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Ablat N, Ablimit M, Abudoukadier A, Kadeer B, Maihemuti A, Bakewaiyi A, Tuerxun A, Aihemaiti A. Liver protection and hemostatic effects of medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst extract in a rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115739. [PMID: 36126784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst. (AE) is a Chinese medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat various circulatory diseases. It exhibits certain effects, such as the promotion of blood circulation and cooling, rash clearance, and detoxification. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective and hemostatic effects of the ethyl acetate extract of AE in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were treated via oral gavage with different doses of the ethyl acetate extract of AE (3.5, 7, or 14 g kg-1·day-1) for 14 consecutive days, following which hemostatic and liver function tests were conducted. For the hemostatic tests, the platelet count, blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (PF-4) secretion from blood platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen levels were measured at the end of the treatment period. For the liver function tests, 0.25 mL/200 g (1.25 mL kg-1·day-1) of olive oil was injected into the abdominal cavity of the control rats, whereas 15% CCl4 plus olive oil (prescription: 7.5 mL CCl4 + 42.5 olive oil) was injected into that of the treated rats at 1 h after extract administration on day 6, 13, and 20. Additionally, food and water were withheld from all the animals. On the following day, the rats were anesthetized and their albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels among the groups were determined using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The platelet count and blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and PF-4 secretion levels were significantly increased in the (3.5 g kg-1 day-1) AE group as compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.001; for the 7 and 14 g kg-1 day-1 AE groups, all p > 0.05, respectively). Although the PT and aPTT were not affected by the AE extract (all p > 0.05), the TT was reduced and the FIB levels were significantly increased in all AE groups (p < 0.05). Liver function tests showed that CCl4 caused significant liver damage, thereby decreasing the albumin, SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and GPx levels, while increasing the AST, ALT, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, ROS, and MDA levels (all p < 0.001). By contrast, treatment with the different doses of AE extract reversed the CCl4 effects on all these parameters. Compared with the levels in the CCl4 group, the GSH and GR levels in the three AE groups (3.5, 7, and 14 g kg-1·day-1) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the differences in the other parameters for these three groups were all at the significance levels of p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AE extracts administered orally exhibited hepatoprotective activity by affecting platelet production and blood coagulation and ameliorating liver function-damaging modifications. Specifically, a dosage of 3.5 g kg-1·day-1 resulted in the most optimal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuramatjan Ablat
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| | - Mihray Ablimit
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Shache County Dunbag Township Health Center, 844700, China.
| | - Abudoureheman Abudoukadier
- Department of Cardiology, Urumqi City Friendship Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830049, China.
| | - Buhaiqiemu Kadeer
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054, China.
| | - Abulaitijiang Maihemuti
- Department of Laboratory, Uyghur Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China.
| | - Alibati Bakewaiyi
- Department of Laboratory, Uyghur Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China.
| | - Atike Tuerxun
- Department of Pharmacy, Uyghur Medicine Hospital of Hetian Region, Hetian, 848000, China.
| | - Adilijiang Aihemaiti
- Department of Laboratory, Uyghur Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China.
