya JA, Plaza-Campillo J, Scully C. β-catenin in oral cancer: an update on current knowledge. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:818-24. [PMID: 24998198 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β-Catenin is a multiple function protein. These functions derive from its interactions with other cell proteins, both on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. β-Catenin forms a complex with the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, promoting cell-cell adhesion and thereby preventing the cell dissociation that is required for cancer invasion and progression mechanisms. There is also a dynamic pool of cytoplasmic β-catenin that serves as connection between the extracellular microenvironment and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic β-catenin acts as a transcription factor for the nucleus in the canonical Wnt pathway, activating the transcription of various genes. Structural or functional alterations of β-catenin can promote cancer progression. This review addresses the current knowledge on the implications of β-catenin in the development of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, Instituto de Biomedicina de Granada, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - I Ruiz-Ávila
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Granada Complejo Hospitalario san Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - J A Gil-Montoya
- School of Dentistry, Instituto de Biomedicina de Granada, University of Granada, Spain
| | - J Plaza-Campillo
- School of Dentistry, Instituto de Biomedicina de Granada, University of Granada, Spain
| | - C Scully
- University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Rosado P, Lequerica-Fernández P, Fernández S, Allonca E, Villallaín L, de Vicente JC. E-cadherin and β-catenin expression in well-differentiated and moderately-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma: relations with clinical variables. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Katase N, Lefeuvre M, Tsujigiwa H, Fujii M, Ito S, Tamamura R, Buery RR, Gunduz M, Nagatsuka H. Knockdown of Dkk-3 decreases cancer cell migration and invasion independently of the Wnt pathways in oral squamous cell carcinoma‑derived cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1349-55. [PMID: 23354949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is thought to arise as the result of cumulative genetic or epigenetic alterations in cancer-associated genes. We focused on the Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) gene as a candidate tumor suppressor in OSCC. Dkk-3 is a potential tumor suppressor, and its downregulation has been reported in various types of malignancies. However, our previous data demonstrated that the Dkk-3 protein was dominantly expressed in OSCC tissue, and its expression was correlated with a high incidence of metastasis and with poor prognosis. In order to explain this paradox, we performed functional analyses of the Dkk-3 gene in cancer cell lines. RT-PCR revealed that Dkk-3 mRNA expression was observed in OSCC-derived cell lines but not in gastrointestinal or colorectal adenocarcinoma‑derived cell lines. The siRNA for Dkk-3 was transfected into Dkk-3-expressing cells, and the changes in cell proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed. The knockdown of Dkk-3 mRNA by siRNA transfection did not affect cell proliferation, but it significantly decreased cell migration and invasion. To further investigate the precise mechanism that contributes to the potential oncogenic function of Dkk-3, the Wnt canonical pathway and non-canonical pathways were assessed. Western blotting demonstrated that the effect of Dkk-3 knockdown on cell migration or invasion was not caused by activation of the Wnt pathways. These data demonstrated that Dkk-3 expression in OSCC was different than that in adenocarcinomas. Dkk-3 may possess an oncogenic function that is independent of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Katase
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Alam H, Bhate AV, Gangadaran P, Sawant SS, Salot S, Sehgal L, Dange PP, Chaukar DA, D'cruz AK, Kannanl S, Gude R, Kane S, Dalal SN, Vaidya MM. Fascin overexpression promotes neoplastic progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:32. [PMID: 22264292 PMCID: PMC3329405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fascin is a globular actin cross-linking protein, which plays a major role in forming parallel actin bundles in cell protrusions and is found to be associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis in various type of cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Previously, we have demonstrated that fascin regulates actin polymerization and thereby promotes cell motility in K8-depleted OSCC cells. In the present study we have investigated the role of fascin in tumor progression of OSCC. Methods To understand the role of fascin in OSCC development and/or progression, fascin was overexpressed along with vector control in OSCC derived cells AW13516. The phenotype was studied using wound healing, Boyden chamber, cell adhesion, Hanging drop, soft agar and tumorigenicity assays. Further, fascin expression was examined in human OSCC samples (N = 131) using immunohistochemistry and level of its expression was correlated with clinico-pathological parameters of the patients. Results Fascin overexpression in OSCC derived cells led to significant increase in cell migration, cell invasion and MMP-2 activity. In addition these cells demonstrated increased levels of phosphorylated AKT, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Our in vitro results were consistent with correlative studies of fascin expression with the clinico-pathological parameters of the OSCC patients. Fascin expression in OSCC showed statistically significant correlation with increased tumor stage (P = 0.041), increased lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), less differentiation (P = 0.005), increased recurrence (P = 0.038) and shorter survival (P = 0.004) of the patients. Conclusion In conclusion, our results indicate that fascin promotes tumor progression and activates AKT and MAPK pathways in OSCC-derived cells. Further, our correlative studies of fascin expression in OSCC with clinico-pathological parameters of the patients indicate that fascin may prove to be useful in prognostication and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunain Alam
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer Tata Memorial Centre (ACTREC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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