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Ashraf A, Palakkott A, Ayoub MA. Anti-Insulin Receptor Antibodies in the Pathology and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:198-206. [PMID: 32496987 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200604122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as the most common and the world's fastest-growing chronic disease with severe complications leading to increased mortality. Many strategies exist for the management of DM and its control, including treatment with insulin and insulin analogs, oral hypoglycemic therapy such as insulin secretion stimulators and insulin sensitizers, and diet and physical training. Over the years, many types of drugs and molecules with an interesting pharmacological diversity have been developed and proposed for their anti-diabetic potential. Such molecules target diverse key receptors, enzymes, and regulatory/signaling proteins known to be directly or indirectly involved in the pathophysiology of DM. Among them, insulin receptor (IR) is undoubtedly the target of choice for its central role in insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis and its utilization by the major insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver. In this review, we focus on the implication of antibodies targeting IR in the pathology of DM as well as the recent advances in the development of IR antibodies as promising anti-diabetic drugs. The challenge still entails development of more powerful, highly selective, and safer anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshida Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrasheed Palakkott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Vigneri R, Sciacca L, Vigneri P. Rethinking the Relationship between Insulin and Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:551-560. [PMID: 32600959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a major metabolic hormone, insulin is also a growth factor with a mitogenic effect on all cells, more marked in malignant cells that often overexpress the insulin receptor. In patients with metabolic diseases characterized by hyperinsulinemia (obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome), the incidence of several types of cancer is increased, as is cancer-related mortality. Because of the worldwide growing prevalence of metabolic diseases and the diffuse use of insulin and its analogs for treating diabetes, the relationship between insulin and cancer has become a clinically relevant issue. Clinical studies have not clarified the degree to which hyperinsulinemia can influence cancer occurrence and prognosis. To better understand this issue, an improved scientific approach is required, with more careful consideration of the mechanisms related to hyperinsulinemia and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy.
| | - L Sciacca
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
| | - P Vigneri
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio-Emanuele, Catania, Italy
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3
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Sharma P, Kumar S. S961, a biosynthetic insulin receptor antagonist, downregulates insulin receptor expression & suppresses the growth of breast cancer cells. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:545-551. [PMID: 30168485 PMCID: PMC6118145 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_403_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Insulin resistance associated with hyperinsulinaemia and overexpression of insulin receptors (IRs) have been intricately linked to the pathogenesis and treatment outcomes of the breast carcinoma. Studies have revealed that upregulated expression of IRs in breast cancer pathogenesis regulates several aspects of the malignant phenotype, including cell proliferation and metastasis. This study was aimed to investigate the pivotal role of an IR antagonist S961 on IR signalling and other biological parameters in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and T47D cell lines. Methods The effect of human insulin and S961 on growth, proliferation rate and clonogenic potential of breast cancer cells was evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay and clonogenic assay. The mRNA expression of IR isoforms (IR-A and IR-B) was measured in the breast carcinoma cells using quantitative PCR. Results The study revealed that breast cancer cells predominantly expressed IR-A isoform and showed extensive growth and proliferation owing to IR overexpression. It was found that S961 downregulated the IRs (IR-A and IR-B) with nanomolar dose and efficiently blocked expression of IRs even in the presence of insulin. IR mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in the continued presence of S961. S961 also inhibited cellular proliferation and colony formation in breast tumour cells. Interpretation & conclusions IR antagonist, S961 showed distinct antagonism in vitro and appeared to be a powerful therapeutic modality that might provide insight into the pathogenesis of impaired IR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sharma
- Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic & Applied Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic & Applied Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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4
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Kim Y, Leibiger I, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Mechanistic understanding of insulin receptor modulation: Implications for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Belfiore A, Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Lawrence MC, Sciacca L, Frasca F, Morrione A, Vigneri R. Insulin Receptor Isoforms in Physiology and Disease: An Updated View. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:379-431. [PMID: 28973479 PMCID: PMC5629070 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms, IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and appear to be determined by their different binding affinities for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), particularly for IGF-2. Predominant roles of IR-A in prenatal growth and development and of IR-B in metabolic regulation are well established. However, emerging evidence indicates that the differential expression of IR isoforms may also help explain the diversification of insulin and IGF signaling and actions in various organs and tissues by involving not only different ligand-binding affinities but also different membrane partitioning and trafficking and possibly different abilities to interact with a variety of molecular partners. Of note, dysregulation of the IR-A/IR-B ratio is associated with insulin resistance, aging, and increased proliferative activity of normal and neoplastic tissues and appears to sustain detrimental effects. This review discusses novel information that has generated remarkable progress in our understanding of the physiology of IR isoforms and their role in disease. We also focus on novel IR ligands and modulators that should now be considered as an important strategy for better and safer treatment of diabetes and cancer and possibly other IR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University Kore of Enna, via della Cooperazione, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laura Sciacca
