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Shao L, Yang M, Sun T, Xia H, Du D, Li X, Jie Z. Role of solute carrier transporters in regulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350385. [PMID: 38073515 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate diverse physiological functions and maintain cellular metabolite homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of SLCs in immune processes. Notably, upon activation, immune cells undergo rapid and robust metabolic reprogramming, largely dependent on SLCs to modulate diverse immunological responses. In this review, we explore the central roles of SLC proteins and their transported substrates in shaping DC functions. We provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies on amino acid transporters, metal ion transporters, and glucose transporters, emphasizing their essential contributions to DC homeostasis under varying pathological conditions. Finally, we propose potential strategies for targeting SLCs in DCs to bolster immunotherapy for a spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxin Yang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haotang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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2
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Kavian Z, Sargazi S, Majidpour M, Sarhadi M, Saravani R, Shahraki M, Mirinejad S, Heidari Nia M, Piri M. Association of SLC11A1 polymorphisms with anthropometric and biochemical parameters describing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6195. [PMID: 37062790 PMCID: PMC10106459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a leading cause of death globally, has different types, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) being the most prevalent one. It has been established that variations in the SLC11A1 gene impact risk of developing infectious, inflammatory, and endocrine disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the association between the SLC11A1 gene polymorphisms (rs3731864 G/A, rs3731865 C/G, and rs17235416 + TGTG/- TGTG) and anthropometric and biochemical parameters describing T2DM. Eight hundred participants (400 in each case and control group) were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification-refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR) methods. Lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c level, and anthropometric indices were also recorded for each subject. Findings revealed that SLC11A1-rs3731864 G/A, -rs17235416 (+ TGTG/- TGTG) were associated with T2DM susceptibility, providing protection against the disease. In contrast, SLC11A1-rs3731865 G/C conferred an increased risk of T2DM. We also noticed a significant association between SLC11A1-rs3731864 G/A and triglyceride levels in patients with T2DM. In silico evaluations demonstrated that the SLC11A2 and ATP7A proteins also interact directly with the SLC11A1 protein in Homo sapiens. In addition, allelic substitutions for both intronic variants disrupt or create binding sites for splicing factors and serve a functional effect. Overall, our findings highlighted the role of SLC11A1 gene variations might have positive (rs3731865 G/C) or negative (rs3731864 G/A and rs17235416 + TGTG/- TGTG) associations with a predisposition to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kavian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mansour Shahraki
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Adolescent Health Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Piri
- Diabetes Center, Bu-Ali Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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3
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Xu H, Zhang A, Fang C, Zhu Q, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Yuan L, Xu Y, Shao A, Lou M. SLC11A1 as a stratification indicator for immunotherapy or chemotherapy in patients with glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980378. [PMID: 36531992 PMCID: PMC9748290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is a fatal tumor originating from the brain, which accounts for most intracranial malignancies. Currently, Immunotherapy has turned into a novel and promising treatment in glioma patients. however, there are still few effective biomarkers to mirror the reaction to immunotherapy in patients with glioma. Therefore, we intended to elucidate the evaluable efficacy of SLC11A1 in glioma patients. Methods In this study, samples from Shanghai General Hospital and data from TCGA, GEO, CGGA datasets were used to investigate and validate the relationship between SLC11A1 and the progression of glioma. We evaluated the predictive value of SLC11A1 on the prognosis of glioma with cox regression analysis. Then the relationship between immune infiltration and SLC11A1 was also analyzed. Ultimately, we performed the prediction on the immunotherapeutic response and therapeutic drugs according to the expression of SLC11A1. Results Expression of SLC11A1 increased with progression and predicted unfavorable prognosis for glioma patients. The hazard ratio for SLC11A1 expression was 2.33 with 95% CI (1.92-2.58) (P < 0.001) in cox analysis. And based on expression, we found SLC11A1 stratified glioma patients into subgroups with different immune activation statuses. Moreover, we observed that patients with higher SLC11A1 levels companied with better immunotherapeutic response, while those with lower SLC11A1 levels may respond better to temozolomide. Conclusion This study provided evidence that SLC11A1 was a novel prognostic marker and immunotherapy response indicator for gliomas. In some cases, SLC11A1 could be an effective marker for identifying patients who might benefit from immunotherapy or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Meiqing Lou, ; Anwen Shao, ; Yuanzhi Xu,
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Meiqing Lou, ; Anwen Shao, ; Yuanzhi Xu,
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Meiqing Lou, ; Anwen Shao, ; Yuanzhi Xu,
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4
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Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes. BIOLOGICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ingesting probiotics contributes to the development of a healthy microflora in the GIT with established benefits to human health. Some of these beneficial effects may be through the modulation of the immune system. In addition, probiotics have become more common in the treatment of many inflammatory and immune disorders. Here, we demonstrate a range of immune modulating effects of Streptococcus thermophilus by human monocytes, including decreased mRNA expression of IL-1R, IL-18, IFNαR1, IFNγR1, CCL2, CCR5, TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-6, TLR-8, CD14, CD86, CD4, ITGAM, LYZ, TYK2, IFNR1, IRAK-1, NOD2, MYD88, SLC11A1, and increased expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, IFNγ, TNFα, CSF-2. The routine administration of Streptococcus thermophilus in fermented dairy products and their consumption may be beneficial to the treatment/management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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5
