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Lee SJ, Noh SE, Jo DH, Cho CS, Park KS, Kim JH. IL-10-induced modulation of macrophage polarization suppresses outer-blood-retinal barrier disruption in the streptozotocin-induced early diabetic retinopathy mouse model. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23638. [PMID: 38713098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400053r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with ocular inflammation leading to retinal barrier breakdown, vascular leakage, macular edema, and vision loss. DR is not only a microvascular disease but also involves retinal neurodegeneration, demonstrating that pathological changes associated with neuroinflammation precede microvascular injury in early DR. Macrophage activation plays a central role in neuroinflammation. During DR, the inflammatory response depends on the polarization of retinal macrophages, triggering pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) activity. This study aimed to determine the role of macrophages in vascular leakage through the tight junction complexes of retinal pigment epithelium, which is the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Furthermore, we aimed to assess whether interleukin-10 (IL-10), a representative M2-inducer, can decrease inflammatory macrophages and alleviate outer-BRB disruption. We found that modulation of macrophage polarization affects the structural and functional integrity of ARPE-19 cells in a co-culture system under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that intravitreal IL-10 injection induces an increase in the ratio of anti-inflammatory macrophages and effectively suppresses outer-BRB disruption and vascular leakage in a mouse model of early-stage streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Our results suggest that modulation of macrophage polarization by IL-10 administration during early-stage DR has a promising protective effect against outer-BRB disruption and vascular leakage. This finding provides valuable insights for early intervention in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Noh
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liang YC, Jia MJ, Li L, Liu DL, Chu SF, Li HL. Association of circulating inflammatory proteins with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1358311. [PMID: 38606083 PMCID: PMC11007105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1358311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that immune response underlies the pathology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Nevertheless, the specific inflammatory regulators involved in this pathogenesis remain unclear. Methods We systematically explored circulating inflammatory proteins that are causally associated with T2D via a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study and further investigated them in prevalent complications of T2D. Genetic instruments for 91 circulating inflammatory proteins were derived from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that enrolled 14,824 predominantly European participants. Regarding the summary-level GWASs of type 2 diabetes, we adopted the largest meta-analysis of European population (74,124 cases vs. 824,006 controls) and a prospective nested case-cohort study in Europe (9,978 cases vs. 12,348 controls). Summary statistics for five complications of T2D were acquired from the FinnGen R9 repository. The inverse variance-weighted method was applied as the primary method for causal inference. MR-Egger, weighted median and maximum likelihood methods were employed as supplementary analyses. Results from the two T2D studies were combined in a meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses and phenotype-wide association studies (PheWAS) were performed to detect heterogeneity and potential horizontal pleiotropy in the study. Results Genetic evidence indicated that elevated levels of TGF-α (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.15-1.17) and CX3CL1 (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.04-1.63) promoted the occurrence of T2D, and increased concentrations of FGF-21 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.93) and hGDNF (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.95-0.98) mitigated the risk of developing T2D, while type 2 diabetes did not exert a significant influence on said proteins. Elevated levels of TGF-α were associated with an increased risk of ketoacidosis, neurological complications, and ocular complications in patients with T2D, and increased concentrations of FGF-21 were potentially correlated with a diminished risk of T2D with neurological complications. Higher levels of hGDNF were associated with an increased risk of T2D with peripheral vascular complications, while CX3CL1 did not demonstrate a significant association with T2D complications. Sensitivity analyses and PheWAS further ensure the robustness of our findings. Conclusion This study determined four circulating inflammatory proteins that affected the occurrence of T2D, providing opportunities for the early prevention and innovative therapy of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Liang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Jie Jia
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Liang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Fang Chu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Chen X, Wang Y, Wang JN, Zhang YC, Zhang YR, Sun RX, Qin B, Dai YX, Zhu HJ, Zhao JX, Zhang WW, Ji JD, Yuan ST, Shen QD, Liu QH. Lactylation-driven FTO targets CDK2 to aggravate microvascular anomalies in diabetic retinopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:294-318. [PMID: 38297099 PMCID: PMC10897304 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in working-age populations. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase that demethylates RNAs involved in energy homeostasis, though its influence on DR is not well studied. Herein, we detected elevated FTO expression in vitreous fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative DR. FTO promoted cell cycle progression and tip cell formation of endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate angiogenesis in vitro, in mice, and in zebrafish. FTO also regulated EC-pericyte crosstalk to trigger diabetic microvascular leakage, and mediated EC-microglia interactions to induce retinal inflammation and neurodegeneration in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, FTO affected EC features via modulating CDK2 mRNA stability in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner. FTO up-regulation under diabetic conditions was driven by lactate-mediated histone lactylation. FB23-2, an inhibitor to FTO's m6A demethylase activity, suppressed angiogenic phenotypes in vitro. To allow for systemic administration, we developed a nanoplatform encapsulating FB23-2 and confirmed its targeting and therapeutic efficiency in mice. Collectively, our study demonstrates that FTO is important for EC function and retinal homeostasis in DR, and warrants further investigation as a therapeutic target for DR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Ran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru-Xu Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Dai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang-Dong Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-Tao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun-Dong Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Huai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Schimetz J, Shah P, Keese C, Dehnert C, Detweiler M, Michael S, Toniatti-Yanulavich C, Xu X, Padilha EC. Automated measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in 96-well transwells using ECIS TEER96: Single and multiple time point assessments. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100116. [PMID: 37923083 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely used technique for quantifying the permeability of epithelial and endothelial cell layers. However, traditional methods of measuring TEER are limited to single timepoint measurements and can subject cells to an altered environment during the measurement. Here, we assessed the validity of TEER measurements by the ECIS TEER96 device, which is designed to take continuous TEER measurements of a cell culture system in a standard laboratory incubator. We found that the instrument accurately measures TEER across TEER values ranging from 10 to 2050 Ω*cm2 and is more accurate than the manual epithelial voltohmmeter electrode at high TEER values. Furthermore, the high-resolution measurements provided by the device allowed for a unique insight into the mechanisms and kinetics of cells in vitro. To demonstrate the continuous measurement capability of the device, we tracked the formation of an MDCKI cell monolayer until TEER plateaued. Furthermore, we treated Caco-2 monolayers with different concentrations of DMSO and the antimicrobial and surfactant compound benzethonium chloride to measure disruptions to barrier integrity. Treatment of both compounds resulted in concentration-dependent loss of barrier integrity. Our results suggest that the ECIS TEER96 device is a reliable and convenient option for measuring TEER in cell cultures and can provide valuable insights into the behavior of cells in vitro. This technology will be especially useful for increasing throughput of drug permeability assays, inflammation studies, and gaining better understanding of disease states in a cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schimetz
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Pranav Shah
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | | | | | - Sam Michael
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Elias C Padilha
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850.
