1
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Silva RCMC, Gomes FM. Evolution of the Major Components of Innate Immunity in Animals. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:3-20. [PMID: 38281163 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is present in all animals. In this review, we explore the main conserved mechanisms of recognition and innate immune responses among animals. In this sense, we discuss the receptors, critical for binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); the downstream signaling proteins; and transcription factors that govern immune responses. We also highlight conserved inflammatory mediators that are induced after the recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs. At last, we discuss the mechanisms that are involved in the regulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing immune responses, like heme-oxygenases (HOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Mendonça Gomes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Huang J, Jiang Y, Ji R, Jia Y, Wang S, Zhou Z, Wang S, Wang J, Yang Q, Bai H, Zhu X, Jiang B, Ben J, Zhang H, Li X, Chen Q. Macrophage scavenger receptor A1 antagonizes abdominal aortic aneurysm via upregulating IRG1. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115631. [PMID: 37257722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common, usually asymptomatic disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. Extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) fragmentation and transmural inflammation act as major pathological processes of AAA. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), a key pattern recognition receptor modulating macrophage activity, in pathogenesis of AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS The AAA model was generated by administration of angiotensin II (Ang II) into apolipoprotein E knockout mice or peri-arterial application of calcium phosphate in C57BJ/6L mice. We found that SR-A1 was markedly down-regulated in the macrophages isolated from murine AAA aortas. Global or myeloid-specific ablation of SR-A1 aggravated vascular inflammation, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells and degradation of the extracellular matrix. These effects of SR-A1 deficiency on AAA development were mediated by suppressed immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) and increased inflammatory response in macrophages. Mechanically, binding of SR-A1 with Lyn led to STAT3 phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus, in which STAT3 promoted IRG1 transcription through directly binding to its promoter. Restoration of macrophage SR-A1 in SR-A1-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation or administration of 4-octyl itaconate, the derivate of IRG1 product itaconate, could relieve murine AAA. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a protective effect of macrophage SR-A1-STAT3-IRG1 axis against aortic aneurysm formation via inhibiting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiyuan Ji
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutian Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Saiya Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Nance SA, Muir L, Delproprosto J, Lumeng CN. MSR1 is not required for obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2651. [PMID: 36788340 PMCID: PMC9927046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces a chronic inflammatory state associated with changes in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) has been implicated in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation and diabetes pathogenesis; however, reports have been mixed on the contribution of MSR1 in obesity and glucose intolerance. We observed increased MSR1 expression in VAT of obese diabetic individuals compared to non-diabetic and single nuclear RNA sequencing identified macrophage-specific expression of MSR1 in human adipose tissue. We examined male Msr1-/- (Msr1KO) and WT controls and observed protection from obesity and AT inflammation in non-littermate Msr1KO mice. We then evaluated obese littermate Msr1+/- (Msr1HET) and Msr1KO mice. Both Msr1KO mice and Msr1HET mice became obese and insulin resistant when compared to their normal chow diet counterparts, but there was no Msr1-dependent difference in body weight, glucose metabolism, or insulin resistance. Flow cytometry revealed no significant differences between genotypes in ATM subtypes or proliferation in male and female mice. We observed increased frequency of proliferating ATMs in obese female compared to male mice. Overall, we conclude that while MSR1 is a biomarker of diabetes status in human adipose tissue, in mice Msr1 is not required for obesity-associated insulin resistance or ATM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra A Nance
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 2057 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 2057 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lindsey Muir
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Delproprosto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 2057 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 2057 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 2057 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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4
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Sheng W, Ji G, Zhang L. Role of macrophage scavenger receptor MSR1 in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050984. [PMID: 36591228 PMCID: PMC9797536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress are the typical features. Subsequent dyslipidemia and oxygen radical production may render the formation of modified lipids. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) is responsible for the uptake of modified lipoprotein and is one of the key molecules in atherosclerosis. However, the unrestricted uptake of modified lipoproteins by MSR1 and the formation of cholesterol-rich foamy macrophages also can be observed in NASH patients and mouse models. In this review, we highlight the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in NASH, the alteration of MSR1 expression in physiological and pathological conditions, the formation of modified lipoproteins, and the role of MSR1 on macrophage foaming and NASH development and progression.