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Wang S, Xu X. An Immune-Related Gene Pairs Signature for Predicting Survival in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:564960. [PMID: 33859933 PMCID: PMC8042321 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.564960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the frequently occurring and most aggressive form of brain tumors. In the study, we constructed an immune-related gene pairs (IRGPs) signature to predict overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM. Methods: We established IRGPs with immune-related gene (IRG) matrix from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (Training cohort). After screened by the univariate regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, IRGPs were subjected to the multivariable Cox regression to develop an IRGP signature. Then, the predicting accuracy of the signature was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and validated the result using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database (Validation cohorts 1 and 2). Results: A 10-IRGP signature was established for predicting the OS of patients with GBM. The AUC for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS in Training cohort was 0.801, 0.901, and 0.964, respectively, in line with the AUC of Validation cohorts 1 and 2 [Validation cohort 1 (1 year: 0.763; 3 years: 0.786; and 5 years: 0.884); Validation cohort 2 (1 year: 0.745; 3 years: 0.989; and 5 years: 0.987)]. Moreover, survival analysis in three cohorts suggested that patients with low-risk GBM had better clinical outcomes than patients with high-risk GBM. The univariate and multivariable Cox regression demonstrated that the IRGPs signature was an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: We developed a novel IRGPs signature for predicting OS in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Zhejiang Jinhua Guangfu Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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7
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Dargahi N, Johnson J, Apostolopoulos V. Streptococcus thermophilus alters the expression of genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228531. [PMID: 32045425 PMCID: PMC7012395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of probiotics contributes to a healthy microbiome of the GIT leading to many health benefits. They also contribute to the modulation of the immune system and are becoming popular for the treatment of a number of immune and inflammatory diseases. The main objective of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties of Streptococcus thermophilus. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and assessed modifications in the mRNA expression of their genes related to innate and adaptive immune system. Our results showed strong immune modulatory effects of S. thermophilus 285 to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an array of anti-inflammatory properties. S. thermophilus 285 reduced mRNA expression in a number of inflammatory immune mediators and markers, and upregulated a few of immune markers. S. thermophilus is used in the dairy industry, survives during cold storage, tolerates well upon ingesting, and their consumption may have beneficial effects with potential implications in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Liu C, Whitener RL, Lin A, Xu Y, Chen J, Savinov A, Leiding JW, Wallet MA, Mathews CE. Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 1 in Dendritic Cells Promotes Autoreactive CD8 + T Cell Activation via Cross-Presentation in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:952. [PMID: 31118934 PMCID: PMC6504685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in driving the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Ablation of ROS derived from phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 is protective against autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the mechanisms of NADPH oxidase 2-derived ROS in T1D pathogenesis need to be elucidated. Here, we have examined the role of Ncf1 (the regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase 2) in dendritic cells (DC). Results:Ncf1-mutant DCs exhibit reduced ability to activate autoreactive CD8+ T cells despite no difference in co-stimulatory molecule expression or pro-inflammatory cytokine production. When provided with exogenous whole-protein antigen, Ncf1-mutant NOD DCs showed strong phagosome acidification and rapid antigen degradation, which lead to an absence of protein translocation into the cytoplasm and deficient antigenic peptide loading on MHC Class I molecules. Innovation: This study demonstrates that Ncf1 (p47phox) is required for activation and effector function of CD8+ T cells by acting both intrinsically within the T cell as well as within professional antigen presenting cells. Conclusion: ROS promote CD8+ T cell activation by facilitating autoantigen cross-presentation by DCs. ROS scavengers could potentially represent an important component of therapies aiming to disrupt autoantigen presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells in individuals at-risk for developing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert L Whitener
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrea Lin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexei Savinov
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Jennifer W Leiding
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Feduska JM, Tse HM. The proinflammatory effects of macrophage-derived NADPH oxidase function in autoimmune diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:81-89. [PMID: 29723665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease culminating in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. While ultimately a T cell-mediated disease, macrophages play an indispensable role in disease initiation and progression. Infiltrating macrophages generate an inflammatory environment by releasing NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide and proinflammatory cytokines. The synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is acknowledged as putative factors contributing to autoimmunity and β-cell damage in T1D. In addition to direct lysis, free radicals collectively participate in β-cell destruction by providing a redox-dependent third signal necessary for islet-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cell maturation and by inducing oxidative post-translational modifications of β-cell epitopes to further exacerbate autoimmune responses. This review will provide an overview of macrophage function and a synergistic cross-talk with redox biology that contributes to autoimmune dysregulation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Feduska
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States.