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Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Scalinci SZ, Mordà D, Rinaldi C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Human retinal secretome: A cross-link between mesenchymal and retinal cells. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:665-686. [PMID: 37545752 PMCID: PMC10401416 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i7.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the most effective source for regenerative medicine, especially due to released soluble paracrine bioactive components and extracellular vesicles. These factors, collectively called the secretome, play crucial roles in immunomodulation and in improving survival and regeneration capabilities of injured tissue. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the secretome released by retinal cytotypes, especially retinal pigment epithelium and Müller glia cells. The latter trophic factors represent the key to preserving morphofunctional integrity of the retina, regulating biological pathways involved in survival, function and responding to injury. Furthermore, these factors can play a pivotal role in onset and progression of retinal diseases after damage of cell secretory function. In this review, we delineated the importance of cross-talk between MSCs and retinal cells, focusing on common/induced secreted factors, during experimental therapy for retinal diseases. The cross-link between the MSC and retinal cell secretomes suggests that the MSC secretome can modulate the retinal cell secretome and vice versa. For example, the MSC secretome can protect retinal cells from degeneration by reducing oxidative stress, autophagy and programmed cell death. Conversely, the retinal cell secretome can influence the MSC secretome by inducing changes in MSC gene expression and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
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6
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Tsugeno Y, Sato T, Watanabe M, Higashide M, Furuhashi M, Umetsu A, Suzuki S, Ida Y, Hikage F, Ohguro H. All Trans-Retinoic Acids Facilitate the Remodeling of 2D and 3D Cultured Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090463. [PMID: 36135009 PMCID: PMC9495389 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A derivative, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is known to be a potent regulator of the growth and differentiation of various types of cells. In the present study, the unidentified effects of ATRA on superficial and vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were examined. The study involved the use of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human conjunctival fibroblast (HconF) cells in the presence or absence of TGF-β2. The effects of ATRA (1 μM) on superficial or vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were evaluated by the barrier function by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC dextran permeability measurements and real-time metabolic analysis, as well as the physical properties, namely, the size and stiffness, of 3D spheroids, respectively. In addition, the expressions of several related molecules, including extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, ECM modulators including a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and ER stress-related factors, were examined. ATRA significantly induced (1) an increase in TEER values and a decrease in FITC dextran permeability, respectively, in the 2D monolayers, and (2) relatively and substantially increased the size and stiffness, respectively, of the 3D spheroids. These ATRA-induced effects were further enhanced in the TGF-β2-treated cells, whereas the TGF-β2-induced enhancement in glycolytic capacity was canceled by the presence of ATRA. Consistent with these physical and morphological effects, the mRNA expressions of several molecules were significantly but differently induced between 2D and 3D cultures by ATRA, although the presence of TGF-β2 did not substantially affect these gene expression levels. The findings reported in this study indicate that ATRA may exacerbate both superficial and vertical conjunctival fibrosis spreading independently of TGF-β2-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tsugeno
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Soma Suzuki
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ida
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hikage
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-116-112-111; Fax: +81-116-136-575
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7
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Watanabe M, Sato T, Tsugeno Y, Higashide M, Furuhashi M, Umetsu A, Suzuki S, Ida Y, Hikage F, Ohguro H. All-trans Retinoic Acids Synergistically and Beneficially Affect In Vitro Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork (TM) Models Using 2D and 3D Cell Cultures of Human TM Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179912. [PMID: 36077314 PMCID: PMC9456377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein on the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells that were treated with transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2). In the presence of 5 ng/mL TGF-β2, the effects of ATRA on the following were observed: (1) the barrier function of the 2D HTM monolayers, as determined by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran permeability measurements; (2) a Seahorse cellular bio-metabolism analysis; (3) physical properties, including the size and stiffness, of 3D spheroids; (4) the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, ECM modulators including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tight junction (TJ)-related molecules, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related factors. ATRA significantly inhibited the TGF-β2-induced increase in the TEER values and FITC dextran permeability of the 2D monolayers, while an ATRA monotreatment induced similar effects as TGF-β2. A real-time metabolic analysis revealed that ATRA significantly inhibited the TGF-β2-induced shift in metabolic reserve from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in 2D HTM cells, whereas ATRA alone did not induce significant metabolic changes. In contrast, ATRA induced the formation of substantially downsized and softer 3D spheroids in the absence and presence of TGF-β2. The different effects induced by ATRA toward 2D and 3D HTM cells were also supported by the qPCR analysis of several proteins as above. The findings reported here indicate that ATRA may induce synergistic and beneficial effects on TGF-β2-treated 2D- and 3D-cultured HTM cells; those effects varied significantly between the 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuri Tsugeno
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Soma Suzuki
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ida
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hikage
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-611-2111
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8
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Engelbrecht E, Metzler MA, Sandell LL. Retinoid signaling regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier integrity in neonatal mouse retina. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12752. [PMID: 35203102 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neonatal mouse retina is a well-characterized experimental model for investigating factors impacting retinal angiogenesis and inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity. Retinoic acid (RA) is an essential signaling molecule. RA is needed for vasculogenic development in embryos and endothelial barrier integrity in zebrafish retina and adult mouse brain, however the function of this signaling molecule in developing mammalian retinal vasculature remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of RA signaling in angiogenesis and inner BRB integrity in mouse neonatal retina. METHODS RA distribution in the developing neurovascular retina was assessed in mice carrying an RA-responsive transgene. RA function in retinal angiogenesis was determined by treating C57BL/6 neonatal pups with a pharmacological inhibitor of RA signaling BMS493 or control vehicle. BRB integrity assessed by monitoring leakage of injected tracer into extravascular retinal tissue. RESULTS RA signaling activity is present in peripheral astrocytes in domains corresponding to RA activity of the underlying neural retina. RA inhibition impaired retinal angiogenesis and reduced endothelial cell proliferation. RA inhibition also compromised BRB integrity. Vascular leakage was not associated with altered expression of CLDN5, PLVAP, LEF1 or VEcad. CONCLUSIONS RA signaling is needed for angiogenesis and integrity of the BRB in the neonatal mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Engelbrecht
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Melissa A Metzler
