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Bo T, Gao L, Yao Z, Shao S, Wang X, Proud CG, Zhao J. Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Cell Metab 2024; 36:947-968. [PMID: 38718757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a major pathogenic factor in the progression of MASLD. In the liver, insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis and enhances de novo lipogenesis (DNL). During IR, there is a defect in insulin-mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis, but an unrestrained increase in hepatic lipogenesis persists. The mechanism of increased hepatic steatosis in IR is unclear and remains controversial. The key discrepancy is whether insulin retains its ability to directly regulate hepatic lipogenesis. Blocking insulin/IRS/AKT signaling reduces liver lipid deposition in IR, suggesting insulin can still regulate lipid metabolism; hepatic glucose metabolism that bypasses insulin's action may contribute to lipogenesis; and due to peripheral IR, other tissues are likely to impact liver lipid deposition. We here review the current understanding of insulin's action in governing different aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism under normal and IR states, with the purpose of highlighting the essential issues that remain unsettled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Bosso M, Haddad D, Al Madhoun A, Al-Mulla F. Targeting the Metabolic Paradigms in Cancer and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:211. [PMID: 38255314 PMCID: PMC10813379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. This review delves into the commonalities in metabolism between cancer and type 2 diabetes (T2D), focusing specifically on the contrasting roles of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis as primary energy-generating pathways within cells. Building on earlier research, we explore how a shift towards one pathway over the other serves as a foundational aspect in the development of cancer and T2D. Unlike previous reviews, we posit that this shift may occur in seemingly opposing yet complementary directions, akin to the Yin and Yang concept. These metabolic fluctuations reveal an intricate network of underlying defective signaling pathways, orchestrating the pathogenesis and progression of each disease. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no OXPHOS, emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, in T2D, the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than an OXPHOS-to-glycolysis shift. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic shifts and explores promising therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing the metabolic imbalance in both disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Bosso
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Dania Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Department of Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
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Li J, Sato T, Hernández-Tejero M, Beier JI, Sayed K, Benos PV, Wilkey DW, Humar A, Merchant ML, Duarte-Rojo A, Arteel GE. The plasma degradome reflects later development of NASH fibrosis after liver transplant. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9965. [PMID: 37340062 PMCID: PMC10282030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although liver transplantation (LT) is an effective therapy for cirrhosis, the risk of post-LT NASH is alarmingly high and is associated with accelerated progression to fibrosis/cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and decreased survival. Lack of risk stratification strategies hampers early intervention against development of post-LT NASH fibrosis. The liver undergoes significant remodeling during inflammatory injury. During such remodeling, degraded peptide fragments (i.e., 'degradome') of the ECM and other proteins increase in plasma, making it a useful diagnostic/prognostic tool in chronic liver disease. To investigate whether liver injury caused by post-LT NASH would yield a unique degradome profile that is predictive of severe post-LT NASH fibrosis, a retrospective analysis of 22 biobanked samples from the Starzl Transplantation Institute (12 with post-LT NASH after 5 years and 10 without) was performed. Total plasma peptides were isolated and analyzed by 1D-LC-MS/MS analysis using a Proxeon EASY-nLC 1000 UHPLC and nanoelectrospray ionization into an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. Qualitative and quantitative peptide features data were developed from MSn datasets using PEAKS Studio X (v10). LC-MS/MS yielded ~ 2700 identifiable peptide features based on the results from Peaks Studio analysis. Several peptides were significantly altered in patients that later developed fibrosis and heatmap analysis of the top 25 most significantly changed peptides, most of which were ECM-derived, clustered the 2 patient groups well. Supervised modeling of the dataset indicated that a fraction of the total peptide signal (~ 15%) could explain the differences between the groups, indicating a strong potential for representative biomarker selection. A similar degradome profile was observed when the plasma degradome patterns were compared being obesity sensitive (C57Bl6/J) and insensitive (AJ) mouse strains. The plasma degradome profile of post-LT patients yielded stark difference based on later development of post-LT NASH fibrosis. This approach could yield new "fingerprints" that can serve as minimally-invasive biomarkers of negative outcomes post-LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, West 1143, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Toshifumi Sato
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, West 1143, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - María Hernández-Tejero
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, West 1143, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, West 1143, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khaled Sayed
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Daniel W Wilkey