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10
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Kyvsgaard JN, Overgaard AJ, Thorsen SU, Hansen TH, Pipper CB, Mortensen HB, Pociot F, Svensson J. High Neonatal Blood Iron Content Is Associated with the Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111221. [PMID: 29113123 PMCID: PMC5707693 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Iron requirement increases during pregnancy and iron supplementation is therefore recommended in many countries. However, excessive iron intake may lead to destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Therefore, we aim to test if higher neonatal iron content in blood is associated with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in childhood; (2) Methods: A case-control study was conducted, including 199 children diagnosed with T1D before the age of 16 years from 1991 to 2005 and 199 controls matched on date of birth. Information on confounders was available in 181 cases and 154 controls. Iron was measured on a neonatal single dried blood spot sample and was analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate if iron content in whole blood was associated with the risk of T1D; (3) Results: A doubling of iron content increased the odds of developing T1D more than two-fold (odds ratio (95% CI), 2.55 (1.04; 6.24)). Iron content increased with maternal age (p = 0.04) and girls had higher content than boys (p = 0.01); (4) Conclusions: Higher neonatal iron content associates to an increased risk of developing T1D before the age of 16 years. Iron supplementation during early childhood needs further investigation, including the causes of high iron in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nyholm Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Anne Julie Overgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Ullitz Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Hesselhøj Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christian Bressen Pipper
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2099 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Bindesbøl Mortensen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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11
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Singh N, Gedda MR, Tiwari N, Singh SP, Bajpai S, Singh RK. Solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1) activation efficiently inhibits Leishmania donovani survival in host macrophages. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:671-677. [PMID: 28848257 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), a life threatening disease caused by L. donovani, is a latent threat to more than 147 million people living in disease endemic South East Asia region of the Indian subcontinent. The therapeutic option to control leishmanial infections are very limited, and at present comprise only two drugs, an antifungal amphotericin B and an antitumor miltefosine, which are also highly vulnerable for parasitic resistance. Therefore, identification and development of alternate control measures is an exigent requirement to control leishmanial infections. In this study, we report that functionally induced expression of solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1), a transmembrane divalent cationic transporter recruited on the surface of phagolysosomes after phagocytosis of parasites, effectively inhibits Leishmania donovani growth in host macrophages. Further, the increased Slc11a1 functionality also resulted in increased production of NOx, TNF-α and IL-12 by activated macrophages. The findings of this study signify the importance of interplay between Slc11a1 expression and macrophages activation that can be effectively used to control of Leishmania growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Departement of Biochemistry, HNB University, Srinagar, Uttrakhand 246174 India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Suya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnolgy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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12
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Wakeland EK. Hunting Autoimmune Disease Genes in NOD: Early Steps on a Long Road to Somewhere Important (Hopefully). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3-6. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Husseiny MI, Kaye A, Zebadua E, Kandeel F, Ferreri K. Tissue-specific methylation of human insulin gene and PCR assay for monitoring beta cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94591. [PMID: 24722187 PMCID: PMC3983232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of metabolic dysregulation in type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs after autoimmune destruction of the majority of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. We previously demonstrated that the DNA encoding the insulin gene is uniquely unmethylated in these cells and then developed a methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay to identify circulating beta cell DNA in streptozotocin-treated mice prior to the rise in blood glucose. The current study extends to autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and humans, showing in NOD mice that beta cell death occurs six weeks before the rise in blood sugar and coincides with the onset of islet infiltration by immune cells, demonstrating the utility of MSP for monitoring T1D. We previously reported unique patterns of methylation of the human insulin gene, and now extend this to other human tissues. The methylation patterns of the human insulin promoter, intron 1, exon 2, and intron 2 were determined in several normal human tissues. Similar to our previous report, the human insulin promoter was unmethylated in beta cells, but methylated in all other tissues tested. In contrast, intron 1, exon 2 and intron 2 did not exhibit any tissue-specific DNA methylation pattern. Subsequently, a human MSP assay was developed based on the methylation pattern of the insulin promoter and human islet DNA was successfully detected in circulation of T1D patients after islet transplantation therapy. Signal levels of normal controls and pre-transplant samples were shown to be similar, but increased dramatically after islet transplantation. In plasma the signal declines with time but in whole blood remains elevated for at least two weeks, indicating that association of beta cell DNA with blood cells prolongs the signal. This assay provides an effective method to monitor beta cell destruction in early T1D and in islet transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Husseiny
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alexander Kaye
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Zebadua
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ferreri