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Xie Y, Jia Y, Li Z, Hu F. Scavenger receptor A in immunity and autoimmune diseases: Compelling evidence for targeted therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:461-477. [PMID: 35510370 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2072729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is reported to be involved in innate and adaptive immunity and in recent years, the soluble form of SR-A has also been identified. Intriguingly, SR-A displays double-edged sword features in different diseases. Moreover, targeted therapy on SR-A, including genetic modulation, small molecule inhibitor, inhibitory peptides, fucoidan, and blocking antibodies, provides potential strategies for treatment. Currently, therapeutics targeting SR-A are in preclinical studies and clinical trials, revealing great perspectives in future immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED Through searching PubMed (January 1979-March 2022) and clinicaltrials.gov, we review most of the research and clinical trials involving SR-A. This review briefly summarizes recent study advances on SR-A, with particular concern on its role in immunity and autoimmune diseases. EXPERT OPINION Given the emerging evidence of SR-A in immunity, its targeted therapy has been studied in various diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. However, many challenges still remain to be overcome, such as the double-sworded effects and the specific isoform targeting. For further clinical success of SR-A targeted therapy, the crystal structure illustration and the dual function discrimination of SR-A should be further investigated. Nevertheless, although challenging, targeting SR-A would be a potential effective strategy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China
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6
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Schäfer K, Wenzel P. When big eaters stop feasting: loss of metabolic control in macrophages exacerbates hypertension in obesity. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:351-353. [PMID: 32298411 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schäfer
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e. V.; RheinMain site), Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e. V.; RheinMain site), Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Zhang H, Xu A, Sun X, Yang Y, Zhang L, Bai H, Ben J, Zhu X, Li X, Yang Q, Wang Z, Wu W, Yang D, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Chen Q. Self-Maintenance of Cardiac Resident Reparative Macrophages Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Through the SR-A1-c-Myc Axis. Circ Res 2020; 127:610-627. [PMID: 32466726 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DiCM) is a primary cause of heart failure and mortality in cancer patients, in which macrophage-orchestrated inflammation serves as an essential pathological mechanism. However, the specific roles of tissue-resident and monocyte-derived macrophages in DiCM remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Uncovering the origins, phenotypes, and functions of proliferative cardiac resident macrophages and mechanistic insights into the self-maintenance of cardiac macrophage during DiCM progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were administrated with doxorubicin to induce cardiomyopathy. Dynamic changes of resident and monocyte-derived macrophages were examined by lineage tracing, parabiosis, and bone marrow transplantation. We found that the monocyte-derived macrophages primarily exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype that dominated the whole DiCM pathological process and impaired cardiac function. In contrast, cardiac resident macrophages were vulnerable to doxorubicin insult. The survived resident macrophages exhibited enhanced proliferation and conferred a reparative role. Global or myeloid specifically ablation of SR-A1 (class A1 scavenger receptor) inhibited proliferation of cardiac resident reparative macrophages and, therefore, exacerbated cardiomyopathy in DiCM mice. Importantly, the detrimental effect of macrophage SR-A1 deficiency was confirmed by transplantation of bone marrow. At the mechanistic level, we show that c-Myc (Avian myelocytomatosis virus oncogene cellular homolog), a key transcriptional factor for the SR-A1-P38-SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) pathway, mediated the effect of SR-A1 in reparative macrophage proliferation in DiCM. CONCLUSIONS The SR-A1-c-Myc axis may represent a promising target to treat DiCM through augmentation of cardiac resident reparative macrophage proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/prevention & control
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Self Renewal
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxorubicin
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Andi Xu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Xuan Sun
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, China (X.S.)