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis indicates brain regional specific alterations in type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6398-6421. [PMID: 31449493 PMCID: PMC6738403 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can result in a number of comorbidities involving various organs including heart, eye, kidney and even the brain. However, little is known about the molecular basis of T2D associated brain disorders. In this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis in a total of 304 T2D samples and 608 matched control samples from thirteen distinct brain regions. We observed prominent difference among transcriptomic profiles of diverse brain regions in T2D. The most striking change was found in caudate with thousands of T2D-associated genes identified, followed by hippocampus, while nearly no transcriptomic change was observed in other brain regions. Functional analysis of T2D-associated genes revealed impaired synaptic functions and an association with neurodegenerative diseases. Co-expression analysis of caudate transcriptomic profiles unveiled a core regional specific module that was disorganized in T2D. Sub-modules consisting of regional markers were enriched in T2D risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and implied a causal link with T2D. Hub genes of this module include NSF and ADD2, the former of which has been associated with T2D and neurogenerative diseases. Thus, our work provides useful information for further studies in T2D associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yizhang Zhu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Shendre A, Wiener HW, Irvin MR, Aouizerat BE, Overton ET, Lazar J, Liu C, Hodis HN, Limdi NA, Weber KM, Gange SJ, Zhi D, Floris-Moore MA, Ofotokun I, Qi Q, Hanna DB, Kaplan RC, Shrestha S. Genome-wide admixture and association study of subclinical atherosclerosis in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188725. [PMID: 29206233 PMCID: PMC5714351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major comorbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cCIMT) is a valid and reliable subclinical measure of atherosclerosis and is known to predict CVD. We performed genome-wide association (GWA) and admixture analysis among 682 HIV-positive and 288 HIV-negative Black, non-Hispanic women from the Women’s Interagency HIV study (WIHS) cohort using a combined and stratified analysis approach. We found some suggestive associations but none of the SNPs reached genome-wide statistical significance in our GWAS analysis. The top GWAS SNPs were rs2280828 in the region intergenic to mediator complex subunit 30 and exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (MED30 | EXT1) among all women, rs2907092 in the catenin delta 2 (CTNND2) gene among HIV-positive women, and rs7529733 in the region intergenic to family with sequence similarity 5, member C and regulator of G-protein signaling 18 (FAM5C | RGS18) genes among HIV-negative women. The most significant local European ancestry associations were in the region intergenic to the zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 5D gene and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 1 (ZSCAN5D | NDUF1) pseudogene on chromosome 19 among all women, in the region intergenic to vomeronasal 1 receptor 6 pseudogene and zinc finger protein 845 (VN1R6P | ZNF845) gene on chromosome 19 among HIV-positive women, and in the region intergenic to the SEC23-interacting protein and phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain containing 1A (SEC23IP | PPAPDC1A) genes located on chromosome 10 among HIV-negative women. A number of previously identified SNP associations with cCIMT were also observed and included rs2572204 in the ryanodine receptor 3 (RYR3) and an admixture region in the secretion-regulating guanine nucleotide exchange factor (SERGEF) gene. We report several SNPs and gene regions in the GWAS and admixture analysis, some of which are common across HIV-positive and HIV-negative women as demonstrated using meta-analysis, and also across the two analytic approaches (i.e., GWA and admixture). These findings suggest that local European ancestry plays an important role in genetic associations of cCIMT among black women from WIHS along with other environmental factors that are related to CVD and may also be triggered by HIV. These findings warrant confirmation in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Shendre
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley E. Aouizerat
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edgar T. Overton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jason Lazar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Howard N. Hodis
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nita A. Limdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Weber
- Cook County Health and Hospital System/Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illnois, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Gange
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Floris-Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ighovwerha Ofotokun