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kochupurakkal NM, Kruger AJ, Tripathi S, Zhu B, Adams LT, Rainbow DB, Rossini A, Greiner DL, Sayegh MH, Wicker LS, Guleria I. Blockade of the programmed death-1 (PD1) pathway undermines potent genetic protection from type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89561. [PMID: 24586872 PMCID: PMC3938467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Inhibition of PD1-PDL1 signaling in NOD mice accelerates onset of type 1 diabetes implicating this pathway in suppressing the emergence of pancreatic beta cell reactive T-cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which PD1 signaling protects from type 1 diabetes is not clear. We hypothesized that differential susceptibility of Idd mouse strains to type 1 diabetes when challenged with anti PDL1 will identify genomic loci that collaborate with PD1 signaling in suppressing type 1 diabetes. Methods Anti PDL1 was administered to NOD and various Idd mouse strains at 10 weeks of age and onset of disease was monitored by measuring blood glucose levels. Additionally, histological evaluation of the pancreas was performed to determine degree of insulitis. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Log-Rank and Student's t-test. Results Blockade of PDL1 rapidly precipitated type 1 diabetes in nearly all NOD Idd congenic strains tested, despite the fact that all are moderately (Idd5, Idd3 and Idd10/18) or highly (Idd3/10/18 and Idd9) protected from spontaneous type 1 diabetes by virtue of their protective Idd genes. Only the Idd3/5 strain, which is nearly 100% protected from spontaneous disease, remained normoglycemic following PDL1 blockade. Conclusions These results indicate that multiple Idd loci collaborate with PD1 signaling. Anti PDL1 treatment undermines a large portion of the genetic protection mediated by Idd genes in the NOD model of type 1 diabetes. Basal insulitis correlated with higher susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. These findings have important implications since the PD1 pathway is a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M. Kochupurakkal
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annie J. Kruger
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - La Tonya Adams
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Rossini
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Indira Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Renal Division, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wang Y, Chen X, Tsai S, Thomas A, Shizuru JA, Cao TM. Fine mapping of the Bmgr5 quantitative trait locus for allogeneic bone marrow engraftment in mice. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:585-96. [PMID: 23666360 PMCID: PMC3713196 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel mechanisms regulating allogeneic hematopoietic cell engraftment, we used forward genetics and previously described identification, in mice, of a bone marrow (BM) engraftment quantitative trait locus (QTL), termed Bmgr5. This QTL confers dominant and large allele effects for engraftment susceptibility. It was localized to chromosome 16 by quantitative genetic techniques in a segregating backcross bred from susceptible BALB.K and resistant B10.BR mice. We now report verification of the Bmgr5 QTL using reciprocal chromosome 16 consomic strains. The BM engraftment phenotype in these consomic mice shows that Bmgr5 susceptibility alleles are not only sufficient but also indispensable for conferring permissiveness for allogeneic BM engraftment. Using panels of congenic mice, we resolved the Bmgr5 QTL into two separate subloci, termed Bmgr5a (Chr16:14.6-15.8 Mb) and Bmgr5b (Chr16:15.8-17.6 Mb), each conferring permissiveness for the engraftment phenotype and both fine mapped to an interval amenable to positional cloning. Candidate Bmgr5 genes were then prioritized using whole exome DNA sequencing and microarray gene expression data. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the genetic interaction between the Bmgr5a and Bmgr5b QTL and identify causative genes and underlying gene variants. This may lead to new approaches for overcoming the problem of graft rejection in clinical hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Schickwann Tsai
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Alun Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Thai M. Cao
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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16
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Lockwood TD. Lysosomal metal, redox and proton cycles influencing the CysHis cathepsin reaction. Metallomics 2013; 5:110-24. [PMID: 23302864 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the 1930's pioneers discovered that maximal autolysis in tissue homogenates requires metal chelator, sulfhydryl reducing agent and acid pH. However, metals, reducing equivalents and protons (MR&P) have been overlooked as combined catalytic controls. Three categories of lysosomal machinery drive three distinguishable cycles importing and exporting MR&P. Zn(2+) preemptively inhibits CysHis catalysis under otherwise optimal protonation and reduction. Protein-bound cell Zn(2+) concentration is 200-2000 times the non-sequestered inhibitory concentration. Following autophagy, lysosomal proteolysis liberates much inhibitory Zn(2+). The vacuolar proton pump is the driving force for Zn(2+) export, as well as protonation of the peptidolytic mechanism. Other machinery of lysosomal cycles includes proton-driven Zn(2+) exporters (e.g. SLC11A1), Zn(2+) channels (e.g. TRPML-1), lysosomal thiol reductase, etc. The CysHis dyad is a sensor of the vacuolar environment of MR&P, an integrator of these simultaneous variables, and a catalytic responder. Rate-determination can shift between autophagic substrate acquisition (swallowing) and substrate degradation (digesting). Zn(2+) recycling from degraded proteins to new proteins is a fourth cycle that might pace lysosomal function under some conditions. Heritable insufficient or excess functions of CysHis cathepsins are associated with dysfunctional inflammation and immunity/auto-immunity, including diabetic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lockwood
- Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
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17
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Lin X, Hamilton-Williams EE, Rainbow DB, Hunter KM, Dai YD, Cheung J, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Genetic interactions among Idd3, Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 protective loci in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:3109-20. [PMID: 23427248 PMCID: PMC3608810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci control the development of insulitis and diabetes. Independently, protective alleles of Idd3/Il2 or Idd5 are able to partially protect congenic NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes, and to partially tolerize islet-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, when the two regions are combined, mice are almost completely protected, strongly suggesting the existence of genetic interactions between the two loci. Idd5 contains at least three protective subregions/causative gene candidates, Idd5.1/Ctla4, Idd5.2/Slc11a1, and Idd5.3/Acadl, yet it is unknown which of them interacts with Idd3/Il2. Through the use of a series of novel congenic strains containing the Idd3/Il2 region and different combinations of Idd5 subregion(s), we defined these genetic interactions. The combination of Idd3/Il2 and Idd5.3/Acadl was able to provide nearly complete protection from type 1 diabetes, but all three Idd5 subregions were required to protect from insulitis and fully restore self-tolerance. By backcrossing a Slc11a1 knockout allele onto the NOD genetic background, we have demonstrated that Slc11a1 is responsible for the diabetes protection resulting from Idd5.2. We also used Slc11a1 knockout-SCID and Idd5.2-SCID mice to show that both loss-of-function alleles provide protection from insulitis when expressed on the SCID host alone. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that Slc11a1 is Idd5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Lin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Yang D. Dai
