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Serreze DV, Dwyer JR, Racine JJ. Advancing Animal Models of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041587. [PMID: 38886067 PMCID: PMC11444302 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple rodent models have been developed to study the basis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and derivative strains still provide the gold standard for dissecting the basis of the autoimmune responses underlying T1D. Here, we review the developmental origins of NOD mice, and how they and derivative strains have been used over the past several decades to dissect the genetic and immunopathogenic basis of T1D. Also discussed are ways in which the immunopathogenic basis of T1D in NOD mice and humans are similar or differ. Additionally reviewed are efforts to "humanize" NOD mice and derivative strains to provide improved models to study autoimmune responses contributing to T1D in human patients.
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Bass LE, Bonami RH. Factors Governing B Cell Recognition of Autoantigen and Function in Type 1 Diabetes. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:27. [PMID: 38651407 PMCID: PMC11036271 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) but can be transient in murine and human T1D and are not thought to be directly pathogenic. Rather, these autoantibodies signal B cell activity as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that present islet autoantigen to diabetogenic T cells to promote T1D pathogenesis. Disrupting B cell APC function prevents T1D in mouse models and has shown promise in clinical trials. Autoantigen-specific B cells thus hold potential as sophisticated T1D biomarkers and therapeutic targets. B cell receptor (BCR) somatic hypermutation is a mechanism by which B cells increase affinity for islet autoantigen. High-affinity B and T cell responses are selected in protective immune responses, but immune tolerance mechanisms are known to censor highly autoreactive clones in autoimmunity, including T1D. Thus, different selection rules often apply to autoimmune disease settings (as opposed to protective host immunity), where different autoantigen affinity ceilings are tolerated based on variations in host genetics and environment. This review will explore what is currently known regarding B cell signaling, selection, and interaction with T cells to promote T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Bass
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Banach M, Harley ITW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Comparative analysis of the repertoire of insulin-reactive B cells in type 1 diabetes-prone and resistant mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961209. [PMID: 36275764 PMCID: PMC9579539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seropositivity for autoantibodies against multiple islet antigens is associated with development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting a role for B cells in disease. The importance of B cells in T1D is indicated by the effectiveness of B cell-therapies in mouse models and patients. B cells contribute to T1D by presenting islet antigens, including insulin, to diabetogenic T cells that kill pancreatic beta cells. The role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in T1D development is unclear. Here, we employed single cell RNA sequencing to define the relationship between BCR affinity for insulin and B cell phenotype during disease development. We utilized immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (VH125) mouse models in which high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells (IBCs) were previously shown to be anergic in diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 and activated in VH125. NOD mice developing disease. Here, high-affinity IBCs were found in the spleen of prediabetic VH125. NOD mice and exhibited marginal zone or follicular phenotypes. Ig light chains expressed by these B cells are unmutated and biased toward Vκ4-74 and Vκ4-57 usage. Receptors expressed by anergic high-affinity IBCs of diabetes-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 are also unmutated; however, in this genetic background light chains are polymorphic relative to those of NOD. Light chains derived from NOD and C57BL/6-H2g7 genetic backgrounds conferred divergent kinetics of binding to insulin when paired with the VH125 heavy chain. These findings suggest that relaxation of tolerance mechanisms in the NOD mouse leads to accumulation and partial activation of B cells expressing germline encoded high-affinity BCRs that support development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Banach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Isaac T. W. Harley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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5