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Lokman Hakim NYDB, Noble S, Thomas NV, Geegana Gamage BS, Maxwell GK, Govindasamy V, Then KY, Das AK, Cheong SK. Genetic Modification as a New Approach to Ameliorate the Therapeutic Efficacy of Stem Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:11206721211073430. [PMID: 35037488 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211073430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the strategy of using stem cells has gained a lot of attention in treating many diseases. Recently, DR was identified as one of the common complications experienced by diabetic patients around the world. The current treatment strategy needs to be addressed since the active progression of DR may lead to permanent blindness. Interestingly, varieties of stem cells have emerged to optimize the therapeutic effects. It is also known that stem cells possess multilineage properties and are capable of differentiating, expanding in vitro and undergoing genetic modification. Moreover, modified stem cells have shown to be an ideal resource to prevent the degenerative disease and exhibit promising effects in conferring the migratory, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and provide better homing for cells into the damaged tissue or organ as well promoting healing properties. Therefore, the understanding of the functional properties of the stem cells may provide the comprehensive guidance to understand the manipulation of stem cells making them useful for long-term therapeutic applications. Hence in this review the potential use and current challenges of genetically modified stem cells to treat DR will be discussed along with its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Noble
- CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kong-Yong Then
- CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Brighton Healthcare (Bio-X Healthcare Sdn Bhd), Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Surgery, 483702IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Soon-Keng Cheong
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, 65287Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Ji M, Sun Q, Zhang G, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Shen Q, Guan H. Microglia-derived TNF-α mediates Müller cell activation by activating the TNFR1-NF-κB pathway. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108852. [PMID: 34801535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and its interaction with Müller cells are responsible to retinal surveillance during retinal neurodegeneration, however, the role and mechanism of microglia-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the activation of retinal Müller cells have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, primary microglia and Müller cells were isolated from newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with purities of 88.2 ± 6.2% and 92.2 ± 2.2%, respectively. By performing immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis, we found that TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 and TNFR2 were expressed in Müller cells. After co-cultured with microglia-conditioned medium (MCM), the elevated mRNA levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL-1, CSF-1, NOS2, COX2) and decreased CNTF mRNA levels were found in Müller cells. However, pretreatment with R-7050 (a TNF-α receptor inhibitor) or anti-TNFR1 significantly abrogated the changes. Simultaneously, pretreatment with anti-TNFR2 slightly inhibited the expression of GFAP in MCM-incubated Müller cells. Meanwhile, anti-TNFR1 treatment reversed the increased expression of CSF-1 and IL-1β induced by TNF-α. Compared to the control groups, the phosphorylation of NF-κB P65, MAPK P38 and ERK1/2 in TNF-α-treated Müller cells was significantly increased. Nevertheless, pretreatment with anti-TNFR1 inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB P65 and MAPK p38, especially NF-κB P65. Additionally, pretreatment with Bay117082 (an NF-κB inhibitor) also significantly inhibited NF-κB P65 phosphorylation and GFAP expression. Moreover, anti-TNFR1 and Bay117082 treatment reduced NF-κB P65 phosphorylation of Müller cells induced by MCM. These results suggested that microglia-derived TNF-α served as a vital role in regulating Müller cells activation during retinal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qianyi Shen
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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11
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Idemoto K, Niitsu T, Hata T, Ishima T, Yoshida S, Hattori K, Horai T, Otsuka I, Yamamori H, Toda S, Kameno Y, Ota K, Oda Y, Kimura A, Hashimoto T, Mori N, Kikuchi M, Minabe Y, Hashimoto R, Hishimoto A, Nakagome K, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. Serum levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for mood disorders and lithium response. Psychiatry Res 2021; 301:113967. [PMID: 33990070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. We examined serum GDNF levels in bipolar disorder (BD) patients and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and their association with response to lithium therapy. We used a multicenter (six sites), exploratory, cross-sectional case-control design and recruited 448 subjects: 143 BD patients, 116 MDD patients, and 158 healthy controls (HCs). We evaluated the patients' clinical severity using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and responses to lithium therapy using the Alda scale. The serum GDNF levels were significantly decreased in the BD and MDD groups compared to the HCs, with no significant difference between the BD and MDD groups. After adjustment, the serum GDNF levels in the BD and MDD patients in remission or depressive states were decreased compared to the HC values. Lower serum GDNF levels in BD patients were associated with higher CGI and Alda scores (i.e., severe illness and good response to lithium therapy, respectively). Our findings suggest that the serum GDNF level may be a biomarker for both BD and MDD in remission or depressive states. The serum GDNF level may be associated with the lithium response of BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Idemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Hata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Toda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Minabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Xu J, Yang X. Association Between Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy and Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:665-675. [PMID: 32880791 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, the most common complication of diabetes, is a neurodegenerative disease in the eye. And Parkinson's disease, affecting the health of 1-2% of people over 60 years old throughout the world, is the second largest neurodegenerative disease in the brain. As the understanding of diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson's disease deepens, the two diseases are found to show correlation in incidence, similarity in clinical presentation, and close association in pathophysiological mechanisms. To reveal the association between pathophysiological mechanisms of the two disease, in this review, the shared pathophysiological factors of diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson's disease are summarized and classified into dopaminergic system, circadian rhythm, neurotrophic factors, α-synuclein, and Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, similar and different mechanisms so far as the shared pathophysiological factors of the two disorders are discussed systematically. Finally, a brief summary and new perspectives are presented to provide new directions for further efforts on the association, exploration, and clinical prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yikun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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13
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Eyeing the Extracellular Matrix in Vascular Development and Microvascular Diseases and Bridging the Divide between Vascular Mechanics and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103487. [PMID: 32429045 PMCID: PMC7278940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical in all aspects of vascular development and health: supporting cell anchorage, providing structure, organization and mechanical stability, and serving as a sink for growth factors and sustained survival signals. Abnormal changes in ECM protein expression, organization, and/or properties, and the ensuing changes in vascular compliance affect vasodilator responses, microvascular pressure transmission, and collateral perfusion. The changes in microvascular compliance are independent factors initiating, driving, and/or exacerbating a plethora of microvascular diseases of the eye including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vitreoretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and neovascular glaucoma. Congruently, one of the major challenges with most vascular regenerative therapies utilizing localized growth factor, endothelial progenitor, or genetically engineered cell delivery, is the regeneration of blood vessels with physiological compliance properties. Interestingly, vascular cells sense physical forces, including the stiffness of their ECM, through mechanosensitive integrins, their associated proteins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, which generates biochemical signals that culminate in a rapid expression of matricellular proteins such as cellular communication network 1 (CCN1) and CCN2 (aka connective tissue growth factor or CTGF). Loss or gain of function of these proteins alters genetic programs of cell growth, ECM biosynthesis, and intercellular signaling, that culminate in changes in cell behavior, polarization, and barrier function. In particular, the function of the matricellular protein CCN2/CTGF is critical during retinal vessel development and regeneration wherein new blood vessels form and invest a preformed avascular neural retina following putative gradients of matrix stiffness. These observations underscore the need for further in-depth characterization of the ECM-derived cues that dictate structural and functional properties of the microvasculature, along with the development of new therapeutic strategies addressing the ECM-dependent regulation of pathophysiological stiffening of blood vessels in ischemic retinopathies.