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Abhinav Humar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Andres Duarte-Rojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern Medicine and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Medicine and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, West 1143, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Fromenty B, Roden M. Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases. J Hepatol 2023; 78:415-429. [PMID: 36209983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases can result from common metabolic diseases, as well as from xenobiotic exposure and excessive alcohol use, all of which have been shown to exert toxic effects on hepatic mitochondrial functionality and dynamics. Invasive or complex methodology limits large-scale investigations of mitochondria in human livers. Nevertheless, abnormal mitochondrial function, such as impaired fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, drives oxidative stress and has been identified as an important feature of human steatohepatitis. On the other hand, hepatic mitochondria can be flexible and adapt to the ambient metabolic condition to prevent triglyceride and lipotoxin accumulation in obesity. Experience from studies on xenobiotics has provided important insights into the regulation of hepatic mitochondria. Increasing awareness of the joint presence of metabolic disease-related (lipotoxic) and alcohol-related liver diseases further highlights the need to better understand their mutual interaction and potentiation in disease progression. Recent clinical studies have assessed the effects of diets or bariatric surgery on hepatic mitochondria, which are also evolving as an interesting therapeutic target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review summarises the current knowledge on hepatic mitochondria with a focus on fatty liver diseases linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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5
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Li J, Sato T, Hernández-Tejero M, Beier JI, Sayed K, Benos PV, Wilkey DW, Humar A, Merchant ML, Duarte-Rojo A, Arteel GE. The plasma degradome reflects later development of NASH fibrosis after liver transplant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526241. [PMID: 36778394 PMCID: PMC9915514 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although liver transplantation (LT) is an effective therapy for cirrhosis, the risk of post-LT NASH is alarmingly high and is associated with accelerated progression to fibrosis/cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and decreased survival. Lack of risk stratification strategies hamper liver undergoes significant remodeling during inflammatory injury. During such remodeling, degraded peptide fragments (i.e., 'degradome') of the ECM and other proteins increase in plasma, making it a useful diagnostic/prognostic tool in chronic liver disease. To investigate whether inflammatory liver injury caused by post-LT NASH would yield a unique degradome profile, predictive of severe post-LT NASH fibrosis, we performed a retrospective analysis of 22 biobanked samples from the Starzl Transplantation Institute (12 with post-LT NASH after 5 years and 10 without). Total plasma peptides were isolated and analyzed by 1D-LC-MS/MS analysis using a Proxeon EASY-nLC 1000 UHPLC and nanoelectrospray ionization into an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. Qualitative and quantitative peptide features data were developed from MSn datasets using PEAKS Studio X (v10). LC-MS/MS yielded ∼2700 identifiable peptide features based on the results from Peaks Studio analysis. Several peptides were significantly altered in patients that later developed fibrosis and heatmap analysis of the top 25 most significantly-changed peptides, most of which were ECM-derived, clustered the 2 patient groups well. Supervised modeling of the dataset indicated that a fraction of the total peptide signal (∼15%) could explain the differences between the groups, indicating a strong potential for representative biomarker selection. A similar degradome profile was observed when the plasma degradome patterns were compared being obesity sensitive (C57Bl6/J) and insensitive (AJ) mouse strains. Both The plasma degradome profile of post-LT patients yields stark difference based on later development of post-LT NASH fibrosis. This approach could yield new "fingerprints" that can serve as minimally-invasive biomarkers of negative outcomes post-LT.
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Sánchez-Archidona AR, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Roujeau C, Wigger L, Lallement J, Denom J, Barovic M, Kassis N, Mehl F, Weitz J, Distler M, Klose C, Simons K, Ibberson M, Solimena M, Magnan C, Thorens B. Plasma triacylglycerols are biomarkers of β-cell function in mice and humans. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101355. [PMID: 34634522 PMCID: PMC8602044 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To find plasma biomarkers prognostic of type 2 diabetes, which could also inform on pancreatic β-cell deregulations or defects in the function of insulin target tissues. Methods We conducted a systems biology approach to characterize the plasma lipidomes of C57Bl/6J, DBA/2J, and BALB/cJ mice under different nutritional conditions, as well as their pancreatic islet and liver transcriptomes. We searched for correlations between plasma lipids and tissue gene expression modules. Results We identified strong correlation between plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs) and islet gene modules that comprise key regulators of glucose- and lipid-regulated insulin secretion and of the insulin signaling pathway, the two top hits were Gck and Abhd6 for negative and positive correlations, respectively. Correlations were also found between sphingomyelins and islet gene modules that overlapped in part with the gene modules correlated with TAGs. In the liver, the gene module most strongly correlated with plasma TAGs was enriched in mRNAs encoding fatty acid and carnitine transporters as well as multiple