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology and Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
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6
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Escribano O, Beneit N, Rubio-Longás C, López-Pastor AR, Gómez-Hernández A. The Role of Insulin Receptor Isoforms in Diabetes and Its Metabolic and Vascular Complications. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1403206. [PMID: 29201918 PMCID: PMC5671728 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1403206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) presents by alternative splicing two isoforms: IRA and IRB. The differential physiological and pathological role of both isoforms is not completely known, and it is determinant the different binding affinity for insulin-like growth factor. IRB is more abundant in adult tissues and it exerts mainly the metabolic actions of insulin, whereas IRA is mainly expressed in fetal and prenatal period and exerts mitogenic actions. However, the change in the expression profile of both IR isoforms and its dysregulation are associated with the development of different pathologies, such as cancer, insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In some of them, there is a significant increase of IRA/IRB ratio conferring a proliferative and migratory advantage to different cell types and favouring IGF-II actions with a sustained detriment in the metabolic effects of insulin. This review discussed specifically the role of IR isoforms as well as IGF-IR in diabetes and its associated complications as obesity and atherosclerosis. Future research with new IR modulators might be considered as possible targets to improve the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Rubio-Longás
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. R. López-Pastor
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Bezwada P, Zhao J, Der K, Shimizu B, Cao L, Ahene A, Rubin P, Johnson K. A Novel Allosteric Insulin Receptor-Activating Antibody Reduces Hyperglycemia without Hypoglycemia in Diabetic Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:466-73. [PMID: 26578267 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
XMetA is a fully human, allosteric monoclonal antibody that binds the insulin receptor with high affinity and mimics the glucoregulatory, but not the mitogenic, actions of insulin. Here we evaluated the efficacy of both single and repeat s.c. administrations of XMetA in reducing hyperglycemia in obese cynomolgus monkeys with naturally developed type 2 diabetes, a model that shares many features of human diabetes. The data show that a single s.c. administration of XMetA at dose levels ranging from 1.5 to 10 mg/kg markedly reduced fasting hyperglycemia, with a peak effect occurring 1 to 2 days after administration, and sustained for up to 1 week. XMetA's effect on hyperglycemia was observed without elevations in serum insulin and was concomitant with reduced serum C-peptide levels, even at the lowest dose. Subchronic effects were evaluated via once weekly s.c. administration of XMetA, 10 mg/kg, for 6 weeks. XMetA treatment resulted in robust weekly decreases in fasting glucose levels averaging approximately 30% throughout the study, along with a significant absolute reduction from the vehicle control baseline of 1.2% in hemoglobin A1c, a marker of long-term glycemic status. XMetA treatment was well tolerated with no injection-site reactions, no body weight gain, and no episodes of clinical hypoglycemia. Thus, XMetA shows acute and subchronic improvements in glycemic control in spontaneously diabetic cynomolgus monkeys with a broad safety margin. This profile supports the development of XMetA as a novel glucose-lowering therapeutic agent for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Bezwada
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Jingsong Zhao
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Ken Der
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Bob Shimizu
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Liching Cao
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Ago Ahene
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Paul Rubin
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
| | - Kirk Johnson
- Preclinical Development, XOMA Corporation, 2910 Seventh Street, Berkeley California
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Bedinger DH, Adams SH. Metabolic, anabolic, and mitogenic insulin responses: A tissue-specific perspective for insulin receptor activators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:143-56. [PMID: 26277398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acts as the major regulator of the fasting-to-fed metabolic transition by altering substrate metabolism, promoting energy storage, and helping activate protein synthesis. In addition to its glucoregulatory and other metabolic properties, insulin can also act as a growth factor. The metabolic and mitogenic responses to insulin are regulated by divergent post-receptor signaling mechanisms downstream from the activated insulin receptor (IR). However, the anabolic and growth-promoting properties of insulin require tissue-specific inter-relationships between the two pathways, and the nature and scope of insulin-regulated processes vary greatly across tissues. Understanding the nuances of this interplay between metabolic and growth-regulating properties of insulin would have important implications for development of novel insulin and IR modulator therapies that stimulate insulin receptor activation in both pathway- and tissue-specific manners. This review will provide a unique perspective focusing on the roles of "metabolic" and "mitogenic" actions of insulin signaling in various tissues, and how these networks should be considered when evaluating selective pharmacologic approaches to prevent or treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