- Division of Immune Regulation, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92037
| | - Jocelyn Cheung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Hedges JF, Kimmel E, Snyder DT, Jerome M, Jutila MA. Solute carrier 11A1 is expressed by innate lymphocytes and augments their activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4263-73. [PMID: 23509347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier 11A1 (SLC11A1) is a divalent ion transporter formerly known as the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) and the Bcg/Lsh/Ity locus. SLC11A1 was thought to be exclusively expressed in monocyte/macrophages and to have roles in phagosome maturation and cell activation. We characterized the expression of SLC11A1 in the majority of human and bovine γδ T cells and NK cells and in human CD3(+)CD45RO(+) T cells. Consistent with a role for iron-dependent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, SLC11A1(+) lymphocytes were more prone to activation and retained tyrosine phosphorylation. Transfection of SLC11A1 into a human γδ T cell-like line rendered the cells more prone to activation. Nonadherent splenocytes from wild-type mice expressed significantly greater IFN-γ compared with cells from Sv/129 (SLC11A1(-/-)) mice. Our data suggest that SLC11A1 has a heretofore unknown role in activation of a large subset of innate lymphocytes that are critical sources of IFN-γ. SLC11A1(+) animals have enhanced innate IFN-γ expression in response to Salmonella infection compared with SLC11A1(-) mice, which include commonly used inbred laboratory mice. Expression of SLC11A1 in innate lymphocytes and its role in augmenting their activation may account for inconsistencies in studies of innate lymphocytes in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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Development of a quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction method for monitoring beta cell death in type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47942. [PMID: 23144715 PMCID: PMC3483298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a mechanism by which cells control gene expression, and cell-specific genes often exhibit unique patterns of DNA methylation. We previously reported that the mouse insulin-2 gene (Ins2) promoter has three potential methylation (CpG) sites, all of which are unmethylated in insulin-producing cells but methylated in other tissues. In this study we examined Ins2 exon 2 and found a similar tissue-specific methylation pattern. These methylation patterns can differentiate between DNA from insulin-producing beta cells and other tissues. We hypothesized that damaged beta cells release their DNA into circulation at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and sought to develop a quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP) assay for circulating beta cell DNA to monitor the loss of beta cells. Methylation-specific primers were designed to interrogate two or more CpG in the same assay. The cloned mouse Ins2 gene was methylated in vitro and used for development of the qMSP assay. We found the qMSP method to be sensitive and specific to differentiate between insulin-producing cells and other tissues with a detection limit of 10 copies in the presence of non-specific genomic DNA background. We also compared different methods for data analysis and found that the Relative Expression Ratio method is the most robust method since it incorporates both a reference value to normalize day-to-day variability as well as PCR reaction efficiencies to normalize between the methylation-specific and bisulfite-specific components of the calculations. The assay was applied in the streptozotocin-treated diabetic mouse model and detected a significant increase in circulating beta cell DNA before the rise in blood glucose level. These results demonstrate that this qMSP assay can be used for monitoring circulating DNA from insulin-producing cells, which will provide the basis for development of assays to detect beta cell destruction in early T1DM.
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Blankenhorn EP, Butterfield R, Case LK, Wall EH, del Rio R, Diehl SA, Krementsov DN, Saligrama N, Teuscher C. Genetics of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis supports the role of T helper cells in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:887-96. [PMID: 22190363 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the primary genetic contributor to multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but multiple additional interacting loci are required for genetic susceptibility. The identity of most of these non-MHC genes is unknown. In this report, we identify genes within evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways leading to MS and EAE. METHODS To identify non-MHC binary and quantitative trait loci (BTL/QTL) important in the pathogenesis of EAE, we generated phenotype-selected congenic mice using EAE-resistant B10.S and EAE-susceptible SJL mice. We hypothesized that genes linked to EAE BTL/QTL and MS-GWAS can be identified if they belong to common evolutionarily conserved pathways, which can be identified with a bioinformatic approach using Ingenuity software. RESULTS Many known BTL/QTL were retained and linked to susceptibility during phenotype selection, the most significant being a region on chromosome 17 distal to H2 (Eae5). We show in pathway analysis that T helper (T(H))-cell differentiation genes are critical for both diseases. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that Eae5 is important in CD4 T-effector and/or Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells (Tregs), and we found that B10.S-Eae5(SJL) congenic mice have significantly greater numbers of lymph node CD4 and Tregs than B10.S mice. INTERPRETATION These results support the polygenic model of MS/EAE, whereby MHC and multiple minor loci are required for full susceptibility, and confirm a critical genetic dependence on CD4 T(H)-cell differentiation and function in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Maverakis E. Sercarzian immunology--In memoriam. Eli E. Sercarz, 1934-2009. Cell Immunol 2012; 273:99-108. [PMID: 22285103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
During his long career as a principal investigator and educator, Eli Sercarz trained over 100 scientists. He is best known for developing hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen for immunologic studies. Working in his model system Eli furthered our understanding of antigen processing and immunologic tolerance. His work established important concepts of how the immune system recognizes antigenic determinants processed from whole protein antigens; specifically he developed the concepts of immunodominance and crypticity. Later in his career he focused more on autoimmunity using a variety of established animal models to develop theories on how T cells can circumvent tolerance induction and how an autoreactive immune response can evolve over time. His theory of "determinant spreading" is one of the cornerstones of our modern understanding of autoimmunity. This review covers Eli's entire scientific career outlining his many seminal discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, United States.