enzymes of the β-oxidation pathway. In humans, plasma TAGs also correlated with the expression of several of the same key regulators of insulin secretion and the insulin signaling pathway identified in mice. This cross-species comparative analysis further led to the identification of PITPNC1 as a candidate regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Conclusion TAGs emerge as biomarkers of a liver-to-β-cell axis that links hepatic β-oxidation to β-cell functional mass and insulin secretion. Plasma triacylglycerols correlated with genes controlling β-cell mass and function. Plasma triacylglycerols correlated with genes controlling liver β-oxidation. In humans, triacylglycerols also correlated with key regulators of insulin secretion. Mouse and human data identified PITPNC1 as a candidate regulator of insulin secretion. Triacylglycerols are biomarkers of the liver-to-β-cell axis and β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez Sánchez-Archidona
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Clara Roujeau
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Leonore Wigger
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Marko Barovic
- Department of Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Mehl
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jurgen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marius Distler
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Solimena
- Department of Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Kutz LC, Cui X, Xie JX, Mukherji ST, Terrell KC, Huang M, Wang X, Wang J, Martin AJ, Pessoa MT, Cai L, Zhu H, Heiny JA, Shapiro JI, Blanco G, Xie Z, Pierre SV. The Na/K-ATPase α1/Src interaction regulates metabolic reserve and Western diet intolerance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13652. [PMID: 33752256 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Highly prevalent diseases such as insulin resistance and heart failure are characterized by reduced metabolic flexibility and reserve. We tested whether Na/K-ATPase (NKA)-mediated regulation of Src kinase, which requires two NKA sequences specific to the α1 isoform, is a regulator of metabolic capacity that can be targeted pharmacologically. METHODS Metabolic capacity was challenged functionally by Seahorse metabolic flux analyses and glucose deprivation in LLC-PK1-derived cells expressing Src binding rat NKA α1, non-Src-binding rat NKA α2 (the most abundant NKA isoform in the skeletal muscle), and Src binding gain-of-function mutant rat NKA α2. Mice with skeletal muscle-specific ablation of NKA α1 (skα1-/-) were generated using a MyoD:Cre-Lox approach and were subjected to treadmill testing and Western diet. C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to Western diet with or without pharmacological inhibition of NKA α1/Src modulation by treatment with pNaKtide, a cell-permeable peptide designed by mapping one of the sites of NKA α1/Src interaction. RESULTS Metabolic studies in mutant cell lines revealed that the Src binding regions of NKA α1 are required to maintain metabolic reserve and flexibility. Skα1-/- mice had decreased exercise endurance and mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction. However, skα1-/- mice were resistant to Western diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, a protection phenocopied by pharmacological inhibition of NKA α1-mediated Src regulation with pNaKtide. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NKA α1/Src regulatory function may be targeted in metabolic diseases. Because Src regulatory capability by NKA α1 is exclusive to endotherms, it may link the aerobic scope hypothesis of endothermy evolution to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kutz
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Jeffrey X. Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Shreya T. Mukherji
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Kayleigh C. Terrell
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Minqi Huang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Adam J. Martin
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Marco T. Pessoa
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Liquan Cai
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery Wexner Medical Center Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Judith A. Heiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Gustavo Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and The Kidney Institute University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Marshall University Huntington WV USA
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Altered Metabolic Flexibility in Inherited Metabolic Diseases of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073799. [PMID: 33917608 PMCID: PMC8038842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, metabolic flexibility refers to an organism's capacity to adapt to metabolic changes due to differing energy demands. The aim of this work is to summarize and discuss recent findings regarding variables that modulate energy regulation in two different pathways of mitochondrial fatty metabolism: β-oxidation and fatty acid biosynthesis. We focus specifically on two diseases: very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) and malonyl-CoA synthetase deficiency (acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3)) deficiency, which are both characterized by alterations in metabolic flexibility. On the one hand, in a mouse model of VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice, the white skeletal muscle undergoes metabolic and morphologic transdifferentiation towards glycolytic muscle fiber types via the up-regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis (mtFAS). On the other hand, in ACSF3-deficient patients, fibroblasts show impaired mitochondrial respiration, reduced lipoylation, and reduced glycolytic flux, which are compensated for by an increased β-oxidation rate and the use of anaplerotic amino acids to address the energy needs. Here, we discuss a possible co-regulation by mtFAS and β-oxidation in the maintenance of energy homeostasis.