| | - Yaqing Yang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Lai Zhang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Hui Bai
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Jingjing Ben
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Xudong Zhu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Qing Yang
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Zidun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, China (Z.W., D.Y.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Bioinformatics (W.W.), Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, China (Z.W., D.Y.)
| | | | - Yong Xu
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- From the Department of Pathophysiology (H.Z., A.X., X.S., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.), Nanjing Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province, China (H.Z., A.X., Y.Y., L.Z., H.B., J.B., X.Z., X.L., Q.Y., Y.X., Q.C.)
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8
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Zhu L, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Wang L, Bai H, Yang Q, Ben J, Zhang H, Li X, Xu Y, Chen Q. Class A1 scavenger receptor prevents obesity-associated blood pressure elevation through suppressing overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor B in macrophages. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:547-560. [PMID: 32044963 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunctional innate immune function and inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated hypertension, in which macrophage infiltration in the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays a key role. However, the mechanisms behind it are not well understood. Class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) is one of the major pattern recognition receptors in modulating macrophage activity, and here, we aimed to investigate its role in obesity-associated hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Both diet-induced and genetic obesity were generated in mice. Deficiency in SR-A1 aggravated the obesity-induced blood pressure (BP) elevation and endothelial dysfunction in mice. The BP-elevating effect of SR-A1 deficiency was blocked by the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) in obese mice. Overexpression of VEGF-B raised BP in the obese mice but not in normal mice. Administration of fucoidan, a ligand of SR-A1, lowered BP, and VEGF-B levels in Sr-a1+/+ but not in Sr-a1-/- obese mice. CONCLUSION These results reveal a new link between PVAT and vascular biology in obesity orchestrated by the SR-A1/VEGF-B axis in macrophages. SR-A1 and VEGF-B may be promising therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Liu Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China.,Cardiovascular Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road, Gusu District, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Liongmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China
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9
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Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Huang J, Chen S, Zhou W, Yang Q, Bai H, Zhang H, Ben J, Zhu X, Li X, Chen Q. Scavenger receptor A1 attenuates aortic dissection via promoting efferocytosis in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:392-403. [PMID: 31381873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) is a pattern recognition receptor with an anti-inflammatory feature in cardiovascular diseases. However, its role in acute aortic dissection (AD) is not known yet. Using an aortic dissection model in SR-A1-deficient mice and their wild type littermates, we found that SR-A1 deficiency aggravated beta-aminopropionitrile monofumarate induced thoracic aortic dilation, false lumen formation, extracellular matrix degradation, vascular inflammation and accumulation of apoptotic cells. These pathological changes were associated with an impaired macrophage efferocytosis mediated by tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tyro3 in vitro and in vivo. SR-A1 could directly interact with Tyro3 and was required for Tyro3 phosphorylation to activate its downstream PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Importantly, co-culture of SR-A1-/- macrophages with apoptotic Jurkat cells resulted in less devoured apoptotic cells accompanied by swelling mitochondria and damaged ATP generation, following poor IL-10 and robust TNF-α production. Deficiency of SR-A1 did not influence phagolysosome formation during the efferocytosis. Lentiviral overexpression of Tyro3 in SR-A1-/- macrophages induced restorative phagocytosis in vitro. Administration of Tyro3 agonist protein S could restore SR-A1-/- macrophages phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that SR-A1-Tyro3 axis in macrophages mitigate AD damage by promoting efferocytosis and inhibiting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ben J, Jiang B, Wang D, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Tong X, Chen L, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Li X, Zhang H, Bai H, Yang Q, Ma J, Wiemer EAC, Xu Y, Chen Q. Major vault protein suppresses obesity and atherosclerosis through inhibiting IKK-NF-κB signaling mediated inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1801. [PMID: 30996248 PMCID: PMC6470148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-orchestrated, low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in obesity and atherogenesis. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify major vault protein (MVP), the main component of unique cellular ribonucleoprotein particles, as a suppressor for NF-κB signaling in macrophages. Both global and myeloid-specific MVP gene knockout aggravates high-fat diet induced obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in mice. The exacerbated metabolic disorders caused by MVP deficiency are accompanied with increased macrophage infiltration and heightened inflammatory responses in the microenvironments. In vitro studies reveal that MVP interacts with TRAF6 preventing its recruitment to IRAK1 and subsequent oligomerization and ubiquitination. Overexpression of MVP and its α-helical domain inhibits the activity of TRAF6 and suppresses macrophage inflammation. Our results demonstrate that macrophage MVP constitutes a key constraint of NF-κB signaling thereby suppressing metabolic diseases. Metabolic diseases are associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Here the authors show that major vault protein (MVP) suppresses NF-κB signalling in macrophages via an IRAK1–TRAF6 axis and that loss of MVP in myeloid cells exacerbates the inflammatory response in mice fed a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ben