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Emory University, and Grady Healthcare System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - David B. Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gupta S, Jhawat V. Induction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Antihypertensive Therapy: Is There Any Role of Alpha Adducin, ACE, and IRS-1 Gene? Value Health Reg Issues 2017. [PMID: 28648322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ramu P, Umamaheswaran G, Shewade DG, Swaminathan RP, Balachander J, Adithan C. Gly460Trp polymorphism of the ADD1 gene and essential hypertension in an Indian population: A meta-analysis on hypertension risk. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2011; 16:8-15. [PMID: 20838486 PMCID: PMC2927797 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.64938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Essential hypertension is a complex genetic trait. Genetic variant of alpha adducin (ADD1) gene have been implicated as a risk factor for hypertension. Given its clinical significance, we investigated the association between ADD1 Gly460Trp gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in an Indian population. Further, a meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the risk of hypertension. METHODS: In the current study, 432 hypertensive cases and 461 healthy controls were genotyped for the Gly460Trp ADD1 gene polymorphism. Genotyping was determined by real time PCR using Taqman assay. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to detect the association between Gly460Trp polymorphism and hypertension. RESULTS: No significant association was found in the genotype and allele distribution of Gly460Trp polymorphism with hypertension in our study. A total of 15 case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was no evidence of the association of Gly460Trp polymorphism with hypertension in general or in any of the sub group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the Gly460Trp polymorphism is not a risk factor for essential hypertension in a south Indian Tamilian population. However, the role of ADD1 polymorphism may not be excluded by a negative association study. Further, large and rigorous case-control studies that investigate gene–gene–environment interactions may generate more conclusive claims about the molecular genetics of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramu
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry - 605 006, India
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Lanzani C, Citterio L, Glorioso N, Manunta P, Tripodi G, Salvi E, Carpini SD, Ferrandi M, Messaggio E, Staessen JA, Cusi D, Macciardi F, Argiolas G, Valentini G, Ferrari P, Bianchi G. Adducin- and ouabain-related gene variants predict the antihypertensive activity of rostafuroxin, part 2: clinical studies. Sci Transl Med 2011; 2:59ra87. [PMID: 21106941 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years of genetic studies have not contributed to improvement in the clinical management of primary arterial hypertension. Genetic heterogeneity, epistatic-environmental-biological interactions, and the pathophysiological complexity of hypertension have hampered the clinical application of genetic findings. In the companion article, we furnished data from rodents and human cells demonstrating two hypertension-triggering mechanisms--variants of adducin and elevated concentrations of endogenous ouabain (within a particular range)--and their selective inhibition by the drug rostafuroxin. Here, we have investigated the relationship between variants of genes encoding enzymes for ouabain synthesis [LSS (lanosterol synthase) and HSD3B1 (hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3β- and steroid δ-isomerase 1)], ouabain transport {MDR1/ABCB1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1]}, and adducin activity [ADD1 (adducin 1) and ADD3], and the responses to antihypertensive medications. We determined the presence of these variants in newly recruited, never-treated patients. The genetic profile defined by these variants predicted the antihypertensive effect of rostafuroxin (a mean placebo-corrected systolic blood pressure fall of 14 millimeters of mercury) but not that of losartan or hydrochlorothiazide. The magnitude of the rostafuroxin antihypertensive effect was twice that of antihypertensive drugs recently tested in phase 2 clinical trials. One-quarter of patients with primary hypertension display these variants of adducin or concentrations of endogenous ouabain and would be expected to respond to therapy with rostafuroxin. Because the mechanisms that are inhibited by rostafuroxin also underlie hypertension-related organ damage, this drug may also reduce the cardiovascular risk in these patients beyond that expected by the reduction in systolic blood pressure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lanzani
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Chair of Nephrology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
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7
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Citterio L, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Bianchi G. Genetics of primary hypertension: The clinical impact of adducin polymorphisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1285-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Liu K, Liu J, Huang Y, Liu Y, Lou Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Yan S, Li Z, Wen S. Alpha-adducin Gly460Trp polymorphism and hypertension risk: a meta-analysis of 22 studies including 14303 cases and 15961 controls. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927398 PMCID: PMC2946925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No clear consensus has been reached on the alpha-adducin polymorphism (Gly460Trp) and essential hypertension risk. We performed a meta-analysis in an effort to systematically summarize the possible association. Methodology/Principal Findings Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases complemented with perusal of bibliographies of retrieved articles and correspondence with original authors. The fixed-effects model and the random-effects model were applied for dichotomous outcomes to combine the results of the individual studies. We selected 22 studies that met the inclusion criteria including a total of 14303 hypertensive patients and 15961 normotensive controls. Overall, the 460Trp allele showed no statistically significant association with hypertension risk compared to Gly460 allele (P = 0.69, OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.94–1.10, Pheterogeneity<0.0001) in all subjects. Meta-analysis under other genetic contrasts still did not reveal any significant association in all subjects, Caucasians, East Asians and others. The results were similar but heterogeneity did not persist when sensitivity analyses were limited to these studies. Conclusions/Significance Our meta-analysis failed to provide evidence for the genetic association of α-adducin gene Gly460Trp polymorphism with hypertension. Further studies investigating the effect of genetic networks, environmental factors, individual biological characteristics and their mutual interactions are needed to elucidate the possible mechanism for hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoguang Wang