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22
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Cheung J, Rainbow DB, Hunter KM, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Cellular mechanisms of restored β-cell tolerance mediated by protective alleles of Idd3 and Idd5. Diabetes 2012; 61:166-74. [PMID: 22106155 PMCID: PMC3237671 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes genes within the interleukin (IL)-2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte--associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) pathways influence development of autoimmune diabetes in humans and NOD mice. In NOD mice, when present together, protective alleles encoding IL-2, Idd3 candidate gene, CTLA-4, NRAMP1, and acetyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain (ACADL) (candidate genes for the Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 subregions) provide nearly complete diabetes protection. To define where the protective alleles of Idd3 and the Idd5 subregions must be present to protect from diabetes and tolerize islet-specific CD8(+) T cells, SCID mice were reconstituted so that the host and lymphocytes expressed various combinations of protective and susceptibility alleles at Idd3 and Idd5. Although protective Idd3 alleles in the lymphocytes and protective Idd5 alleles in the SCID host contributed most significantly to CD8 tolerance, both were required together in both lymphocyte and nonlymphocyte cells to recapitulate the potent diabetes protection observed in intact Idd3/5 mice. We conclude that genetic regions involved in autoimmune disease are not restricted in their influence to individual cell types. Even a single protective gene product, such as IL-2, must be expressed in both the lymphocytes and dendritic cells to exert its full extent of disease protection. These studies highlight the pleiotropic effects of genes that determine autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jocelyn Cheung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Linda A. Sherman,
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Antibodies recognizing Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis epitopes cross-react with the beta-cell antigen ZnT8 in Sardinian type 1 diabetic patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26931. [PMID: 22046415 PMCID: PMC3203182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental factors at play in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain enigmatic. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is transmitted from dairy herds to humans through food contamination. MAP causes an asymptomatic infection that is highly prevalent in Sardinian T1D patients compared with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy controls. Moreover, MAP elicits humoral responses against several mycobacterial proteins. We asked whether antibodies (Abs) against one of these proteins, namely MAP3865c, which displays a sequence homology with the β-cell protein zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) could be cross-reactive with ZnT8 epitopes. To this end, Ab responses against MAP3865c were analyzed in Sardinian T1D, T2D and healthy subjects using an enzymatic immunoassay. Abs against MAP3865c recognized two immunodominant transmembrane epitopes in 52-65% of T1D patients, but only in 5-7% of T2D and 3-5% of healthy controls. There was a linear correlation between titers of anti-MAP3865c and anti-ZnT8 Abs targeting these two homologous epitopes, and pre-incubation of sera with ZnT8 epitope peptides blocked binding to the corresponding MAP3865c peptides. These results demonstrate that Abs recognizing MAP3865c epitopes cross-react with ZnT8, possibly underlying a molecular mimicry mechanism, which may precipitate T1D in MAP-infected individuals.
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Sheng H, Hassanali S, Nugent C, Wen L, Hamilton-Williams E, Dias P, Dai YD. Insulinoma-released exosomes or microparticles are immunostimulatory and can activate autoreactive T cells spontaneously developed in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1591-600. [PMID: 21734072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXO) are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce Ag-specific immune responses. To test possible roles of EXO in autoimmunity, we isolated small microparticles, mainly EXO, from mouse insulinoma and examined their activities to stimulate the autoimmune responses in NOD mice, a model for human type 1 diabetes. We demonstrate that the EXO contains strong innate stimuli and expresses candidate diabetes autoantigens. They can induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines through a MyD88-dependent pathway, and activate purified APC and result in T cell proliferation. To address whether EXO or the secreted microparticles are possible autoimmune targets causing islet-specific inflammation, we monitored the T cell responses spontaneously developed in prediabetic NOD mice for their reactivity to the EXO, and compared this reactivity between diabetes-susceptible and -resistant congenic mouse strains. We found that older NOD females, which have advanced islet destruction, accumulated more EXO-reactive, IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes than younger females or age-matched males, and that pancreatic lymph nodes from the prediabetic NOD, but not from the resistant mice, were also enriched with EXO-reactive Th1 cells. In vivo, immunization with the EXO accelerates insulitis development in nonobese diabetes-resistant mice. Thus, EXO or small microparticles can be recognized by the diabetes-associated autoreactive T cells, supporting that EXO might be a possible autoimmune target and/or insulitis trigger in NOD or congenic mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Sheng
- Division of Immune Regulation, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Yang JHM, Downes K, Howson JMM, Nutland S, Stevens HE, Walker NM, Todd JA. Evidence of association with type 1 diabetes in the SLC11A1 gene region. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:59. [PMID: 21524304 PMCID: PMC3114708 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkage and congenic strain analyses using the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse as a model for human type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D) have identified several NOD mouse Idd (insulin dependent diabetes) loci, including Slc11a1 (formerly known as Nramp1). Genetic variants in the orthologous region encompassing SLC11A1 in human chromosome 2q35 have been reported to be associated with various immune-related diseases including T1D. Here, we have conducted association analysis of this candidate gene region, and then investigated potential correlations between the most T1D-associated variant and RNA expression of the SLC11A1 gene and its splice isoform. METHODS Nine SNPs (rs2276631, rs2279015, rs1809231, rs1059823, rs17235409 (D543N), rs17235416 (3'UTR), rs3731865 (INT4), rs7573065 (-237 C → T) and rs4674297) were genotyped using TaqMan genotyping assays and the polymorphic promoter microsatellite (GT)n was genotyped using PCR and fragment length analysis. A maximum of 8,863 T1D British cases and 10,841 British controls, all of white European descent, were used to