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Song J, Wang P, Li H. U-shaped relationship between fasting blood glucose and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the general United States population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1334949. [PMID: 38559692 PMCID: PMC10978799 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1334949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The current controversy surrounding the association between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and albuminuria necessitates further investigation. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between FBG and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Methods A cohort of complete data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants (1999-2020) was analyzed. Linear regression analyses and a generalized additive model explored the association between FBG and UACR. Furthermore, the stability of this relationship across different populations was assessed. Results The study involved a total of 20,264 participants who were identified as U.S. citizens. By employing linear regression analysis, a statistically significant relationship was observed between elevated FBG levels and an increase in UACR (P<0.0001). Additionally, using a generalized additive model analysis, a U-shaped correlation between FBG and UACR was identified. Further examination using threshold effect analysis indicated a turning point for FBG at 5.44 mmol/L. A noteworthy finding in multiple populations is the consistent U-shaped association between FBG and UACR, except for individuals with serum uric acid levels ≥420 μmol/L and those who refrain from alcohol consumption. Conclusion The general U.S. population has a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between FBG and UACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yongfeng People’s Hospital, Jian, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Medical Records, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Czogała W, Czogała M, Strojny W, Wątor G, Wołkow P, Wójcik M, Bik Multanowski M, Tomasik P, Wędrychowicz A, Kowalczyk W, Miklusiak K, Łazarczyk A, Hałubiec P, Skoczeń S. Methylation and Expression of FTO and PLAG1 Genes in Childhood Obesity: Insight into Anthropometric Parameters and Glucose-Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13:1683. [PMID: 34063412 PMCID: PMC8155878 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of childhood obesity is influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors. FTO (FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase) is a gene of well-established connection with adiposity, while a protooncogene PLAG1 (PLAG1 zinc finger) has been only recently linked to this condition. We performed a cross-sectional study on a cohort of 16 obese (aged 6.6-17.7) and 10 healthy (aged 11.4-16.9) children. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between methylation and expression of the aforementioned genes and the presence of obesity as well as alterations in anthropometric measurements (including waist circumference (WC), body fat (BF_kg) and body fat percent (BF_%)), metabolic parameters (lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin levels, presence of insulin resistance) and blood pressure. Expression and methylation were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using a microarray technique and a method based on restriction enzymes, respectively. Multiple regression models were constructed to adjust for the possible influence of age and sex on the investigated associations. We showed significantly increased expression of the FTO gene in obese children and in patients with documented insulin resistance. Higher FTO expression was also associated with an increase in WC, BF_kg, and BF_% as well as higher fasting concentration of free fatty acids (FFA). FTO methylation correlated positively with WC and BF_kg. Increase in PLAG1 expression was associated with higher BF%. Our results indicate that the FTO gene is likely to play an important role in the development of childhood adiposity together with coexisting impairment of glucose-lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czogała
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czogała
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strojny
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Gracjan Wątor
- Center for Medical Genomics—OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Paweł Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics—OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Bik Multanowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wędrychowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kowalczyk
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.K.); (K.M.); (A.Ł.); (P.H.)
| | - Karol Miklusiak
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.K.); (K.M.); (A.Ł.); (P.H.)
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.K.); (K.M.); (A.Ł.); (P.H.)
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.K.); (K.M.); (A.Ł.); (P.H.)
| | - Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (W.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
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Rao A, McBride EL, Zhang G, Xu H, Cai T, Notkins AL, Aronova MA, Leapman RD. Determination of secretory granule maturation times in pancreatic islet β-cells by serial block-face electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107584. [PMID: 32736074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is shown how serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) of insulin-secreting β-cells in wild-type mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans can be used to determine maturation times of secretory granules. Although SBEM captures the β-cell structure at a snapshot in time, the observed ultrastructure can be considered representative of a dynamic equilibrium state of the cells since the pancreatic islets are maintained in culture in approximate homeostasis. It was found that 7.2 ± 1.2% (±st. dev.) of the β-cell volume is composed of secretory granule dense-cores exhibiting angular shapes surrounded by wide (typically ≳100 nm) electron-lucent halos. These organelles are identified as mature granules that store insulin for regulated release through the plasma membrane, with a release time of 96 ± 12 h, as previously obtained from pulsed 35S-radiolabeling of cysteine and methionine. Analysis of β-cell 3D volumes reveals a subpopulation of secretory organelles without electron-lucent halos, identified as immature secretory granules. Another subpopulation of secretory granules is found with thin (typically ≲30 nm) electron-lucent halos, which are attributed to immature granules that are transforming from proinsulin to insulin by action of prohormone convertases. From the volume ratio of proinsulin in the immature granules to insulin in the mature granules, we estimate that the newly formed immature granules remain in morphologically-defined immature states for an average time of 135 ± 14 min, and the immature transforming granules for an average time of 130 ± 17 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rao