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xing Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xianzhong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Bayi Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Erik A C Wiemer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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11
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M2 Macrophages as a Potential Target for Antiatherosclerosis Treatment. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:6724903. [PMID: 30923552 PMCID: PMC6409015 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6724903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammation course, which could induce life-threatening diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Optimal medical treatments for atherosclerotic risk factors with current antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs (for example, statins) are widely used in clinical practice. However, many patients with established disease still continue to have recurrent cardiovascular events in spite of treatment with a state-of-the-art therapy. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hence, current treatment of atherosclerosis is still far from being satisfactory. Recently, M2 macrophages have been found associated with atherosclerosis regression. The M2 phenotype can secrete anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β, promote tissue remodeling and repairing through collagen formation, and clear dying cells and debris by efferocytosis. Therefore, modulators targeting macrophages' polarization to the M2 phenotype could be another promising treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Two main signaling pathways, the Akt/mTORC/LXR pathway and the JAK/STAT6 pathway, are found playing important roles in M2 polarization. In addition, researchers have reported several potential approaches to modulate M2 polarization. Inhibiting or activating some kinds of enzymes, affecting transcription factors, or acting on several membrane receptors could regulate the polarization of the M2 phenotype. Besides, biomolecules, for example vitamin D, were found to affect the process of M2 polarization. Pomegranate juice could promote M2 polarization via unclear mechanism. In this review, we will discuss how M2 macrophages affect atherosclerosis regression, signal transduction in M2 polarization, and outline potential targets and compounds that affect M2 polarization, thus controlling the progress of atherosclerosis.
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12
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Burhans MS, Hagman DK, Kuzma JN, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:1-58. [PMID: 30549014 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize and discuss the available evidence of how adipose tissue inflammation affects insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Low-grade, chronic adipose tissue inflammation is characterized by infiltration of macrophages and other immune cell populations into adipose tissue, and a shift toward more proinflammatory subtypes of leukocytes. The infiltration of proinflammatory cells in adipose tissue is associated with an increased production of key chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 1β and 6 as well as reduced expression of the key insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin. In both rodent models and humans, adipose tissue inflammation is consistently associated with excess fat mass and insulin resistance. In humans, associations with insulin resistance are stronger and more consistent for inflammation in visceral as opposed to subcutaneous fat. Further, genetic alterations in mouse models of obesity that reduce adipose tissue inflammation are-almost without exception-associated with improved insulin sensitivity. However, a dissociation between adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance can be observed in very few rodent models of obesity as well as in humans following bariatric surgery- or low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss, illustrating that the etiology of insulin resistance is multifactorial. Taken together, adipose tissue inflammation is a key factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity, along with other factors that likely include inflammation and fat accumulation in other metabolically active tissues. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1-58, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Burhans
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Derek K Hagman
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica N Kuzma