test association using logistic regression. A maximum of 5,696 T1D families were also tested for association using the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). We considered P ≤ 0.005 as evidence of association given that we tested nine variants in total. Upon identification of the most T1D-associated variant, we investigated the correlation between its genotype and SLC11A1 expression overall or with splice isoform ratio using 42 PAXgene whole blood samples from healthy donors by quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Using the case-control collection, rs3731865 (INT4) was identified to be the variant most associated with T1D (P = 1.55 × 10-6). There was also some evidence of association at rs4674297 (P = 1.57 × 10-4). No evidence of disease association was obtained at any of the loci using the family collections (PTDT ≥ 0.13). We also did not observe a correlation between rs3731865 genotypes and SLC11A1 expression overall or with splice isoform expression. CONCLUSION We conclude that rs3731685 (INT4) in the SLC11A1 gene may be associated with T1D susceptibility in the European ancestry population studied. We did not observe a difference in SLC11A1 expression at the RNA level based on the genotypes of rs3731865 in whole blood samples. However, a potential correlation cannot be ruled out in purified cell subsets especially monocytes or macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H M Yang
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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Cossu D, Cocco E, Paccagnini D, Masala S, Ahmed N, Frau J, Marrosu MG, Sechi LA. Association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with multiple sclerosis in Sardinian patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18482. [PMID: 21533236 PMCID: PMC3076380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection is highly spread in the ruminant herds of Sardinia, in the Western Mediterranean. The objective of this study was to investigate prevalence of MAP infection in association with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using clinical specimen from patients and controls. We analyzed samples for the presence of MAP specific DNA and to demonstrate humoral response to a MAP protein (MAP2694), a predicted homologue of the T-cell receptor gamma-chain/complement component 1 of the host. We found presence of MAP DNA in 42% of the MS patients and an extremely significant humoral immune response revealed by the MS patients against the MAP protein. In our opinion, this is the first report that significantly associates MAP infection with MS. Further studies will be required to confirm if MAP could be one of the triggers of MS, according to the molecular mimicry theory, in susceptible (and genetically at risk) individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Paccagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Speranza Masala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica Frau
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Van Belle TL, Coppieters KT, Von Herrath MG. Type 1 Diabetes: Etiology, Immunology, and Therapeutic Strategies. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:79-118. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction or damaging of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans results in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. We only know for sure that autoimmunity is the predominant effector mechanism of T1D, but may not be its primary cause. T1D precipitates in genetically susceptible individuals, very likely as a result of an environmental trigger. Current genetic data point towards the following genes as susceptibility genes: HLA, insulin, PTPN22, IL2Ra, and CTLA4. Epidemiological and other studies suggest a triggering role for enteroviruses, while other microorganisms might provide protection. Efficacious prevention of T1D will require detection of the earliest events in the process. So far, autoantibodies are most widely used as serum biomarker, but T-cell readouts and metabolome studies might strengthen and bring forward diagnosis. Current preventive clinical trials mostly focus on environmental triggers. Therapeutic trials test the efficacy of antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific immune interventions, but also include restoration of the affected beta-cell mass by islet transplantation, neogenesis and regeneration, and combinations thereof. In this comprehensive review, we explain the genetic, environmental, and immunological data underlying the prevention and intervention strategies to constrain T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L. Van Belle
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Ken T. Coppieters
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthias G. Von Herrath
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
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Thayer TC, Wilson SB, Mathews CE. Use of nonobese diabetic mice to understand human type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:541-61. [PMID: 20723819 PMCID: PMC2925291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1922, Leonard Thompson received the first injections of insulin prepared from the pancreas of canine test subjects. From pancreatectomized dogs to the more recent development of animal models that spontaneously develop autoimmune syndromes, animal models have played a meaningful role in furthering diabetes research. Of these animals, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is the most widely used for research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) because the NOD shares several genetic and immunologic traits with the human form of the disease. In this article, the authors discuss the similarities and differences in NOD and human T1D and the potential role of NOD mice in future preclinical studies, aiming to provide a better understanding of the genetic and immune defects that lead to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, beta-cell mass (BCM), which exclusively produces insulin, is lost. Various therapeutic strategies are being developed that target BCM to restore its function by promoting beta-cell neogenesis and regeneration or by preventing its apoptosis. To this end, it is essential to identify biomarkers of BCM. Of the various imaging platforms, radionuclide-based imaging methods using radioligands that directly target BCM appear promising. In particular, the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), which is expressed almost exclusively by beta-cells and found in close association with insulin, can be noninvasively imaged with PET and (11)C-dihydrotetrabenazine or its derivatives. Despite the major limitation that beta-cells are low in abundance (1%-2%) and dispersed throughout the pancreas, VMAT2 PET is sensitive enough to detect VMAT2 signal and to allow kinetic model-based quantification of VMAT2 binding within the pancreas. However, these techniques are still in early stages, and careful further evaluations and technical developments are needed before they can be clinically used as a valid biomarker of BCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ichise
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical College, New York, New York 11032, USA.