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9
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Yunn NO, Koh A, Han S, Lim JH, Park S, Lee J, Kim E, Jang SK, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Agonistic aptamer to the insulin receptor leads to biased signaling and functional selectivity through allosteric modulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7688-701. [PMID: 26245346 PMCID: PMC4652772 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high affinity and specificity, aptamers have been widely used as effective inhibitors in clinical applications. However, the ability to activate protein function through aptamer-protein interaction has not been well-elucidated. To investigate their potential as target-specific agonists, we used SELEX to generate aptamers to the insulin receptor (IR) and identified an agonistic aptamer named IR-A48 that specifically binds to IR, but not to IGF-1 receptor. Despite its capacity to stimulate IR autophosphorylation, similar to insulin, we found that IR-A48 not only binds to an allosteric site distinct from the insulin binding site, but also preferentially induces Y1150 phosphorylation in the IR kinase domain. Moreover, Y1150-biased phosphorylation induced by IR-A48 selectively activates specific signaling pathways downstream of IR. In contrast to insulin-mediated activation of IR, IR-A48 binding has little effect on the MAPK pathway and proliferation of cancer cells. Instead, AKT S473 phosphorylation is highly stimulated by IR-A48, resulting in increased glucose uptake both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we present IR-A48 as a biased agonist able to selectively induce the metabolic activity of IR through allosteric binding. Furthermore, our study also suggests that aptamers can be a promising tool for developing artificial biased agonists to targeted receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ara Koh
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lim
- The POSTECH Aptamer Initiative Program, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Eui Kim
- The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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10
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Wu M, Dai G, Yao J, Hoyt S, Wang L, Mu J. Potentiation of insulin-mediated glucose lowering without elevated hypoglycemia risk by a small molecule insulin receptor modulator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122012. [PMID: 25799496 PMCID: PMC4370409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the key feature of type 2 diabetes and is manifested as attenuated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in response to same levels of insulin binding. Several small molecule IR activators have been identified and reported to exhibit insulin sensitization properties. One of these molecules, TLK19781 (Cmpd1), was investigated to examine its IR sensitizing action in vivo. Our data demonstrate that Cmpd1, at doses that produced minimal efficacy in the absence of insulin, potentiated insulin action during an OGTT in non-diabetic mice and enhanced insulin-mediated glucose lowering in diabetic mice. Interestingly, different from insulin alone, Cmpd1 combined with insulin showed enhanced efficacy and duration of action without increased hypoglycemia. To explore the mechanism underlying the apparent glucose dependent efficacy, tissue insulin signaling was compared in healthy and diabetic mice. Cmpd1 enhanced insulin’s effects on IR phosphorylation in both healthy and diabetic mice. In contrast, the compound potentiated insulin’s effects on Akt phosphorylation in diabetic but not in non-diabetic mice. These differential effects on signaling corresponding to glucose levels could be part of the mechanism for reduced hypoglycemia risk. The in vivo efficacy of Cmpd1 is specific and dependent on IR expression. Results from these studies support the idea of targeting IR for insulin sensitization, which carries low hypoglycemia risk by standalone treatment and could improve the effectiveness of insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Ge Dai
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Jun Yao
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Scott Hoyt
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - James Mu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bedinger DH, Goldfine ID, Corbin JA, Roell MK, Adams SH. Differential pathway coupling of the activated insulin receptor drives signaling selectivity by XMetA, an allosteric partial agonist antibody. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:35-43. [PMID: 25613982 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody XMetA is an allosteric partial agonist of the insulin receptor (IR), which activates the metabolic Akt kinase signaling pathway while having little or no effect on the mitogenic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. To investigate the nature of this selective signaling, we have conducted a detailed investigation of XMetA to evaluate specific phosphorylation and activation of IR, Akt, and ERK in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing either the short or long isoform of the human IR. Insulin activated both pathways, but the phosphorylation of Akt was more sensitive to the hormone than the phosphorylation of ERK. Maximally effective concentrations of XMetA elicited phosphorylation patterns similar to 40-100 pM insulin, which were sufficient for robust Akt phosphorylation, but had little effect on ERK phosphorylation. These data indicate that the preferential signaling of XMetA is due to an innate difference in pathway sensitivity of Akt versus ERK responses to IR activation and partial agonism by XMetA, rather than a separate pathway-biased mechanism. The metabolic selectivity of partial IR agonists like XMetA, if recapitulated in vivo, may be a desirable feature of therapeutic agents designed to regulate blood glucose levels while minimizing undesirable outcomes of excessive IR mitogenic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Bedinger
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California (D.H.B., I.D.G., J.A.C., M.K.R.); Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Davis, California (S.H.A.); and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, Davis, California (D.H.B., S.H.A.)