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14
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Churm R, Dunseath GJ, Prior SL, Thomas RL, Banerjee S, Owens DR. Development and characterization of an in vitro system of the human retina using cultured cell lines. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 47:1055-1062. [PMID: 31254428 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously developed in vitro cultures of the human retina have been solo or dual cell cultures. We developed a triple-cell culture in vitro model utilizing a membrane system to produce a better representation of a functional and morphological human retina. METHODS Retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVEC/ACBRI181, cell systems), retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE/ARPE-19, ATCC) and Müller glial cells (Moorfield Institute of Ophthalmology-Müller 1, UCL) were grown in a triple culture. Our optimized triple-culture media contained a mix of specific endothelial medium and high glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium, where all three layers were viable for up to 5 days. Co-culture effect on morphological changes (cell staining) and gene expression of functional genes (pigment epithelium derived factor [PEDF] and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) were measured from RNA via real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) was measured in RNA isolated from ARPE-19s, to assess barrier stability. RESULTS The triple-culture promotes certain cell functionality through up-regulation of TJP1, increasing PEDF and decreasing VEGF expression highlighting its importance for the assessment of disease mechanisms distinct from a solo culture which would not allow the true effect of the native microenvironment to be elucidated. CONCLUSIONS This model's novelty and reliability allows for the assessment of singular cellular function within the retinal microenvironment and overall assessment of retinal health, while eliminating the requirement of animal-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Churm
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Sarah L Prior
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Sanjiv Banerjee
- Cardiff and Vale Health Board, University of Wales Hospital, Cardiff, UK
| | - David R Owens
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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15
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Jo DH, Yun JH, Cho CS, Kim JH, Kim JH, Cho CH. Interaction between microglia and retinal pigment epithelial cells determines the integrity of outer blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Glia 2018; 67:321-331. [PMID: 30444022 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inner and outer blood-retinal barriers (BRBs), mainly composed of retinal endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, respectively, maintain the integrity of the retinal tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of the outer BRB disruption regarding the interaction between RPE and microglia. In mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, microglia accumulated on the RPE layer, as in those after intravitreal injection of interleukin (IL)-6, which is elevated in ocular fluids of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Although IL-6 did not directly affect the levels of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin in RPE cells, IL-6 increased VEGFA mRNA in RPE cells to recruit microglial cells. In microglial cells, IL-6 upregulated the mRNA levels of MCP1, MIP1A, and MIP1B, to amplify the recruitment of microglial cells. In this manner, IL-6 modulated RPE and microglial cells to attract microglial cells on RPE cells. Furthermore, IL-6-treated microglial cells produced and secreted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which activated NF-κB and decreased the levels of ZO-1 in RPE cells. As STAT3 inhibition reversed the effects of IL-6-treated microglial cells on the RPE monolayer in vitro, it reduced the recruitment of microglial cells and the production of TNF-α in RPE tissues in streptozotocin-treated mice. Taken together, IL-6-treated RPE and microglial cells amplified the recruitment of microglial cells and IL-6-treated microglial cells produced TNF-α to disrupt the outer BRB in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Araújo RS, Santos DF, Silva GA. The role of the retinal pigment epithelium and Müller cells secretome in neovascular retinal pathologies. Biochimie 2018; 155:104-108. [PMID: 29960032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Secreted trophic factors are key to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the retina, as they regulate cellular pathways responsible for survival, function, and response to injury. Nevertheless, these same factors can also be involved in retinal pathologies, as a consequence of the impairment of the secretory function of cells. The cells considered as major contributors to the retinal secretome are the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and Müller cells. Their role in the pathophysiology of the most common neovascular pathologies in the retina - Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), and Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - is highlighted in this short review, together with current trophic factor-based therapies, which are mainly focused on controlling inflammation, cell survival, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute S Araújo
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; Bioengineering-Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Program, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela F Santos
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; ProRegeM - PhD Programme Mechanisms of Disease and Regenerative Medicine, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriela A Silva
- CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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17
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Pollock LM, Xie J, Bell BA, Anand-Apte B. Retinoic acid signaling is essential for maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier. FASEB J 2018; 32:5674-5684. [PMID: 29874129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701469r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is to maintain retinal homeostasis by regulating the influx and efflux between the blood and retina. Breakdown of the BRB occurs in a number of ocular diseases that result in vision loss. Understanding the molecular and cellular pathways involved in the development and maintenance of the BRB is critical to developing therapeutics for these conditions. To visualize the BRB in vivo, we used the transgenic Tg(l-fabp:DBP-EGFP:flk1:mCherry) zebrafish model that expresses vitamin D binding protein (a member of the albumin gene family) tagged to green fluorescent protein. Retinoic acid (RA) plays a number of important roles in vertebrate development and has been shown to play a protective role during inflammation-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. The role of RA in BRB development and maintenance remains unknown. To disrupt RA signaling, Tg(l-fabp:DBP-EGFP:flk1:mCherry) zebrafish were treated with N, N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde and 4-[(1 E)-2-[5,6-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-8-(2-phenylethynyl)-2-naphthalenyl]ethenyl]benzoic acid, which are antagonists of retinal dehydrogenase and the RA receptor, respectively. Treatment with either compound resulted in BRB disruption and reduced visual acuity, whereas cotreatment with all- trans RA effectively rescued BRB integrity. Additionally, transgenic overexpression of Cyp26a1, which catalyzes RA degradation, resulted in breakdown of the BRB. Our results demonstrate that RA signaling is critical for maintenance of the BRB and could play a role in diseases such as diabetic macular edema.-Pollock, L. M., Xie, J., Bell, B. A., Anand-Apte, B. Retinoic acid signaling is essential for maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana M Pollock
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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18
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Yenihayat F, Özkan B, Kasap M, Karabaş VL, Güzel N, Akpınar G, Pirhan D. Vitreous IL-8 and VEGF levels in diabetic macular edema with or without subretinal fluid. Int Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29524030 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the cytokine levels in vitreous samples of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients in comparison with nondiabetic patients, and to evaluate the effect of subretinal fluid on the cytokine levels of vitreous samples. METHODS In this prospective case-control study, 11 eyes of 11 patients with DME and subretinal fluid, 11 eyes of 11 patients with DME without subretinal fluid, and 14 eyes of 14 patients who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery for the epiretinal membrane or a macular hole (control group) were evaluated. The blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were determined. RESULTS The vitreous VEGF level of patients in DME groups was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001) without significant difference between DME patients with and without subretinal fluid (p = 0.796). The vitreous IL-8 level of DME patients with subretinal fluid was significantly higher than both control (p = 0.002) and DME without subretinal fluid groups (p = 0.019). The blood HbA1c level was significantly higher in DME group with subretinal fluid than those without subretinal fluid (8.7 ± 1.32 and 7.1 ± 1.13%, respectively, p = 0.010). The only significant correlation was between vitreous VEGF level and blood HbA1c level in DME patients without subretinal fluid (r = 0.813, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS IL-8 level in vitreous samples was higher in DME patients with subretinal fluid than those without subretinal fluid, suggesting that inflammation is an important factor in the progression of DME leading to the subretinal fluid formation in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yenihayat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli State Hospital, 41100, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Berna Özkan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - V Levent Karabaş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nil Güzel
- DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gürler Akpınar
- DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
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19
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Dervenis N, Mikropoulou AM, Tranos P, Dervenis P. Ranibizumab in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review of the Current Status, Unmet Needs, and Emerging Challenges. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1270-1282. [PMID: 28484955 PMCID: PMC5487872 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (more specifically diabetic macular edema, DME) is the most common cause of loss of vision in the working population in developed countries. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents considerably changed the treatment algorithms and improved prognosis of center-involving DME. Ranibizumab was the first approved anti-VEGF agent that revolutionized DME treatment. The vast increase in the number of patients undergoing intravitreal treatment and the role of anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy as the mainstay of DME treatment have triggered several challenges. Among them, of considerable interest is the quest for an optimal dosing scheme and the search for combination therapies. Although a significant body of research is directed towards other molecules that could potentially be new therapeutic targets, VEGF inhibition is expected to play an important long-term role in the treatment of DME considering the pathogenesis of the disease. Finally, recent studies revealed that ranibizumab may constitute a significant treatment modality in the management of other diabetic vision-threatening complications including proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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20