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Aubin AM, Lombard-Vadnais F, Collin R, Aliesky HA, McLachlan SM, Lesage S. The NOD Mouse Beyond Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874769. [PMID: 35572553 PMCID: PMC9102607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes arises spontaneously in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, and the pathophysiology of this disease shares many similarities with human type 1 diabetes. Since its generation in 1980, the NOD mouse, derived from the Cataract Shinogi strain, has represented the gold standard of spontaneous disease models, allowing to investigate autoimmune diabetes disease progression and susceptibility traits, as well as to test a wide array of potential treatments and therapies. Beyond autoimmune diabetes, NOD mice also exhibit polyautoimmunity, presenting with a low incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome. Genetic manipulation of the NOD strain has led to the generation of new mouse models facilitating the study of these and other autoimmune pathologies. For instance, following deletion of specific genes or via insertion of resistance alleles at genetic loci, NOD mice can become fully resistant to autoimmune diabetes; yet the newly generated diabetes-resistant NOD strains often show a high incidence of other autoimmune diseases. This suggests that the NOD genetic background is highly autoimmune-prone and that genetic manipulations can shift the autoimmune response from the pancreas to other organs. Overall, multiple NOD variant strains have become invaluable tools for understanding the pathophysiology of and for dissecting the genetic susceptibility of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. An interesting commonality to all autoimmune diseases developing in variant strains of the NOD mice is the presence of autoantibodies. This review will present the NOD mouse as a model for studying autoimmune diseases beyond autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Aubin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Lombard-Vadnais
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxanne Collin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Holly A. Aliesky
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Leeth C, Adkins J, Hay A, Bogers S, Potter A, Witonsky S, Zhu J. Engrafting Horse Immune Cells into Mouse Hosts for the Study of the Acute Equine Immune Responses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102962. [PMID: 34679981 PMCID: PMC8532756 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For decades, studies using research mice as models for disease have been critical to our current understanding of disease processes and associated immune responses, highlighting the ways in which mouse physiology is different from human and other species. Recent work has been directed at creating mice that can host human immune cells, allowing the study and manipulation of the human immune response without harm to patients. The purpose of this study was to explore to use of mouse hosts for horse immune cells. Horses are difficult to study immunologically as they are expensive to keep, and keeping their environment free of immune triggers is very difficult. Using mice allows us to increase our study numbers and control the environment which improves study reproducibility. In this study, we transferred both horse blood lymphocytes as well as horse bone marrow into specially modified mouse hosts. We found that mice are able to host horse immune cells and that these transferred cells are active. Future work can now build on this study to understand the horse immune response to infectious agents using mice, helping to identify new therapeutic tools to help equine patients. Abstract Immunological studies in the horse are frequently hampered by lack of environmental control, complicated study design, and ethical concerns when performing high risk studies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the utility of a xenograft model for studying acute equine immune responses. Immunocompromised non obese diabetic (NOD). sudden combined immunodeficiency (scid).gamma-/- (NSG) mice were engrafted with either equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) or equine bone marrow to determine an optimal protocol for equine lymphocyte engraftment. We found that both PBL and bone marrow grafts populated the host mice successfully. Bone marrow transplants were technically more challenging and required further processing to retard graft versus host disease. Graft vs host disease was apparent at 28 days post-PBL transfer and 56 days post-bone marrow transfer. The results of these studies support the use of mouse hosts to study acute equine immune responses and that different engraftment techniques can be used depending on the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive MC 0306, Litton Reaves Hall rm 300, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Janie Adkins
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive MC 0306, Litton Reaves Hall rm 300, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Alayna Hay
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive MC 0306, Litton Reaves Hall rm 300, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sophie Bogers
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Ashley Potter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive MC 0306, Litton Reaves Hall rm 300, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sharon Witonsky
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive MC 0306, Litton Reaves Hall rm 300, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.A.); (A.H.); (A.P.); (J.Z.)