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California (D.H.B., I.D.G., J.A.C., M.K.R.); Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Davis, California (S.H.A.); and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, Davis, California (D.H.B., S.H.A.)
| | - John A Corbin
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California (D.H.B., I.D.G., J.A.C., M.K.R.); Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Davis, California (S.H.A.); and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, Davis, California (D.H.B., S.H.A.)
| | - Marina K Roell
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California (D.H.B., I.D.G., J.A.C., M.K.R.); Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Davis, California (S.H.A.); and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, Davis, California (D.H.B., S.H.A.)
| | - Sean H Adams
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California (D.H.B., I.D.G., J.A.C., M.K.R.); Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Davis, California (S.H.A.); and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California at Davis, Davis, California (D.H.B., S.H.A.)
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12
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Corbin JA, Bhaskar V, Goldfine ID, Issafras H, Bedinger DH, Lau A, Michelson K, Gross LM, Maddux BA, Kuan HF, Tran C, Lao L, Handa M, Watson SR, Narasimha AJ, Zhu S, Levy R, Webster L, Wijesuriya SD, Liu N, Wu X, Chemla-Vogel D, Lee SR, Wong S, Wilcock D, Rubin P, White ML. Inhibition of insulin receptor function by a human, allosteric monoclonal antibody: a potential new approach for the treatment of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. MAbs 2014; 6:262-72. [PMID: 24423625 PMCID: PMC3929448 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are needed for the treatment of hypoglycemia resulting from both endogenous and exogenous hyperinsulinema. To provide a potential new treatment option, we identified XMetD, an allosteric monoclonal antibody to the insulin receptor (INSR) that was isolated from a human antibody phage display library. To selectively obtain antibodies directed at allosteric sites, panning of the phage display library was conducted using the insulin-INSR complex. Studies indicated that XMetD bound to the INSR with nanomolar affinity. Addition of insulin reduced the affinity of XMetD to the INSR by 3-fold, and XMetD reduced the affinity of the INSR for insulin 3-fold. In addition to inhibiting INSR binding, XMetD also inhibited insulin-induced INSR signaling by 20- to 100-fold. These signaling functions included INSR autophosphorylation, Akt activation and glucose transport. These data indicated that XMetD was an allosteric antagonist of the INSR because, in addition to inhibiting the INSR via modulation of binding affinity, it also inhibited the INSR via modulation of signaling efficacy. Intraperitoneal injection of XMetD at 10 mg/kg twice weekly into normal mice induced insulin resistance. When sustained-release insulin implants were placed into normal mice, they developed fasting hypoglycemia in the range of 50 mg/dl. This hypoglycemia was reversed by XMetD treatment. These studies demonstrate that allosteric monoclonal antibodies, such as XMetD, can antagonize INSR signaling both in vitro and in vivo. They also suggest that this class of allosteric monoclonal antibodies has the potential to treat hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia resulting from conditions such as insulinoma, congenital hyperinsulinism and insulin overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Corbin
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Vinay Bhaskar
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Angela Lau
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Lisa M Gross
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Betty A Maddux
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Hua F Kuan
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Catarina Tran
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Llewelyn Lao
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Masahisa Handa
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Susan R Watson
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Shirley Zhu
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Raphael Levy
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Lynn Webster
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Naichi Liu
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Steve R Lee
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Steve Wong
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Diane Wilcock
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Paul Rubin
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Mark L White
- Preclinical Research; XOMA Corporation; Berkeley, CA USA
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13
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Issafras H, Bedinger DH, Corbin JA, Goldfine ID, Bhaskar V, White ML, Rubin P, Scannon PJ. Selective allosteric antibodies to the insulin receptor for the treatment of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic disorders. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:865-73. [PMID: 24876415 PMCID: PMC4764207 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814529886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies act as antagonists to receptors by targeting and blocking the natural ligand binding site (orthosteric site). In contrast, the use of antibodies to target receptors at allosteric sites (distinct from the orthosteric site) has not been extensively studied. This approach is especially important in metabolic diseases in which endogenous ligand levels are dysregulated. Herein, we review our investigations of 3 categories of human monoclonal antibodies that bind allosterically to the insulin receptor (INSR) and affect its activity: XMetA, XMetS and XMetD. XMetA directly activates the INSR either alone or in combination with insulin. XMetS, in contrast, does not directly activate the INSR but markedly enhances the receptor's ability to bind insulin and potentiate insulin signaling. Both XMetA and XMetS are effective in controlling hyperglycemia in mouse models of diabetes. A third allosteric antibody, XMetD, is an inhibitor of INSR signaling. This antibody reverses insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a mouse model of hyperinsulinemia. These studies indicate, therefore, that allosteric antibodies to INSR can modulate its signaling and correct conditions of glucose dysregulation. These studies also raise the possibility that the use of allosteric antibodies can be expanded to other receptors for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A Corbin