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Insulin Antagonizes LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Activating SR-A1/ERK Axis in Macrophages. Inflammation 2018; 42:754-762. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Cavallari JF, Anhê FF, Foley KP, Denou E, Chan RW, Bowdish DME, Schertzer JD. Targeting macrophage scavenger receptor 1 promotes insulin resistance in obese male mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13930. [PMID: 30485705 PMCID: PMC6260912 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune components can bridge inflammatory triggers to metabolic dysfunction. Scavenger receptors sense lipoproteins, but it is not clear how different scavenger receptors alter carbohydrate metabolism during obesity. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) and macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) are scavenger receptors that have been implicated in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. We assessed glucose control, tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, and inflammation in Msr1- and Marco-deficient mice fed with obesogenic diets. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, Msr1-/- mice had worse blood glucose control that was only revealed after diet-induced obesity, not in lean mice. Obese Msr1-/- mice had worse insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the adipose tissue, which occurred in the absence of overt differences in adipose inflammation compared to obese WT mice. Msr1 deletion worsened dysglycemia independently from bacterial cell wall insulin sensitizers, such as muramyl dipeptide. MARCO was dispensable for glycemic control in obese mice. Oral administration of the polysaccharide fucoidan worsened glucose control in obese WT mice, but fucoidan had no effect on glycemia in obese Msr1-/- mice. Therefore, MSR1 is a scavenger receptor responsible for changes in glucose control in response to the environmental ligand fucoidan. Given the interest in dietary supplements and natural products reducing inflammation or insulin resistance in metabolic disease during obesity, our results highlight the importance of understanding which ligand-receptor relationships promote versus those that protect against metabolic disease factors. Our results show that ligand or gene targeting of MSR1 exacerbates insulin resistance in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Cavallari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Fernando F. Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Kevin P. Foley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Emmanuel Denou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Rebecca W. Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and McMaster Immunology Research CentreMcMaster University and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan D. Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesFarncombe Family Digestive Health Research InstituteHamiltonOntarioCanada
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15
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Zong G, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Bai H, Yang Q, Ben J, Zhang H, Li X, Zhu X, Chen Q. SR-A1 suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis through negative regulation of NF-κB signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:335-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Zhang SY, Dong YQ, Wang P, Zhang X, Yan Y, Sun L, Liu B, Zhang D, Zhang H, Liu H, Kong W, Hu G, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ, Wang X, Jiang C. Adipocyte-derived Lysophosphatidylcholine Activates Adipocyte and Adipose Tissue Macrophage Nod-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasomes Mediating Homocysteine-Induced Insulin Resistance. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:202-216. [PMID: 29735414 PMCID: PMC6013933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipose Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome senses danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and initiates insulin resistance, but the mechanisms of adipose inflammasome activation remains elusive. In this study, Homocysteine (Hcy) is revealed to be a DAMP that activates adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasomes, participating in insulin resistance. Hcy-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes were observed in both adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and mediated insulin resistance. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) acted as a second signal activator, mediating Hcy-induced adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hcy elevated adipocyte lyso-PC generation in a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1)-phospholipase A2 group 16 (PLA2G16) axis-dependent manner. Lyso-PC derived from the Hcy-induced adipocyte also activated ATM NLRP3 inflammasomes in a paracrine manner. This study demonstrated that Hcy activates adipose NLRP3 inflammasomes in an adipocyte lyso-PC-dependent manner and highlights the importance of the adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Class A1 scavenger receptor modulates glioma progression by regulating M2-like tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50099-50116. [PMID: 27367025 PMCID: PMC5226571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages enhance glioma development and progression by shaping the tumor microenvironment. Class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1), a pattern recognition receptor primarily expressed in macrophages, is up-regulated in many human solid tumors. We found that SR-A1 expression in 136 human gliomas was positively correlated with tumor grade (P<0.01), but not prognosis or tumor recurrence. SR-A1-expressing macrophages originated primarily from circulating monocytes attracted to tumor tissue, and were almost twice as numerous as resident microglia in glioma tissues (P<0.001). The effects of SR-A1 on glioma proliferation and invasion were assessed in vivo using an SR-A1-deficient murine orthotopic glioma model. SR-A1 deletion promoted M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization in mice by activating STAT3 and STAT6, which resulted in robust orthotopic glioma proliferation and angiogenesis. Finally, we found that HSP70 might be an endogenous ligand that activates SR-A1-dependent anti-tumorigenic pathways in gliomas, although its expression does not appear informative for diagnostic purposes. Our findings demonstrate a relationship between TAMs, SR-A1 expression and glioma growth and provide new insights into the pathogenic role of TAMs in glioma.