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do Carmo Neto JR, Braga YLL, da Costa AWF, Lucio FH, do Nascimento TC, dos Reis MA, Celes MRN, de Oliveira FA, Machado JR, da Silva MV. Biomarkers and Their Possible Functions in the Intestinal Microenvironment of Chagasic Megacolon: An Overview of the (Neuro)inflammatory Process. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6668739. [PMID: 33928170 PMCID: PMC8049798 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammatory processes and intestinal neuronal destruction during the progression of Chagasic megacolon is well established. However, many other components play essential roles, both in the long-term progression and control of the clinical status of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Components such as neuronal subpopulations, enteric glial cells, mast cells and their proteases, and homeostasis-related proteins from several organic systems (serotonin and galectins) are differentially involved in the progression of Chagasic megacolon. This review is aimed at revealing the characteristics of the intestinal microenvironment found in Chagasic megacolon by using different types of already used biomarkers. Information regarding these components may provide new therapeutic alternatives and improve the understanding of the association between T. cruzi infection and immune, endocrine, and neurological system changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Arthur Wilson Florêncio da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hélia Lucio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thais Cardoso do Nascimento
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia dos Reis
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mara Rubia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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8
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Racine JJ, Chapman HD, Doty R, Cairns BM, Hines TJ, Tadenev ALD, Anderson LC, Green T, Dyer ME, Wotton JM, Bichler Z, White JK, Ettinger R, Burgess RW, Serreze DV. T Cells from NOD- PerIg Mice Target Both Pancreatic and Neuronal Tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2026-2038. [PMID: 32938729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly appreciated that autoimmune responses against neuronal components play an important role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. In fact, a large proportion of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes in the NOD mouse model of T1D produce Abs directed against the neuronal type III intermediate filament protein peripherin. NOD-PerIg mice are a previously developed BCR-transgenic model in which virtually all B lymphocytes express the H and L chain Ig molecules from the intra-islet-derived anti-peripherin-reactive hybridoma H280. NOD-PerIg mice have accelerated T1D development, and PerIg B lymphocytes actively proliferate within islets and expand cognitively interactive pathogenic T cells from a pool of naive precursors. We now report adoptively transferred T cells or whole splenocytes from NOD-PerIg mice expectedly induce T1D in NOD.scid recipients but, depending on the kinetics of disease development, can also elicit a peripheral neuritis (with secondary myositis). This neuritis was predominantly composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Ab depletion studies showed neuritis still developed in the absence of NOD-PerIg CD8+ T cells but required CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, sciatic nerve-infiltrating CD4+ cells had an expansion of IFN-γ- and TNF-α- double-negative cells compared with those within both islets and spleen. Nerve and islet-infiltrating CD4+ T cells also differed by expression patterns of CD95, PD-1, and Tim-3. Further studies found transitory early B lymphocyte depletion delayed T1D onset in a portion of NOD-PerIg mice, allowing them to survive long enough to develop neuritis outside of the transfer setting. Together, this study presents a new model of peripherin-reactive B lymphocyte-dependent autoimmune neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoë Bichler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | | | - Rachel Ettinger
- Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and.,Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
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Sintou A, Mansfield C, Iacob A, Chowdhury RA, Narodden S, Rothery SM, Podovei R, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Ferraro E, Swiatlowska P, Harding SE, Prasad S, Rosenthal N, Gorelik J, Sattler S. Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy, Class-Switched Auto-Antibodies and Myocardial Immune-Complexes During Heart Failure in Rodents and Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:695. [PMID: 32850816 PMCID: PMC7426467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy and auto-antibodies are clinical phenomena during ischemic heart failure pointing to an autoimmune response against the heart. T and B cells have been convincingly demonstrated to be activated after myocardial infarction, a prerequisite for the generation of mature auto-antibodies. Yet, little is known about the immunoglobulin isotype repertoire thus pathological potential of anti-heart auto-antibodies during heart failure. We obtained human myocardial tissue from ischemic heart failure patients and induced experimental MI in rats. We found that anti-heart autoimmunity persists during heart failure. Rat mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged and contain active secondary follicles with mature isotype-switched IgG2a B cells. Mature IgG2a auto-antibodies specific for cardiac antigens are present in rat heart failure serum, and IgG and complement C3 deposits are evident in heart failure tissue of both rats and human patients. Previously established myocardial inflammation, and the herein provided proof of B cell maturation in lymph nodes and myocardial deposition of mature auto-antibodies, provide all the hallmark signs of an established autoimmune response in chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Sintou