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9
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Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010436. [PMID: 33406763 PMCID: PMC7795122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and has become the major cause of chronic liver disease, especially in western countries. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic histological alterations, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis with a potential development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Several studies reported that insulin resistance, redox unbalance, inflammation, and lipid metabolism dysregulation are involved in NAFLD progression. However, the mechanisms beyond the evolution of simple steatosis to NASH are not clearly understood yet. Recent findings suggest that different oxidized products, such as lipids, cholesterol, aldehydes and other macromolecules could drive the inflammation onset. On the other hand, new evidence indicates innate and adaptive immunity activation as the driving force in establishing liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we discuss how immunity, triggered by oxidative products and promoting in turn oxidative stress in a vicious cycle, fuels NAFLD progression. Furthermore, we explored the emerging importance of immune cell metabolism in determining inflammation, describing the potential application of trained immune discoveries in the NASH pathological context.
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10
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Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:116-141. [PMID: 32156524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with the presence of oxidative stress. Disturbances in lipid metabolism lead to hepatic lipid accumulation, which affects different reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and NADPH oxidase. Mitochondrial function adapts to NAFLD mainly through the downregulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the preserved or enhanced capacity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which stimulates ROS overproduction within different ETC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. However, non-ETC sources of ROS, in particular, fatty acid β-oxidation, appear to produce more ROS in hepatic metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NADPH oxidase alterations are also associated with NAFLD, but the degree of their contribution to oxidative stress in NAFLD remains unclear. Increased ROS generation induces changes in insulin sensitivity and in the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, the interaction between redox signaling and innate immune signaling forms a complex network that regulates inflammatory responses. Based on the mechanistic view described above, this review summarizes the mechanisms that may account for the excessive production of ROS, the potential mechanistic roles of ROS that drive NAFLD progression, and therapeutic interventions that are related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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11
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Seidman JS, Troutman TD, Sakai M, Gola A, Spann NJ, Bennett H, Bruni CM, Ouyang Z, Li RZ, Sun X, Vu BT, Pasillas MP, Ego KM, Gosselin D, Link VM, Chong LW, Evans RM, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Hosseini M, Witztum JL, Germain RN, Glass CK. Niche-Specific Reprogramming of Epigenetic Landscapes Drives Myeloid Cell Diversity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Immunity 2020; 52:1057-1074.e7. [PMID: 32362324 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages contribute to both host defense and pathology. Multiple macrophage phenotypes are represented in diseased tissues, but we lack deep understanding of mechanisms controlling diversification. Here, we investigate origins and epigenetic trajectories of hepatic macrophages during diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The NASH diet induced significant changes in Kupffer cell enhancers and gene expression, resulting in partial loss of Kupffer cell identity, induction of Trem2 and Cd9 expression, and cell death. Kupffer cell loss was compensated by gain of adjacent monocyte-derived macrophages that exhibited convergent epigenomes, transcriptomes, and functions. NASH-induced changes in Kupffer cell enhancers were driven by AP-1 and EGR that reprogrammed LXR functions required for Kupffer cell identity and survival to instead drive a scar-associated macrophage phenotype. These findings reveal mechanisms by which disease-associated environmental signals instruct resident and recruited macrophages to acquire distinct gene expression programs and corresponding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita Gola
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cassi M Bruni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rick Z Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - BaoChau T Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaori M Ego
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Verena M Link