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Emergency Center of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (ZL)
| | - Shaojun Wen
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (ZL)
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Lu Y, Dollé ME, Imholz S, van 't Slot R, Verschuren W, Wijmenga C, Feskens EJ, Boer JM. Multiple genetic variants along candidate pathways influence plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2582-9. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800232-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Manunta P, Lavery G, Lanzani C, Braund PS, Simonini M, Bodycote C, Zagato L, Delli Carpini S, Tantardini C, Brioni E, Bianchi G, Samani NJ. Physiological Interaction Between α-Adducin and
WNK1-NEDD4L
Pathways on Sodium-Related Blood Pressure Regulation. Hypertension 2008; 52:366-72. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The kidney plays an important role in salt and blood pressure (BP) homeostasis. In previous studies, variants in the genes for α-adducin (ADD1), WNK1, and NEDD4L, which all regulate renal sodium absorption, have been associated with increased BP. However, findings have been inconsistent. We tested whether this is because of physiological interactions between the effects of variants in these genes. We assessed the single and combined effects of the ADD1 (Gly460Trp), WNK1 (rs880054 A/G), and NEDD4L (rs4149601 G/A) polymorphisms on renal and BP response to an acute Na load (n=344 subjects), BP decrease after 1 month of treatment with 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (n=193), and ambulatory 24-hour BP (n=690). Individually, the variants showed modest effects on some of the studied phenotypes. We found the ADD1 Trp allele to be permissive for the effects of variants of the other genes. In combination, the same variants (ADD1 Trp/WNK1 GG/Nedd4L GA+AA) showed a consistent effect on renal Na handling (
P
=0.009) and acute BP response to a saline infusion (
P
=0.021), BP lowering after thiazide treatment (
P
=0.008), and nocturnal systolic BP (
P
=0.044). Physiological interaction between the ADD1 and WNK1-NEDD4L pathways influences the effects of variants in these genes on sodium-related BP regulation. Relatively common alleles in the ADD1, WNK1, and NEDD4L genes when present in combination may have significant effects on renal sodium handling, BP, and antihypertensive response to thiazides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manunta
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Lavery
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Braund
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Simonini
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bodycote
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Zagato
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Delli Carpini
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Tantardini
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Brioni
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Bianchi
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- From the San Raffaele Scientific Institute (P.M., C.L., M.S., L.Z., S.D.C., C.T., E.B., G.B.), Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, Milan, Italy; and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (G.L., P.S.B., C.B., N.J.S.), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Definition of the phenotype is crucial in designing any genetic study, especially an association study, intended to detect the disease predisposing genes. In this chapter, we review the different types of phenotypes such as discrete or continuous and discuss the issues impacting on the phenotype definition related to study design, specifically, the impact of diagnostic error (misclassification) in case-control studies and measurement error in continuous traits. We show that the power of a study depends heavily on the phenotype measured and that misclassification or measurement error can dramatically reduce the power. We also suggest some possible responses to these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:170-96. [PMID: 17940437 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3280d5f7e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bortolotto LA. Alterações das propriedades funcionais e estruturais de grandes artérias no diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:176-84. [PMID: 17505624 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterações funcionais e estruturais das grandes artérias exercem um importante papel na patogênese das doenças cardiovasculares. O diabetes mellitus, ao lado da hipertensão arterial e do envelhecimento, pode induzir essas alterações em diferentes territórios arteriais, e assim levar ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e suas conseqüências cardiovasculares. A principal alteração da função das grandes artérias é o aumento da rigidez, enquanto que a principal alteração estrutural é o maior espessamento da camada intima-media da artéria carótida, encontradas em ambos os tipos 1 e 2 de diabetes. Os mecanismos destas alterações estruturais e funcionais arteriais no diabetes incluem a resistência à insulina, o acúmulo de colágeno devido à glicação enzimática inadequada, disfunção endotelial e do sistema nervoso autônomo. O aumento de rigidez arterial é um marcador de risco cardiovascular em pacientes diabéticos, e o tratamento tanto do diabetes per se quanto de dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial associadas pode modificar beneficamente essas alterações arteriais.
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