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vinay Bhaskar
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark L White
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubin
- Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Corbin JA, Bhaskar V, Goldfine ID, Bedinger DH, Lau A, Michelson K, Gross LM, Maddux BA, Kuan HF, Tran C, Lao L, Handa M, Watson SR, Narasimha AJ, Zhu S, Levy R, Webster L, Wijesuriya SD, Liu N, Wu X, Chemla-Vogel D, Lee SR, Wong S, Wilcock D, White ML. Improved glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo by an allosteric monoclonal antibody that increases insulin receptor binding affinity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88684. [PMID: 24533136 PMCID: PMC3922975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported studies of XMetA, an agonist antibody to the insulin receptor (INSR). We have now utilized phage display to identify XMetS, a novel monoclonal antibody to the INSR. Biophysical studies demonstrated that XMetS bound to the human and mouse INSR with picomolar affinity. Unlike monoclonal antibody XMetA, XMetS alone had little or no agonist effect on the INSR. However, XMetS was a strong positive allosteric modulator of the INSR that increased the binding affinity for insulin nearly 20-fold. XMetS potentiated insulin-stimulated INSR signaling ∼15-fold or greater including; autophosphorylation of the INSR, phosphorylation of Akt, a major enzyme in the metabolic pathway, and phosphorylation of Erk, a major enzyme in the growth pathway. The enhanced signaling effects of XMetS were more pronounced with Akt than with Erk. In cultured cells, XMetS also enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In contrast to its effects on the INSR, XMetS did not potentiate IGF-1 activation of the IGF-1 receptor. We studied the effect of XMetS treatment in two mouse models of insulin resistance and diabetes. The first was the diet induced obesity mouse, a hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant animal, and the second was the multi-low dose streptozotocin/high-fat diet mouse, an insulinopenic, insulin resistant animal. In both models, XMetS normalized fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance. In concert with its ability to potentiate insulin action at the INSR, XMetS reduced insulin and C-peptide levels in both mouse models. XMetS improved the response to exogenous insulin without causing hypoglycemia. These data indicate that an allosteric monoclonal antibody can be generated that markedly enhances the binding affinity of insulin to the INSR. These data also suggest that an INSR monoclonal antibody with these characteristics may have the potential to both improve glucose metabolism in insulinopenic type 2 diabetes mellitus and correct compensatory hyperinsulinism in insulin resistant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Corbin
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vinay Bhaskar
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ira D. Goldfine
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Bedinger
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Lau
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Michelson
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Gross
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Betty A. Maddux
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hua F. Kuan
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Catarina Tran
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Llewelyn Lao
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Masahisa Handa
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Watson
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ajay J. Narasimha
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley Zhu
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Raphael Levy
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Webster
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sujeewa D. Wijesuriya
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Naichi Liu
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David Chemla-Vogel
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Steve R. Lee
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Wong
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diane Wilcock
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. White
- Department of Preclinical Research, XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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15
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Bhaskar V, Lau A, Goldfine ID, Narasimha AJ, Gross LM, Wong S, Cheung B, White ML, Corbin JA. XMetA, an allosteric monoclonal antibody to the insulin receptor, improves glycaemic control in mice with diet-induced obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:272-5. [PMID: 23039274 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
XMetA, a high-affinity, fully human monoclonal antibody, allosterically binds to and activates the insulin receptor (INSR). Previously, we found that XMetA normalized fasting glucose and glucose tolerance in insulinopenic mice. To determine whether XMetA is also beneficial for reducing hyperglycaemia due to the insulin resistance of obesity, we have now evaluated XMetA in hyperinsulinemic mice with diet-induced obesity. XMetA treatment of these mice normalized fasting glucose for 4 weeks without contributing to weight gain. XMetA also corrected glucose tolerance and improved non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol. These studies indicate, therefore, that monoclonal antibodies that allosterically activate the INSR, such as XMetA, have the potential to be novel agents for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in conditions associated with the insulin resistance of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhaskar
- Preclinical Research, XOMA (US) LLC, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
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