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Kume A, Suganuma K, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Suzuki H. Effect of vegetable oils on the experimental infection of mice with Trypanosoma congolense. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107845. [PMID: 32004533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oils are frequently used as solvents for lipophilic materials; accordingly, the effects of their components should be considered in animal experiments. In this study, the effects of various vegetable oils on the course of Trypanosoma congolense infection were examined in mice. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered four kinds of oils (i.e., coconut oil, olive oil, high oleic safflower oil, and high linoleic safflower oil) with different fatty acid compositions and infected with T. congolense IL-3000. Oil-treated mice infected with T. congolense showed significantly higher survival rates and lower parasitemia than those of control mice. Notably, coconut oil, which mainly consists of saturated fatty acids, delayed the development of parasitemia at the early stage of infection. These results indicated that vegetable oil intake could affect T. congolense infection in mice. These findings have important practical implications; for example, they suggest the potential effectiveness of vegetable oils as a part of the regular animal diet for controlling tropical diseases and indicate that vegetable oils are not suitable solvents for studies of the efficacy of lipophilic agents against T. congolense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kume
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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13
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Garcia J, Decker CW, Sanchez SJ, Ouk JM, Siu KM, Han D. Obesity and steatosis promotes mitochondrial remodeling that enhances respiratory capacity in the liver of ob/ob mice. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:916-927. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Garcia
- Department of Biology; University of La Verne; CA USA
| | - Carl W. Decker
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Keck Graduate Institute; Claremont CA USA
| | | | | | - Krysta M. Siu
- Department of Biology; University of La Verne; CA USA
| | - Derick Han
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Keck Graduate Institute; Claremont CA USA
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14
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Navarro CDC, Figueira TR, Francisco A, Dal'Bó GA, Ronchi JA, Rovani JC, Escanhoela CAF, Oliveira HCF, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Redox imbalance due to the loss of mitochondrial NAD(P)-transhydrogenase markedly aggravates high fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:190-202. [PMID: 28964917 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which a high fat diet (HFD) promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) appear to involve liver mitochondrial dysfunctions and redox imbalance. We hypothesized that a HFD would increase mitochondrial reliance on NAD(P)-transhydrogenase (NNT) as the source of NADPH for antioxidant systems that counteract NAFLD development. Therefore, we studied HFD-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunctions and NAFLD in C57Unib.B6 congenic mice with (Nnt+/+) or without (Nnt-/-) NNT activity; the spontaneously mutated allele (Nnt-/-) was inherited from the C57BL/6J mouse substrain. After 20 weeks on a HFD, Nnt-/- mice exhibited a higher prevalence of steatohepatitis and content of liver triglycerides compared to Nnt+/+ mice on an identical diet. Under a HFD, the aggravated NAFLD phenotype in the Nnt-/- mice was accompanied by an increased H2O2 release rate from mitochondria, decreased aconitase activity (a redox-sensitive mitochondrial enzyme) and higher susceptibility to Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. In addition, HFD led to the phosphorylation (inhibition) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and markedly reduced the ability of liver mitochondria to remove peroxide in Nnt-/- mice. Bypass or pharmacological reactivation of PDH by dichloroacetate restored the peroxide removal capability of mitochondria from Nnt-/- mice on a HFD. Noteworthy, compared to mice that were chow-fed, the HFD did not impair peroxide removal nor elicit redox imbalance in mitochondria from Nnt+/+ mice. Therefore, HFD interacted with Nnt mutation to generate PDH inhibition and further suppression of peroxide removal. We conclude that NNT plays a critical role in counteracting mitochondrial redox imbalance, PDH inhibition and advancement of NAFLD in mice fed a HFD. The present study provide seminal experimental evidence that redox imbalance in liver mitochondria potentiates the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis following a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D C Navarro
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Annelise Francisco
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Genoefa A Dal'Bó
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Ronchi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Rovani
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia A F Escanhoela
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Mitochondrial adaptation in steatotic mice. Mitochondrion 2017; 40:1-12. [PMID: 28935446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Western lifestyle-associated malnutrition causes steatosis that may progress to liver inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a key factor in promoting this disease. Here we have molecularly, biochemically and biophysically analyzed mitochondria from steatotic wild type and immune-compromised mice fed a Western diet (WD) - enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). WD-mitochondria demonstrated lipidomic changes, a decreased mitochondrial ATP production capacity and a significant sensitivity to calcium. These changes preceded hepatocyte damage and were not associated with enhanced ROS production. Thus, WD-mitochondria do not promote steatohepatitis per se, but demonstrate bioenergetic deficits and increased sensitivity to stress signals.