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Osanai M. Cellular retinoic acid bioavailability in various pathologies and its therapeutic implication. Pathol Int 2017; 67:281-291. [PMID: 28422378 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is a critical signaling molecule in various cell types. We found that RA depletion caused by expression of the RA-metabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 promotes carcinogenesis, implicating CYP26A1 as a candidate oncogene. Several studies of CYP26s have suggested that the biological effect of RA on target cells is primarily determined by "cellular RA bioavailability", which is defined as the RA level in an individual cell, rather than by the serum concentration of RA. Consistently, stellate cells store approximately 80% of vitamin A in the body, and the state of cellular RA bioavailability regulates their function. Based on the similarities between stellate cells and astrocytes, we demonstrated that retinal astrocytes regulate tight junction-based endothelial integrity in a paracrine manner. Since diabetic retinopathy is characterized by increased vascular permeability in its early pathogenesis, RA normalized retinal astrocytes that are compromised in diabetes, resulting in suppression of vascular leakiness. RA also attenuated the loss of the epithelial barrier in murine experimental colitis. The concept of "cellular RA bioavailability" in various diseases will be directed at understanding various pathologies caused by RA insufficiency, implying the potential feasibility of a therapeutic strategy targeting the stellate cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Tsybko AS, Ilchibaeva TV, Popova NK. Role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:219-233. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons, but GDNF has also been shown to promote development, differentiation, and protection of other central nervous system neurons and was thought to play an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Severe mood disorders, such as primarily major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder, attract particular attention. These psychopathologies are characterized by structural alterations accompanied by the dysregulation of neuroprotective and neurotrophic signaling mechanisms required for the maturation, growth, and survival of neurons and glia. The main objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings and evaluate the potential role of GDNF in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Specifically, it describes (1) the implication of GDNF in the mechanism of depression and in the effect of antidepressant drugs and mood stabilizers and (2) the interrelation between GDNF and brain neurotransmitters, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. This review provides converging lines of evidence that (1) brain GDNF contributes to the mechanism underlying depressive disorders and the effect of antidepressants and mood stabilizers and (2) there is a cross-talk between GDNF and neurotransmitters representing a feedback system: GDNF-neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters-GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Tsybko
- 1Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Lavrentyeva av. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ilchibaeva
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
| | - Nina K. Popova
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
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Popova NK, Ilchibaeva TV, Naumenko VS. Neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) and the serotonergic system of the brain. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:308-317. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Josephy-Hernandez S, Jmaeff S, Pirvulescu I, Aboulkassim T, Saragovi HU. Neurotrophin receptor agonists and antagonists as therapeutic agents: An evolving paradigm. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:139-155. [PMID: 27546056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are prevalent, complex and devastating conditions, with very limited treatment options currently available. While they manifest in many forms, there are commonalities that link them together. In this review, we will focus on neurotrophins - a family of related factors involved in neuronal development and maintenance. Neurodegenerative diseases often present with a neurotrophin imbalance, in which there may be decreases in trophic signaling through Trk receptors for example, and/or increases in pro-apoptotic activity through p75. Clinical trials with neurotrophins have continuously failed due to their poor pharmacological properties as well as the unavoidable activation of p75. Thus, there is a need for drugs without such setbacks. Small molecule neurotrophin mimetics are favorable options since they can selectively activate Trks or inactivate p75. In this review, we will initially present a brief outline of how these molecules are synthesized and their mechanisms of action; followed by an update in the current state of neurotrophins and small molecules in major neurodegenerative diseases. Although there has been significant progress in the development of potential therapeutics, more studies are needed to establish clear mechanisms of action and target specificity in order to transition from animal models to the assessment of safety and use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Josephy-Hernandez
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iulia Pirvulescu
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sorrentino FS, Allkabes M, Salsini G, Bonifazzi C, Perri P. The importance of glial cells in the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment and their pivotal role in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2016; 162:54-9. [PMID: 27497914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a remarkable microvascular complication of diabetes and it has been considered the leading cause of legal blindness in working-age adults in the world. Several overlapping and interrelated molecular pathways are involved in the development of this disease. DR is staged into different levels of severity, from the nonproliferative to the advanced proliferative form. Over the years the progression of DR evolves through a series of changes involving distinct types of specialized cells: neural, vascular and glial. Prior to the clinically observable vascular complications, hyperglycemia and inflammation affect retinal glial cells which undergo a wide range of structural and functional alterations. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of macroglia and microglia in the course of DR, trying to briefly take into account the complex biochemical mechanisms that affect the intimate relationship among neuroretina, vessels and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Allkabes
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Salsini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
The treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) has improved because of the proven efficacy of drugs that inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The newest anti-VEGF drug, aflibercept, has recently been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of center-involving DME and for diabetic retinopathy in eyes with DME. In the pivotal Phase III VISTA and VIVID trials, intravitreal aflibercept 2 mg injections every 4 or 8 weeks (after 5 monthly loading doses) produced superior gains in BCVA compared to laser/sham injections. In the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network Protocol T trial, which featured monthly anti-VEGF monotherapy for 6 months, followed by monthly pro re nata anti-VEGF injections with laser rescue therapy from months 6 through 12, aflibercept 2 mg monthly was superior to bevacizumab 1.25 mg and ranibizumab 0.5 mg in eyes with BCVA of 20/50 or worse (aflibercept versus bevacizumab: P<0.001; aflibercept versus ranibizumab: P=0.003), but the three regimens were comparable for eyes with VA of 20/40 or better. Only in the 20/50 or worse subgroup did aflibercept achieve clinical superiority (>5 letter difference) to bevacizumab. Each treatment regimen led to significant macular thinning, with aflibercept being superior to bevacizumab in both visual acuity subgroups (P<0.001 for each), but it was not statistically superior to ranibizumab in either group. In diabetic patients, aflibercept has an excellent safety profile that does not appear to differ from laser/sham or other VEGF inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Shin ES, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Diabetes and retinal vascular dysfunction. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:362-73. [PMID: 25667739 PMCID: PMC4307665 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes predominantly affects the microvascular circulation of the retina resulting in a range of structural changes unique to this tissue. These changes ultimately lead to altered permeability, hyperproliferation of endothelial cells and edema, and abnormal vascularization of the retina with resulting loss of vision. Enhanced production of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress are primary insults with significant contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We have determined the identity of the retinal vascular cells affected by hyperglycemia, and have delineated the cell autonomous impact of high glucose on function of these cells. We discuss some of the high glucose specific changes in retinal vascular cells and their contribution to retinal vascular dysfunction. This knowledge provides novel insight into the molecular and cellular defects contributing to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, and will aid in the development of innovative, as well as target specific therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Seok Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA ; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA ; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the anatomic and functional effects of three different approaches to nontractional diabetic macular edema. METHODS Retrospective comparative study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients diagnosed with cystoid diabetic macular edema and treated with 1.25 mg/mL intravitreal bevacizumab (Group A), laser photocoagulation (Group B), or vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane peeling (Group C) were included in the study. Changes in number of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, central macular thickness, largest diameter of the intraretinal cysts (IC), and choroidal thickness were investigated. Analyses were performed during follow-up visits at Months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. RESULTS Visual acuity only significantly improved in Group A at the last follow-up (P = 0.004). Central macular thickness significantly decreased in every group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in central macular thickness between Groups A and B (P < 0.01), A and C (P < 0.01), and B and C (P < 0.01) were significant. Intraretinal cysts also significantly decreased in each group throughout the follow-up period. Differences in IC size between Groups A and B (P = 0.8), A and C (P = 0.1), and B and C (P = 0.1) were not significant. Choroidal thickness did not undergo any significant change in any group throughout the follow-up period. A significant correlation was also found in Group A between best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline central macular thickness (R = 0.3; P = 0.006), and in Group B between postoperative best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 and baseline IC size (R = 0.8; P < 0.01, negatively correlated at 92.4%). CONCLUSION According to our retrospective data, diabetic macular edema with intraretinal cysts larger than 390 μm should not be treated with vitrectomy with ILM peeling, because this may induce subfoveal atrophy, defined as the "Floor Effect," and subsequent visual deterioration.