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18
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Labonte AC, Sung SJ, Jennelle LT, Dandekar AP, Hahn YS. Expression of scavenger receptor-AI promotes alternative activation of murine macrophages to limit hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatology 2017; 65:32-43. [PMID: 27770558 PMCID: PMC5191952 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver maintains an immunologically tolerant environment as a result of continuous exposure to food and bacterial constituents from the digestive tract. Hepatotropic pathogens can take advantage of this niche and establish lifelong chronic infections causing hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Macrophages (Mϕ) play a critical role in regulation of immune responses to hepatic infection and regeneration of tissue. However, the factors crucial for Mϕ in limiting hepatic inflammation or resolving liver damage have not been fully understood. In this report, we demonstrate that expression of C-type lectin receptor scavenger receptor-AI (SR-AI) is crucial for promoting M2-like Mϕ activation and polarization during hepatic inflammation. Liver Mϕ uniquely up-regulated SR-AI during hepatotropic viral infection and displayed increased expression of alternative Mϕ activation markers, such as YM-1, arginase-1, and interleukin-10 by activation of mer receptor tyrosine kinase associated with inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin. Expression of these molecules was reduced on Mϕ obtained from livers of infected mice deficient for the gene encoding SR-AI (msr1). Furthermore, in vitro studies using an SR-AI-deficient Mϕ cell line revealed impeded M2 polarization and decreased phagocytic capacity. Direct stimulation with virus was sufficient to activate M2 gene expression in the wild-type (WT) cell line, but not in the knockdown cell line. Importantly, tissue damage and fibrosis were exacerbated in SR-AI-/- mice following hepatic infection and adoptive transfer of WT bone-marrow-derived Mϕ conferred protection against fibrosis in these mice. CONCLUSION SR-AI expression on liver Mϕ promotes recovery from infection-induced tissue damage by mediating a switch to a proresolving Mϕ polarization state. (Hepatology 2017;65:32-43).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Labonte
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Sun‐Sang J. Sung
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of Medicine & Center for Inflammation and RegenerationUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Lucas T. Jennelle
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Aditya P. Dandekar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology ResearchUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA,Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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19
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Fang R, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Tong X, Li K, Bai H, Li X, Ben J, Zhang H, Yang Q, Chen Q. Miltefosine Suppresses Hepatic Steatosis by Activating AMPK Signal Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163667. [PMID: 27681040 PMCID: PMC5040442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been accepted that AMPK (Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) activation exhibits many beneficial effects on glucolipid metabolism. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is an important lysophospholipid which can improve blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and attenuate inflammation by activating AMPK signal pathway in macrophages. Synthetic alkylphospholipids (ALPs), such as miltefosine, is used as an alternate of LPC for the clinical application. Here, we investigated whether miltefosine could have an impact on hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to generate an obese model. Next, the obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: saline-treated and miltefosine-treated (2.5 or 5 mg/kg/d) groups. Miltefosine was intraperitoneally administrated into mice for additional 4 weeks plus HFD treatment. KEY RESULTS It was shown that miltefosine treatment could substantially improve glucose metabolism, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, and inhibited liver inflammation in HFD-fed mice by activating AMPK signal pathway. In vitro, miltefosine stimulated AMPKα phosphorylation both in time and dose dependent manner and decreased lipid accumulation in liver cells. When a specific AMPK inhibitor compound C was used to treat mice, the antagonistic effects of miltefosine on HFD-induced mouse hyperlipidaemia and liver steatosis were abolished. Treatment with miltefosine also dramatically inhibited the HFD-induced liver inflammation in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Here we demonstrated that miltefosine might be a new activator of AMPK signal pathway in vivo and in vitro and be useful for treatment of hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Fang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Tong
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexue Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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20