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16
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Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Bellini L, Denom J, Oshima M, Fernandez N, Normandie-Levi P, Berney XP, Kassis N, Rouch C, Dairou J, Gorman T, Smith DM, Marley A, Liechti R, Kuznetsov D, Wigger L, Burdet F, Lefèvre AL, Wehrle I, Uphues I, Hildebrandt T, Rust W, Bernard C, Ktorza A, Rutter GA, Scharfmann R, Xenarios I, Le Stunff H, Thorens B, Magnan C, Ibberson M. Molecular phenotyping of multiple mouse strains under metabolic challenge uncovers a role for Elovl2 in glucose-induced insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2017; 6:340-351. [PMID: 28377873 PMCID: PMC5369210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In type 2 diabetes (T2D), pancreatic β cells become progressively dysfunctional, leading to a decline in insulin secretion over time. In this study, we aimed to identify key genes involved in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction by analyzing multiple mouse strains in parallel under metabolic stress. METHODS Male mice from six commonly used non-diabetic mouse strains were fed a high fat or regular chow diet for three months. Pancreatic islets were extracted and phenotypic measurements were recorded at 2 days, 10 days, 30 days, and 90 days to assess diabetes progression. RNA-Seq was performed on islet tissue at each time-point and integrated with the phenotypic data in a network-based analysis. RESULTS A module of co-expressed genes was selected for further investigation as it showed the strongest correlation to insulin secretion and oral glucose tolerance phenotypes. One of the predicted network hub genes was Elovl2, encoding Elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2. Elovl2 silencing decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse and human β cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role for Elovl2 in ensuring normal insulin secretory responses to glucose. Moreover, the large comprehensive dataset and integrative network-based approach provides a new resource to dissect the molecular etiology of β cell failure under metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Lara Bellini
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Neïké Fernandez
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Priscilla Normandie-Levi
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier P Berney
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Claude Rouch
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Tracy Gorman
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Anna Marley
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Robin Liechti
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Kuznetsov
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonore Wigger
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Burdet
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Lefèvre
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Isabelle Wehrle
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Ingo Uphues
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Werner Rust
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Catherine Bernard
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Alain Ktorza
- Recherche de Découverte, PIT Métabolisme, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; I2BC - UMR 9198 Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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A possible link between hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and diet-induced insulin resistance. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:1-6. [PMID: 26476631 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are the main cellular sites devoted to ATP production and lipid oxidation. Therefore, the mitochondrial dysfunction could be an important determinant of cellular fate of circulating lipids, that accumulate in the cytoplasm, if they are not oxidized. The ectopic fat accumulation is associated with the development of insulin resistance, and a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance has been proposed. METHODS Recent data on the possible link existing between mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and diet induced obesity will be summarized, focusing on the three factors that affect the mitochondrial oxidation of metabolic fuels, i.e. organelle number, organelle activity, and energetic efficiency of the mitochondrial machinery in synthesizing ATP. Search in PubMed relevant articles from 2003 to 2014 was conducted, by using query “liver mitochondria and obesity” “hepatic mitochondria and obesity” “liver mitochondria and high fat diet” and “hepatic mitochondria and high fat diet” and including related articles by the same groups. RESULTS Several works, by using different physiological approaches, have dealt with alteration in mitochondrial function in obesity and diabetes. Most results show that hepatic mitochondrial function is impaired in models of obesity and insulin resistance induced by high-fat or highfructose feeding. CONCLUSIONS Since mitochondria are the main producers of both cellular energy and free radicals, dysfunctional mitochondria could play an important role in the development of insulin resistance and ectopic fat storage in the liver, thus supporting the emerging idea that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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18
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Bardova K, Horakova O, Janovska P, Hansikova J, Kus V, van Schothorst EM, Hoevenaars FP, Uil M, Hensler M, Keijer J, Kopecky J. Early differences in metabolic flexibility between obesity-resistant and obesity-prone mice. Biochimie 2016; 124:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Kakimoto PA, Kowaltowski AJ. Effects of high fat diets on rodent liver bioenergetics and oxidative imbalance. Redox Biol 2016; 8:216-25. [PMID: 26826574 PMCID: PMC4753394 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metabolic diseases can be mimicked in rodents by using dietary interventions such as high fat diets (HFD). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develops as a result of HFD and the disease may progress in a manner involving increased production of oxidants. The main intracellular source of these oxidants are mitochondria, which are also responsible for lipid metabolism and thus widely recognized as important players in the pathology and progression of steatosis. Here, we review publications that study redox and bioenergetic effects of HFD in the liver. We find that dietary composition and protocol implementations vary widely, as do the results of these dietary interventions. Overall, all HFD promote steatosis, changes in β-oxidation, generation and consequences of oxidants, while effects on body weight, insulin signaling and other bioenergetic parameters are more variable with the experimental models adopted. Our review provides a broad analysis of the bioenergetic and redox changes promoted by HFD as well as suggestions for changes and specifications in methodologies that may help explain apparent disparities in the current literature. High fat diets (HFDs) induce steatosis, even with no weight changes . HFDs activate β-oxidation. HFDs promote oxidative imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela A Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Fritsch M, Koliaki C, Livingstone R, Phielix E, Bierwagen A, Meisinger M, Jelenik T, Strassburger K, Zimmermann S, Brockmann K, Wolff C, Hwang JH, Szendroedi J, Roden M. Time course of postprandial hepatic phosphorus metabolites in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetes patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1051-8. [PMID: 26423389 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired energy metabolism is a possible mechanism that contributes to insulin resistance and ectopic fat storage. OBJECTIVE We examined whether meal ingestion differently affects hepatic phosphorus metabolites in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant humans. DESIGN Young, lean, insulin-sensitive humans (CONs) [mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 23.2 ± 1.5]; insulin-resistant, glucose-tolerant, obese humans (OBEs) (BMI: 34.3 ± 1.7); and type 2 diabetes patients (T2Ds) (BMI: 32.0 ± 2.4) were studied (n = 10/group). T2Ds (61 ± 7 y old) were older (P < 0.001) than were OBEs (31 ± 7 y old) and CONs (28 ± 3 y old). We quantified hepatic γATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the fat content [hepatocellular lipids (HCLs)] with the use of (31)P/(1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and at 160 and 240 min after a high-caloric mixed meal. In a subset of volunteers, we measured the skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with the use of high-resolution respirometry. Whole-body insulin sensitivity (M value) was assessed with the use of hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. RESULTS OBEs and T2Ds were similarly insulin resistant (M value: 3.5 ± 1.4 and 1.9 ± 2.5 mg · kg(-1) · min(-1), respectively; P = 0.9) and had 12-fold (P = 0.01) and 17-fold (P = 0.002) higher HCLs, respectively, than those of lean persons. Despite comparable fasting hepatic γATP concentrations, the maximum postprandial increase of γATP was 6-fold higher in OBEs (0.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P = 0.03) but only tended to be higher in T2Ds (0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P = 0.09) than in CONs (0.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L). However, in the fasted state, muscle complex I activity was 53% lower (P = 0.01) in T2Ds but not in OBEs (P = 0.15) than in CONs. CONCLUSIONS Young, obese, nondiabetic humans exhibit augmented postprandial hepatic energy metabolism, whereas elderly T2Ds have impaired fasting muscle energy metabolism. These findings support the concept of a differential and tissue-specific regulation of energy metabolism, which can occur independently of insulin resistance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01229059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fritsch
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, and German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roshan Livingstone
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Esther Phielix
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Alessandra Bierwagen
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Meisinger
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zimmermann
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Brockmann
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Wolff
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jong-Hee Hwang
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, and German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, and German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
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Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems Biology Reveals Cigarette Smoke-Induced Concentration-Dependent Direct and Indirect Mechanisms That Promote Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:370-85. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rieusset J. Contribution of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in insulin resistance: Distinct or interrelated roles? DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:358-68. [PMID: 25797073 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulate numerous cellular processes, and are critical contributors to cellular and whole-body homoeostasis. More important, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress are both closely associated with hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance, thereby playing crucial roles in altered glucose homoeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The accumulated evidence also suggests a potential interrelationship between alterations in both types of organelles, as mitochondrial dysfunction could participate in activation of the unfolded protein response, whereas ER stress could influence mitochondrial function. The fact that mitochondria and the ER are physically and functionally interconnected via mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) supports their interrelated roles in the pathophysiology of T2DM. However, the mechanisms that coordinate the interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, and its relevance to the control of glucose homoeostasis, are still unknown. This review evaluates the involvement of mitochondria and ER independently in the development of peripheral insulin resistance, as well as their potential roles in the disruption of organelle crosstalk at MAM interfaces in the alteration of insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rieusset
- INSERM UMR-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, INRA U1235, INSA of Lyon, Rockefeller and Charles-Merieux Lyon-Sud medical Universities, 69003 Lyon, France; Endocrinology, diabetology and nutrition service, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France.
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Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Donizzetti I, Gifuni G, Sica R, Pignalosa A, Cavaliere G, Gaita M, De Filippo C, Zorzano A, Putti R. High-lard and high-fish-oil diets differ in their effects on function and dynamic behaviour of rat hepatic mitochondria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92753. [PMID: 24663492 PMCID: PMC3963938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that frequently undergo fission and fusion processes, and imbalances in these processes may be involved in obesity and insulin resistance. Aims The present work had the following aims: (a) to evaluate whether the mitochondrial dysfunction present in the hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet is associated with changes in mitochondrial dynamics and morphology; (b) to evaluate whether effects on the above parameters differ between high-lard and high-fish-oil diets, as it has been suggested that fish oil may have anti-obesity and anti-steatotic effects by stimulating fatty acids utilisation. Methods The development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance was monitored in rats fed a high-lard or high-fish-oil diet. Immunohistochemical and electronic microscopic observations were performed on liver sections. In isolated liver mitochondria, assessments of fatty acids oxidation rate, proton conductance and oxidative stress (by measuring H2O2 release and aconitase activity) were performed. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the presence of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics (i.e., fusion and fission processes). To investigate the fusion process, mitofusin 2 and autosomal dominant optic atrophy-1 (OPA1) were analysed. To investigate the fission process, the presence of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission 1 protein (Fis1) was assessed. Results High-lard feeding elicited greater hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance with associated mitochondrial dysfunction, greater oxidative stress and a shift towards mitochondrial fission processes (versus high-fish-oil feeding, which had an anti-steatotic effect associated with increased mitochondrial fusion processes). Conclusions Different types of high-fat diets differ in their effect on mitochondrial function and dynamic behaviour, leading to different cellular adaptations to over-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Gifuni
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Gaita
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara De Filippo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Osada J. The use of transcriptomics to unveil the role of nutrients in Mammalian liver. ISRN NUTRITION 2013; 2013:403792. [PMID: 24967258 PMCID: PMC4045299 DOI: 10.5402/2013/403792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the organ primarily responding to diet, and it is crucial in determining plasma carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels. In addition, it is mainly responsible for transformation of xenobiotics. For these reasons, it has been a target of transcriptomic analyses. In this review, we have covered the works dealing with the response of mammalian liver to different nutritional stimuli such as fasting/feeding, caloric restriction, dietary carbohydrate, cholesterol, fat, protein, bile acid, salt, vitamin, and oligoelement contents. Quality of fats or proteins has been equally addressed, and has the influence of minor dietary components. Other compounds, not purely nutritional as those represented by alcohol and food additives, have been included due to their relevance in processed food. The influence has been studied not only on mRNA but also on miRNA. The wide scope of the technology clearly reflects that any simple intervention has profound changes in many metabolic parameters and that there is a synergy in response when more compounds are included in the intervention. Standardized arrays to systematically test the same genes in all studies and analyzing data to establish patterns of response are required, particularly for RNA sequencing. Moreover, RNA is a valuable, easy-screening ally but always requires further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is not only a hallmark of rare inherited mitochondrial disorders but also implicated in age-related diseases, including those that affect the metabolic and nervous system, such as type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Numerous pathways maintain and/or restore proper mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. New and powerful phenotypic assays in cell-based models as well as multicellular organisms have been developed to explore these different aspects of mitochondrial function. Modulating mitochondrial function has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for several diseases, which has spurred active drug discovery efforts in this area.
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Mitochondrial roles and cytoprotection in chronic liver injury. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:387626. [PMID: 22745910 PMCID: PMC3382253 DOI: 10.1155/2012/387626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the richest organs in terms of number and density of mitochondria. Most chronic liver diseases are associated with the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Hepatic mitochondria have unique features compared to other organs' mitochondria, since they are the hub that integrates hepatic metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Mitochondria are also essential in hepatocyte survival as mediator of apoptosis and necrosis. Hepatocytes have developed different mechanisms to keep mitochondrial integrity or to prevent the effects of mitochondrial lesions, in particular regulating organelle biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we will focus on the role of mitochondria in liver physiology, such as hepatic metabolism, reactive oxygen species homeostasis and cell survival. We will also focus on chronic liver pathologies, especially those linked to alcohol, virus, drugs or metabolic syndrome and we will discuss how mitochondria could provide a promising therapeutic target in these contexts.
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Satapati S, Sunny NE, Kucejova B, Fu X, He TT, Méndez-Lucas A, Shelton JM, Perales JC, Browning JD, Burgess SC. Elevated TCA cycle function in the pathology of diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance and fatty liver. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1080-92. [PMID: 22493093 PMCID: PMC3351815 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m023382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The manner in which insulin resistance impinges on hepatic mitochondrial function is complex. Although liver insulin resistance is associated with respiratory dysfunction, the effect on fat oxidation remains controversial, and biosynthetic pathways that traverse mitochondria are actually increased. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the site of terminal fat oxidation, chief source of electrons for respiration, and a metabolic progenitor of gluconeogenesis. Therefore, we tested whether insulin resistance promotes hepatic TCA cycle flux in mice progressing to insulin resistance and fatty liver on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 32 weeks using standard biomolecular and in vivo (2)H/(13)C tracer methods. Relative mitochondrial content increased, but respiratory efficiency declined by 32 weeks of HFD. Fasting ketogenesis became unresponsive to feeding or insulin clamp, indicating blunted but constitutively active mitochondrial β-oxidation. Impaired insulin signaling was marked by elevated in vivo gluconeogenesis and anaplerotic and oxidative TCA cycle flux. The induction of TCA cycle function corresponded to the development of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, hepatic oxidative stress, and inflammation. Thus, the hepatic TCA cycle appears to enable mitochondrial dysfunction during insulin resistance by increasing electron deposition into an inefficient respiratory chain prone to reactive oxygen species production and by providing mitochondria-derived substrate for elevated gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Satapati
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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