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30
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Role of microRNAs in the modulation of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:92-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Malik D, Hsu T, Falatoonzadeh P, Cáceres-del-Carpio J, Tarek M, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Ramirez C, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Jazwinski SM, Miceli MV, Wallace DC, Udar N, Kenney MC. Human retinal transmitochondrial cybrids with J or H mtDNA haplogroups respond differently to ultraviolet radiation: implications for retinal diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99003. [PMID: 24919117 PMCID: PMC4053329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been recognized that cells do not respond equally to ultraviolet (UV) radiation but it is not clear whether this is due to genetic, biochemical or structural differences of the cells. We have a novel cybrid (cytoplasmic hybrids) model that allows us to analyze the contribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to cellular response after exposure to sub-lethal dose of UV. mtDNA can be classified into haplogroups as defined by accumulations of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Recent studies have shown that J haplogroup is high risk for age-related macular degeneration while the H haplogroup is protective. This study investigates gene expression responses in J cybrids versus H cybrids after exposure to sub-lethal doses of UV-radiation. Methodology/Principal Findings Cybrids were created by fusing platelets isolated from subjects with either H (n = 3) or J (n = 3) haplogroups with mitochondria-free (Rho0) ARPE-19 cells. The H and J cybrids were cultured for 24 hours, treated with 10 mJ of UV-radiation and cultured for an additional 120 hours. Untreated and treated cybrids were analyzed for growth rates and gene expression profiles. The UV-treated and untreated J cybrids had higher growth rates compared to H cybrids. Before treatment, J cybrids showed lower expression levels for CFH, CD55, IL-33, TGF-A, EFEMP-1, RARA, BCL2L13 and BBC3. At 120 hours after UV-treatment, the J cybrids had decreased CFH, RARA and BBC3 levels but increased CD55, IL-33 and EFEMP-1 compared to UV-treated H cybrids. Conclusion/Significance In cells with identical nuclei, the cellular response to sub-lethal UV-radiation is mediated in part by the mtDNA haplogroup. This supports the hypothesis that differences in growth rates and expression levels of complement, inflammation and apoptosis genes may result from population-specific, hereditary SNP variations in mtDNA. Therefore, when analyzing UV-induced damage in tissues, the mtDNA haplogroup background may be important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Malik
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Hsu
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Payam Falatoonzadeh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Javier Cáceres-del-Carpio
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Tarek
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, El-Minya University, El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shari R. Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Claudio Ramirez
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David S. Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group; Beverly Hills, California, United States of America
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Miceli
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nitin Udar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - M. Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xiao W, Wang W, Chen W, Sun L, Li X, Zhang C, Yang H. GDNF is involved in the barrier-inducing effect of enteric glial cells on intestinal epithelial cells under acute ischemia reperfusion stimulation. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:274-89. [PMID: 24878766 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is often associated with intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) dysfunction. Enteric glial cells (EGCs) play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of IEB functions. However, the precise mechanism of EGCs under IR stimulation remains unclear. Here, we report that EGCs are closely involved in the modulation of IEB functions in response to IR challenge. The intestinal IR treatment led to the significant upregulation of the EGC activation marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, accompanied by the increasing abundance of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS) proteins, which was also confirmed in in vitro hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) tests. Co-culturing with EGCs attenuated the tight junctional abnormalities, blocked the downregulation of ZO-1 and occludin protein expression, and relieved the decrease of permeability of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers under HR treatment. Furthermore, exogenous GDNF administration displays the barrier-protective effects similar to EGCs against HR stimulation, while RNA interference-mediated knockdown of GDNF significantly inhibited the protective capability of EGCs. The expression of both GDNF and iNOS proteins of EGCs was significantly upregulated by co-culturing with IECs, which was further increased by HR treatment. Interestingly, through inhibiting iNOS activity, the barrier-protective effect of EGCs was influenced in normal condition but enhanced in HR condition. These results suggest that GDNF plays an important role in the barrier-protective mechanism of activated EGCs under IR stimulation, whereas EGCs (via iNOS release) are also involved in intestinal inflammation response, which may contribute to IEB damage induced by IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China, 400037
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Rajashekhar G. Mesenchymal stem cells: new players in retinopathy therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:59. [PMID: 24795699 PMCID: PMC4006021 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathies in human and animal models have shown to occur through loss of pericytes resulting in edema formation, excessive immature retinal angiogenesis, and neuronal apoptosis eventually leading to blindness. In recent years, the concept of regenerating terminally differentiated organs with a cell-based therapy has evolved. The cells used in these approaches are diverse and include tissue-specific endogenous stem cells, endothelial progenitor (EPC), embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Recently, MSC derived from the stromal fraction of adipose tissue have been shown to possess pluripotent differentiation potential in vitro. These adipose stromal cells (ASC) have been differentiated in a number of laboratories to osteogenic, myogenic, vascular, and adipocytic cell phenotypes. In vivo, ASC have been shown to have functional and phenotypic overlap with pericytes lining microvessels in adipose tissues. Furthermore, these cells either in paracrine mode or physical proximity with endothelial cells, promoted angiogenesis, improved ischemia-reperfusion, protected from myocardial infarction, and were neuroprotective. Owing to the easy isolation procedure and abundant supply, fat-derived ASC are a more preferred source of autologous mesenchymal cells compared to bone marrow MSC. In this review, we present evidence that these readily available ASC from minimally invasive liposuction will facilitate translation of ASC research into patients with retinal diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- VA Center for Regenerative Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: Gangaraju Rajashekhar, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, 975 West, Walnut Street IB442B, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA e-mail:
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Adhi M, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Adeno-associated virus mediated delivery of a non-membrane targeted human soluble CD59 attenuates some aspects of diabetic retinopathy in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79661. [PMID: 24167638 PMCID: PMC3805538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of visual dysfunction in working adults and is attributed to retinal vascular and neural cell damage. Recent studies have described elevated levels of membrane attack complex (MAC) and reduced levels of membrane associated complement regulators including CD55 and CD59 in the retina of diabetic retinopathy patients as well as in animal models of this disease. We have previously described the development of a soluble membrane-independent form of CD59 (sCD59) that when delivered via a gene therapy approach using an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV2/8-sCD59) to the eyes of mice, can block MAC deposition and choroidal neovascularization. Here, we examine AAV2/8-sCD59 mediated attenuation of MAC deposition and ensuing complement mediated damage to the retina of mice following streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. We observed a 60% reduction in leakage of retinal blood vessels in diabetic eyes pre-injected with AAV2/8-sCD59 relative to negative control virus injected diabetic eyes. AAV2/8-sCD59 injected eyes also exhibited protection from non-perfusion of retinal blood vessels. In addition, a 200% reduction in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and a 40% reduction in MAC deposition were documented in diabetic eyes pre-injected with AAV2/8-sCD59 relative to diabetic eyes pre-injected with the control virus. This is the first study characterizing a viral gene therapy intervention that targets MAC in a model of diabetic retinopathy. Use of AAV2/8-sCD59 warrants further exploration as a potential therapy for advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Adhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siobhan M. Cashman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Byrne LC, Khalid F, Lee T, Zin EA, Greenberg KP, Visel M, Schaffer DV, Flannery JG. AAV-mediated, optogenetic ablation of Müller Glia leads to structural and functional changes in the mouse retina. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76075. [PMID: 24086689 PMCID: PMC3785414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia, the primary glial cell in the retina, provide structural and metabolic support for neurons and are essential for retinal integrity. Müller cells are closely involved in many retinal degenerative diseases, including macular telangiectasia type 2, in which impairment of central vision may be linked to a primary defect in Müller glia. Here, we used an engineered, Müller-specific variant of AAV, called ShH10, to deliver a photo-inducibly toxic protein, KillerRed, to Müller cells in the mouse retina. We characterized the results of specific ablation of these cells on visual function and retinal structure. ShH10-KillerRed expression was obtained following intravitreal injection and eyes were then irradiated with green light to induce toxicity. Induction of KillerRed led to loss of Müller cells and a concomitant decrease of Müller cell markers glutamine synthetase and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein, reduction of rhodopsin and cone opsin, and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Loss of Müller cells also resulted in retinal disorganization, including thinning of the outer nuclear layer and the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. High resolution imaging of thin sections revealed displacement of photoreceptors from the ONL, formation of rosette-like structures and the presence of phagocytic cells. Furthermore, Müller cell ablation resulted in increased area and volume of retinal blood vessels, as well as the formation of tortuous blood vessels and vascular leakage. Electrophysiologic measures demonstrated reduced retinal function, evident in decreased photopic and scotopic electroretinogram amplitudes. These results show that loss of Müller cells can cause progressive retinal degenerative disease, and suggest that AAV delivery of an inducibly toxic protein in Müller cells may be useful to create large animal models of retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Fakhra Khalid
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Emilia A. Zin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Meike Visel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John G. Flannery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez M, Storey P, Do DV. Anti-VEGF Therapy for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-013-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Milne R, Brownstein S. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic retinopathy. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1397-407. [PMID: 21909978 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes and a major cause of blindness in young adults, worldwide. Early diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a loss of pericytes from retinal capillaries, the appearance of acellular capillaries and microaneurysms, and a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. In later stages, this can evolve into the proliferative phase in which there is neovascularization of the retina, which greatly increases the probability of vision loss. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which accumulate under hyperglycemic conditions are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. AGEs arise primarily by the modification of amine groups of proteins by reactive dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal. Intracellular proteins including anti-oxidant enzymes, transcription factors and mitochondrial proteins are targets of dicarbonyl modification and this can modify their functional properties and thus compromise cellular physiology. Likewise, modification of extracellular proteins by dicarbonyls can impair cell adhesion and can generate ligands that can potentially bind to cell surface AGE receptors that activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. AGE inhibitors have been shown to provide protection in animal models of diabetic retinopathy and currently are being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Milne
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. New functions of Müller cells. Glia 2013; 61:651-78. [PMID: 23440929 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate transport, Müller cells control the composition of the extracellular space fluid. Müller cells provide trophic and anti-oxidative support of photoreceptors and neurons and regulate the tightness of the blood-retinal barrier. By the uptake of glutamate, Müller cells are more directly involved in the regulation of the synaptic activity in the inner retina. This review gives a survey of recently discoved new functions of Müller cells. Müller cells are living optical fibers that guide light through the inner retinal tissue. Thereby they enhance the signal/noise ratio by minimizing intraretinal light scattering and conserve the spatial distribution of light patterns in the propagating image. Müller cells act as soft, compliant embedding for neurons, protecting them in case of mechanical trauma, and also as soft substrate required for neurite growth and neuronal plasticity. Müller cells release neuroactive signaling molecules which modulate neuronal activity, are implicated in the mediation of neurovascular coupling, and mediate the homeostasis of the extracellular space volume under hypoosmotic conditions which are a characteristic of intense neuronal activity. Under pathological conditions, a subset of Müller cells may differentiate to neural progenitor/stem cells which regenerate lost photoreceptors and neurons. Increasing knowledge of Müller cell function and responses in the normal and diseased retina will have great impact for the development of new therapeutic approaches for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Tight junctions are intercellular junctions adjacent to the apical ends of paracellular spaces. They have two classical functions, the barrier function and the fence function. The former regulates the passage of ions, water and various molecules through paracellular spaces, and is thus related to edema, jaundice, diarrhea and blood‐borne metastasis. The latter function maintains cell polarity by forming a fence to prevent intermixing of molecules in the apical membrane with those in the lateral membrane. This function is deeply involved in cancer cell properties in terms of loss of cell polarity. Recently, two novel aspects of tight junctions have been reported. One is their involvement in signal transduction. The other is that fact that tight junctions are considered to be a crucial component of innate immunity. In addition, since some proteins comprising tight junctions work as receptors for viruses and extracellular stimuli, pathogenic bacteria and viruses target and affect the tight junction functions, leading to diseases. In this review, the relationship between tight junctions and human diseases will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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41
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Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Cell Biology of the Müller Cell. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim YH, Park SY, Park J, Kim YS, Hwang EM, Park JY, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS. Reduction of experimental diabetic vascular leakage and pericyte apoptosis in mice by delivery of αA-crystallin with a recombinant adenovirus. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2835-2844. [PMID: 22772798 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant adenovirus expressing αA-crystallin (Ad-αAc-Gfp) in reducing pericyte loss within retinal vasculature in early diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection into C57BL/6 mice. Ad-αAc-Gfp was delivered by intravitreous injection to the right eyes of mice 2 weeks before induction of diabetes. Vascular leakage was determined by fluorescent angiography, Evans Blue leakage assay and leucocyte adhesion test. Production of αA-crystallin was analysed by immunoblotting and double immunostaining and pericyte loss was analysed by pericyte count. RESULTS Vessel leakage and pericyte loss were observed in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic retina. Decreased abundance of αA-crystallin in retinas 2 and 6 months after the induction of diabetes was confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis, immunoblotting and RT-PCR. Double immunofluorescence staining for αA-crystallin and NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan revealed that αA-crystallin was predominantly produced in the retinal pericyte and that the number of αA-crystallin-producing pericytes decreased in the diabetic retina. Retinal infection with Ad-αAc-Gfp led to decreased pericyte loss and vascular leakage compared with control. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Intravitreal delivery of Ad-αAc-Gfp protects against vascular leakage in the streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes. This effect is associated with the inhibition of diabetic retinal pericyte loss in early diabetes, suggesting that αA-crystallin has a role in preventing the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - S Y Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - J Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - E M Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - G S Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - S S Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - G J Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Republic of Korea.