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Prunus yedoensis Bark Extract on Adipose Tissue in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:937904. [PMID: 26413130 PMCID: PMC4568034 DOI: 10.1155/2015/937904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade inflammatory responses occur in obese adipose tissue and play a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance. Macrophages exposed to high glucose upregulate the expression of SRA, a macrophage-specific scavenger receptor. The present study investigated whether Prunus yedoensis (PY) bark extract affects the inflammatory response and scavenger receptor gene expression observed in a diet-induced obesity model in vivo. Oral administration of PY extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels without a change in body weight in mice fed a high fat diet for 17 weeks. PY extract significantly suppressed expression of inflammatory and macrophage genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and F4/80 in epididymal adipose tissue. Among scavenger receptor genes, SRA expression was significantly reduced. The inhibitory responses of PY extract and its fractions were determined through evaluation of scavenger receptor expression in THP-1 cells. PY extract and its ethyl acetate fraction decreased the levels of SRA mRNA and phospho-ERK1/2 during monocyte differentiation. Our data indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of PY extract and its downregulation of SRA seem to account for its hypoglycemic effects.
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Ben J, Zhu X, Zhang H, Chen Q. Class A1 scavenger receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5523-30. [PMID: 25651870 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A1 scavenger receptors (SR-A1) are membrane glycoproteins that can form homotrimers. This receptor was originally defined by its ability to mediate the accumulation of lipids in macrophages. Subsequent studies reveal that SR-A1 plays critical roles in innate immunity, cell apoptosis and proliferation. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the structure, receptor pathway and regulation of SR-A1. Although its role in atherosclerosis is disputable, recent discoveries suggest that SR-A1 function in anti-inflammatory responses by promoting an M2 macrophage phenotype in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, SR-A1 may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ben
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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22
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Ma K, Xu Y, Wang C, Li N, Li K, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang Q, Zhang H, Zhu X, Bai H, Ben J, Ding Q, Li K, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Chen Q. A cross talk between class A scavenger receptor and receptor for advanced glycation end-products contributes to diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1153-65. [PMID: 25352436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, many signaling pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Excessive production of inflammatory mediators plays an important role in this process. Amadori-glycated albumin, one of the major forms of advanced glycated end-products, has been implicated in DR by inducing inflammatory responses in microglia/macrophages. Our goal was to delineate the potential cross talk between class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) and the receptor for advanced glycated end-product (RAGE) in the context of DR. We show here that SR-A ablation caused an exacerbated form of DR in streptozotocin-injected C57BL/6J mice as evidenced by fundus imaging and electroretinography. Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR assay indicated that there was augmented activation of proinflammatory macrophages with upregulated synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in the retina in Sr-a(-/-) mice. Overexpression of SR-A suppressed RAGE-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, whereas RAGE activation in macrophages favored a proinflammatory (M1) phenotype in the absence of SR-A. Mechanistic analysis on bone marrow-derived macrophages and HEK293 cell line revealed that SR-A interacted with and inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, the major kinase in the RAGE-MAPK-NF-κB signaling, thereby leading to diminished secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that the antagonism between SR-A and RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of DR by nurturing a disease-prone macrophage phenotype. Therefore, specific agonist that boosts SR-A signaling could potentially provide benefits in the prevention and/or intervention of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yiming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Kexue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Hui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Keran Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
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