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E L McBride
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - G Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Xu
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M A Aronova
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R D Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Shomorony A, Pfeifer CR, Aronova MA, Zhang G, Cai T, Xu H, Notkins AL, Leapman RD. Combining quantitative 2D and 3D image analysis in the serial block face SEM: application to secretory organelles of pancreatic islet cells. J Microsc 2015; 259:155-164. [PMID: 26139222 PMCID: PMC4515433 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A combination of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analyses of tissue volume ultrastructure acquired by serial block face scanning electron microscopy can greatly shorten the time required to obtain quantitative information from big data sets that contain many billions of voxels. Thus, to analyse the number of organelles of a specific type, or the total volume enclosed by a population of organelles within a cell, it is possible to estimate the number density or volume fraction of that organelle using a stereological approach to analyse randomly selected 2D block face views through the cells, and to combine such estimates with precise measurement of 3D cell volumes by delineating the plasma membrane in successive block face images. The validity of such an approach can be easily tested since the entire 3D tissue volume is available in the serial block face scanning electron microscopy data set. We have applied this hybrid 3D/2D technique to determine the number of secretory granules in the endocrine α and β cells of mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and have been able to estimate the total insulin content of a β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shomorony
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - C R Pfeifer
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - M A Aronova
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - G Zhang
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - T Cai
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - H Xu
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - A L Notkins
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - R D Leapman
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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Pulsatile insulin secretion, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:61-77. [PMID: 25637831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) results when increases in beta cell function and/or mass cannot compensate for rising insulin resistance. Numerous studies have documented the longitudinal changes in metabolism that occur during the development of glucose intolerance and lead to T2DM. However, the role of changes in insulin secretion, both amount and temporal pattern, has been understudied. Most of the insulin secreted from pancreatic beta cells of the pancreas is released in a pulsatile pattern, which is disrupted in T2DM. Here we review the evidence that changes in beta cell pulsatility occur during the progression from glucose intolerance to T2DM in humans, and contribute significantly to the etiology of the disease. We review the evidence that insulin pulsatility improves the efficacy of secreted insulin on its targets, particularly hepatic glucose production, but also examine evidence that pulsatility alters or is altered by changes in peripheral glucose uptake. Finally, we summarize our current understanding of the biophysical mechanisms responsible for oscillatory insulin secretion. Understanding how insulin pulsatility contributes to normal glucose homeostasis and is altered in metabolic disease states may help improve the treatment of T2DM.
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Abstract
Diabetes is a disease characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin, leading to hyperglycaemia. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is due to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance coupled by a failure of the beta cell to compensate. Animal models for type 1 diabetes range from animals with spontaneously developing autoimmune diabetes to chemical ablation of the pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes is modelled in both obese and non-obese animal models with varying degrees of insulin resistance and beta cell failure. This review outlines some of the models currently used in diabetes research. In addition, the use of transgenic and knock-out mouse models is discussed. Ideally, more than one animal model should be used to represent the diversity seen in human diabetic patients.
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Declercq J, Kumar A, Gysemans C, Di Pietro C, Schraenen A, Chintinne M, Lemaire K, Van Lommel L, Van De Casteele M, Heimberg H, Pipeleers D, Schuit FC, Mathieu C, Ectors N, Van de Ven WJM, Verfaillie CM. Pdx1- and Ngn3-Cre-mediated PLAG1 expression in the pancreas leads to endocrine hormone imbalances that affect glucose metabolism. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1285-97. [PMID: 21294959 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x550242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (PLAGL1) has been linked to transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. Here, we investigated the role of the related pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) in glucose homeostasis. PLAG1 transgenic mice in which expression of the PLAG1 transgene can be targeted to different organs by Cre-mediated modulation were crossed with Pdx1-Cre or Ngn3-Cre mice, resulting in double transgenic P1-Pdx1Cre or P1-Ngn3Cre mice, respectively. P1-Pdx1Cre and P1-Ngn3Cre mice developed hyperplasia of pancreatic islets due to increased β- and δ- but not α-cell proliferation. In young P1-Pdx1Cre mice (less than 15 weeks) there was a balanced increase in the pancreatic content of insulin and somatostatin, which was associated with normoglycemia. In older P1-Pdx1Cre mice the pancreatic somatostatin content far exceeded that of insulin, leading to the progressive development of severe hypoglycemia beyond 30 weeks. In contrast, in older P1-Ngn3Cre mice the relative increase of the pancreatic insulin content exceeded that of somatostatin and these mice remained normoglycemic. In conclusion, forced expression of PLAG1 under the control of the Pdx1 or Ngn3 promoter in murine pancreas induces different degrees of endocrine hormone imbalances within the pancreas, which is associated with hypoglycemia in P1-Pdx1Cre mice but not P1-Ngn3Cre mice. These results suggest that once stem cell-derived islet transplantations become possible, the appropriate balance between different hormone-producing cells will need to be preserved to prevent deregulated glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Declercq
- Stem Cell Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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