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Kim YH, Kim YS, Roh GS, Choi WS, Cho GJ. Resveratrol blocks diabetes-induced early vascular lesions and vascular endothelial growth factor induction in mouse retinas. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e31-7. [PMID: 21914146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vessel leakage and loss of pericytes are early signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which leads to vision loss. Upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during diabetes plays a key role in mediating these vascular lesions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a natural plant-derived phytoalexin, on vascular damage and VEGF induction in mouse retinas of early diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by five consecutive-intraperitoneal injections of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Animals injected with buffer only were used as controls. Beginning 1 month after the fifth injection of STZ or buffer, 20 mg/kg of resveratrol was administered by oral gavage daily for 4 weeks to diabetic and control mice, and all mice were killed 2 months after the injections. We assessed vessel leakage, pericyte loss and VEGF protein expression in mouse retinas of 2-month diabetes compared with controls with or without resveratrol treatment. RESULTS Diabetes led to increase vessel leakage, pericyte loss and VEGF protein level in the mouse retinas compared with controls; however, these changes were effectively blocked by resveratrol treatment. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that resveratrol is effective to decrease vascular lesions and VEGF induction in mouse retinas of early diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, BK21 Biomedical Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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44
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Zhu X, Sun Y, Wang Z, Cui W, Peng Y, Li R. Expression of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and its Receptors in Cultured Retinal Müller Cells Under High Glucose Circumstance. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:532-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fukasawa H, Nakagomi M, Yamagata N, Katsuki H, Kawahara K, Kitaoka K, Miki T, Shudo K. Tamibarotene: A Candidate Retinoid Drug for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1206-12. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kazuyoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takami Miki
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
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Shimizu F, Sano Y, Saito K, Abe MA, Maeda T, Haruki H, Kanda T. Pericyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increase the expression of claudin-5 in the blood-brain barrier and the blood-nerve barrier. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:401-9. [PMID: 22002662 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) has been considered to be a key step in the disease process of a number of neurological disorders including cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic neuropathy. Although glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) facilitate neuronal or axonal regeneration in the brain or peripheral nerves, their action in the BBB and BNB remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether these neurotrophic factors secreted from the brain or peripheral nerve pericytes increase the barrier function of the BBB or BNB, using our newly established human brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) line or peripheral nerve microvascular endothelial cell (PnMEC) line. GDNF increased the expression of claudin-5 and the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of BMECs and PnMECs, whereas BDNF did not have this effect. Furthermore, we herein demonstrate that the GDNF secreted from the brain and peripheral nerve pericytes was one of the key molecules responsible for the up-regulation of claudin-5 expression and the TEER value in the BBB and BNB. These results indicate that the regulation of GDNF secreted from pericytes may therefore be a novel therapeutic strategy to modify the BBB or BNB functions and promote brain or peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 7558505, Japan
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Bringmann A, Wiedemann P. Müller glial cells in retinal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 227:1-19. [PMID: 21921569 DOI: 10.1159/000328979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and glutamate toxicity due to malfunctions of glutamate uptake and glutathione synthesis. Downregulation of potassium conductance disrupts transcellular potassium and water transport, resulting in neuronal hyperexcitability and edema. Protective effects of reactive Müller cells include upregulation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-degrading ectoenzymes, which enhances the extracellular availability of the neuroprotectant adenosine, abrogation of the osmotic release of ATP, which might protect retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis, and the release of antioxidants and neurotrophic factors. The dedifferentiation of reactive Müller cells to progenitor-like cells might have an impact on future therapeutic approaches. A better understanding of the gliotic mechanisms will be helpful in developing efficient therapeutic strategies aiming at increased protective and regenerative properties and decreased toxicity of reactive Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Nishikiori N, Osanai M, Chiba H, Kojima T, Inatomi S, Ohguro H, Sawada N. Experimental effect of retinoic acids on apoptosis during the development of diabetic retinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 2:233-5. [PMID: 19668412 PMCID: PMC2698696 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to investigate whether retinoic acids (RAs) had any effect on apoptosis during the development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods To investigate whether RAs had any effect on apoptosis during the development of diabetic retinopathy, we housed 32 C57BL/6 male mice and induced diabetes in 24 by intra peritoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma, St Louis, MO) and treated 16 of the diabetic mice with the RAs, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) (seven mice) and 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carboxamido] benzoic acid (Am580) (nine mice). The other eight mice were used as diabetic controls. We then measured apoptosis in the retina by TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling assay. Results RAs inhibited the apoptosis of retinal cells in diabetic retinopathy. Many apoptotic cells were observed in retinas of the eight diabetic control mice (mean value and SD: 37.8 ± 6.9), whereas when diabetic mice were treated with RAs, the number of apoptotic cells significantly decreased (mean value and SD: 9.9 ± 6.4 for the seven ATRA-treated diabetic mice and 9.8 ± 5.9 for the nine Am580-treated diabetic mice) (p < 0.05). Conclusion Treatment with RAs decreases apoptosis during the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Nishikiori
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Obulesu M, Dowlathabad MR, Bramhachari PV. Carotenoids and Alzheimer's disease: an insight into therapeutic role of retinoids in animal models. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:535-41. [PMID: 21672580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play a pivotal role in prevention of many degenerative diseases mediated by oxidative stress including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The involvement of retinoids in physiology, AD pathology and their therapeutic role in vitro and in vivo has been extensively studied. This review focuses on the role of carotenoids like retinoic acid (RA), all trans retinoic acid (ATRA), lycopene and β-carotene in prevention of AD symptoms primarily through inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) formation, deposition and fibril formation either by reducing the levels of p35 or inhibiting corresponding enzymes. The role of antioxidant micronutrients in prevention or delaying of AD symptoms has been included. This study emphasizes the dietary supplementation of carotenoids to combat AD and warrants further studies on animal models to unravel their mechanism of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obulesu
- Department of Biotechnology, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Gonzalez VH, Gordon CM, Tolentino M, Berliner AJ, Vitti R, Rückert R, Sandbrink R, Stein D, Yang K, Beckmann K, Heier JS. The DA VINCI Study: phase 2 primary results of VEGF Trap-Eye in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:1819-26. [PMID: 21546089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether different doses and dosing regimens of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Trap-Eye are superior to focal/grid photocoagulation in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, phase 2 clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS A total of 221 diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema involving the central macula. METHODS Patients were assigned to 1 of 5 treatment regimens: 0.5 mg VEGF Trap-Eye every 4 weeks; 2 mg VEGF Trap-Eye every 4 weeks; 2 mg VEGF Trap-Eye for 3 initial monthly doses and then every 8 weeks; 2 mg VEGF Trap-Eye for 3 initial monthly doses and then on an as-needed (PRN) basis; or macular laser photocoagulation. Assessments were completed at baseline and every 4 weeks thereafter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean change in visual acuity and central retinal thickness (CRT) at 24 weeks. RESULTS Patients in the 4 VEGF Trap-Eye groups experienced mean visual acuity benefits ranging from +8.5 to +11.4 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters versus only +2.5 letters in the laser group (P ≤ 0.0085 for each VEGF Trap-Eye group vs. laser). Gains from baseline of 0+, 10+, and 15+ letters were seen in up to 93%, 64%, and 34% of VEGF Trap-Eye groups versus up to 68%, 32%, and 21% in the laser group, respectively. Mean reductions in CRT in the 4 VEGF Trap-Eye groups ranged from -127.3 to -194.5 μm compared with only -67.9 μm in the laser group (P = 0.0066 for each VEGF Trap-Eye group vs. laser). VEGF Trap-Eye was generally well tolerated. Ocular adverse events in patients treated with VEGF Trap-Eye were generally consistent with those seen with other intravitreal anti-VEGF agents. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal VEGF Trap-Eye produced a statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in visual acuity when compared with macular laser photocoagulation in patients with DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Do
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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