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Todd JA. Etiology of type 1 diabetes. Immunity 2010; 32:457-67. [PMID: 20412756 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic mapping and gene-phenotype studies have revealed the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes. At least ten genes so far can be singled out as strong causal candidates. The known functions of these genes indicate the primary etiological pathways of this disease, including HLA class II and I molecules binding to preproinsulin peptides and T cell receptors, T and B cell activation, innate pathogen-viral responses, chemokine and cytokine signaling, and T regulatory and antigen-presenting cell functions. This review considers research in the field of type 1 diabetes toward identifying disease mechanisms using genetic approaches. The expression and functions of these pathways, and, therefore, disease susceptibility, will be influenced by epigenetic and environmental factors. Certain inherited immune phenotypes will be early precursors of type 1 diabetes and could be useful in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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Driver JP, Serreze DV, Chen YG. Mouse models for the study of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a NOD to similarities and differences to human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:67-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yamanouchi J, Puertas MC, Verdaguer J, Lyons PA, Rainbow DB, Chamberlain G, Hunter KM, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Santamaria P. Idd9.1 locus controls the suppressive activity of FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:272-81. [PMID: 19833887 PMCID: PMC2797933 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The approximately 45-cM insulin-dependent diabetes 9 (Idd9) region on mouse chromosome 4 harbors several different type 1 diabetes-associated loci. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for the Idd9 region of C57BL/10 (B10) mice, carrying antidiabetogenic alleles in three different Idd9 subregions (Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3), are strongly resistant to type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to define mechanisms underlying the type 1 diabetes resistance afforded by B10 Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and/or Idd9.3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a reductionist approach that involves comparing the fate of a type 1 diabetes-relevant autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell population, specific for residues 206-214 of islet-specific glucose 6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP(206-214)), in noncongenic versus B10 Idd9-congenic (Idd9.1 + Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3) T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (8.3) NOD mice. RESULTS Most of the protective effect of Idd9 against 8.3-CD8(+) T-cell-enhanced type 1 diabetes was mediated by Idd9.1. Although Idd9.2 and Idd9.3 afforded some protection, the effects were small and did not enhance the greater protective effect of Idd9.1. B10 Idd9.1 afforded type 1 diabetes resistance without impairing the developmental biology or intrinsic diabetogenic potential of autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells. Studies in T- and B-cell-deficient 8.3-NOD.B10 Idd9.1 mice revealed that this antidiabetogenic effect was mediated by endogenous, nontransgenic T-cells in a B-cell-independent manner. Consistent with this, B10 Idd9.1 increased the suppressive function and antidiabetogenic activity of the FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell subset in both TCR-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS A gene(s) within Idd9.1 regulates the development and function of FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells and, in turn, the activation of CD8(+) effector T-cells in the pancreatic draining lymph nodes, without affecting their development or intrinsic diabetogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria-Carmen Puertas
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Pere Santamaria,
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Linking chronic infection and autoimmune diseases: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, SLC11A1 polymorphisms and type-1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7109. [PMID: 19768110 PMCID: PMC2740822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is still unknown; numerous studies are performed to unravel the environmental factors involved in triggering the disease. SLC11A1 is a membrane transporter that is expressed in late endosomes of antigen presenting cells involved in the immunopathogenic events leading to T1DM. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been reported to be a possible trigger in the development of T1DM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fifty nine T1DM patients and 79 healthy controls were genotyped for 9 polymorphisms of SLC11A1 gene, and screened for the presence of MAP by PCR. Differences in genotype frequency were evaluated for both T1DM patients and controls. We found a polymorphism in the SLC11A1 gene (274C/T) associated to type 1 diabetic patients and not to controls. The presence of MAP DNA was also significantly associated with T1DM patients and not with controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The 274C/T SCL11A1 polymorphism was found to be associated with T1DM as well as the presence of MAP DNA in blood. Since MAP persists within macrophages and it is also processed by dendritic cells, further studies are necessary to evaluate if mutant forms of SLC11A1 alter the processing or presentation of MAP antigens triggering thereby an autoimmune response in T1DM patients.
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Martinez X, Clark J, Howlett S, Hunter KM, Rainbow DB, Wen L, Shlomchik MJ, Katz JD, Beilhack GF, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Expression of diabetes-associated genes by dendritic cells and CD4 T cells drives the loss of tolerance in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1533-41. [PMID: 19592648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans and NOD mice, defects in immune tolerance result in the spontaneous development of type-1-diabetes. Recent studies have ascribed a breakdown in tolerance to dysfunction in regulatory T cells that is secondary to reduced IL-2 production by T cells having the NOD diabetes susceptibility region insulin-dependent diabetes 3 (Idd3). In this study, we demonstrate a peripheral tolerance defect in the dendritic cells of NOD mice that is independent of regulatory T cells. NOD CD8 T cells specific for islet Ags fail to undergo deletion in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Deletion was promoted by expression of the protective alleles of both Idd3 (Il2) and Idd5 in dendritic cells. We further identify a second tolerance defect that involves endogenous CD4 T cell expression of the disease-promoting NOD alleles of these genetic regions. Pervasive insulitis can be reduced by expression of the Idd3 and Idd5 protective alleles by either the Ag-presenting cell or lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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