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alma Iacob
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheda A. Chowdhury
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salomon Narodden
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Rothery
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Podovei
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elisa Ferraro
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Prasad
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Phillips N, Ke E, Nham A, Seidl M, Freeman B, Abadejos JR, Xiao C, Nemazee D, Ku M, Kirak O. Prediabetes Induced by a Single Autoimmune B Cell Clone. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1073. [PMID: 32625203 PMCID: PMC7314986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While B cells play a significant role in the onset of type-1 diabetes (T1D), little is know about their role in those early stages. Thus, to gain new insights into the role of B cells in T1D, we converted a physiological early pancreas-infiltrating B cell into a novel BCR mouse model using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). Strikingly, SCNT-derived B1411 model displayed neither developmental block nor anergy. Instead, B1411 underwent spontaneous germinal center reactions. Without T cell help, B1411-Rag1−/− was capable of forming peri-/intra-pancreatic lymph nodes, and undergoing class-switching. RNA-Seq analysis identified 93 differentially expressed genes in B1411 compared to WT B cells, including Irf7, Usp18, and Mda5 that had been linked to a potential viral etiology of T1D. We also found various members of the oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) family to be enriched in B1411, such as Oas1, which had recently also been linked to T1D. Strikingly, when challenged with glucose B1411-Rag1−/− mice displayed impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Phillips
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy Nham
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brent Freeman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Justin R Abadejos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Manching Ku
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oktay Kirak
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Egia-Mendikute L, Arpa B, Rosell-Mases E, Corral-Pujol M, Carrascal J, Carrillo J, Mora C, Chapman H, Panosa A, Vives-Pi M, Stratmann T, Serreze D, Verdaguer J. B-Lymphocyte Phenotype Determines T-Lymphocyte Subset Differentiation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1732. [PMID: 31428087 PMCID: PMC6689997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that B-lymphocytes play a key role activating diabetogenic T-lymphocytes during the development of autoimmune diabetes. Recently, two transgenic NOD mouse models were generated: the NOD-PerIg and the 116C-NOD mice. In NOD-PerIg mice, B-lymphocytes acquire an activated proliferative phenotype and support accelerated autoimmune diabetes development. In contrast, in 116C-NOD mice, B-lymphocytes display an anergic-like phenotype delaying autoimmune diabetes onset and decreasing disease incidence. The present study further evaluates the T- and B-lymphocyte phenotype in both models. In islet-infiltrating B-lymphocytes (IIBLs) from 116C-NOD mice, the expression of H2-Kd and H2-Ag7 is decreased, whereas that of BAFF, BAFF-R, and TACI is increased. In contrast, IIBLs from NOD-PerIg show an increase in CD86 and FAS expression. In addition, islet-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (IITLs) from NOD-PerIg mice exhibit an increase in PD-1 expression. Moreover, proliferation assays indicate a high capacity of B-lymphocytes from NOD-PerIg mice to secrete high amounts of cytokines and induce T-lymphocyte activation compared to 116C B-lymphocytes. This functional variability between 116C and PerIg B-lymphocytes ultimately results in differences in the ability to shape T-lymphocyte phenotype. These results support the role of B-lymphocytes as key regulators of T-lymphocytes in autoimmune diabetes and provide essential information on the phenotypic characteristics of the T- and B-lymphocytes involved in the autoimmune response in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Egia-Mendikute
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Estela Rosell-Mases
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Corral-Pujol
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Anaïs Panosa
- Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Facility, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Xu J, Huang G, Nagy T, Teng Q, Guo TL. Sex-dependent effects of bisphenol A on type 1 diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:997-1008. [PMID: 30600366 PMCID: PMC6511313 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by immune-mediated pancreatic β-cell destruction. The endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) has widespread human exposure and can modulate immune function and the gut microbiome (GMB), which may contribute to the increasing T1D incidence worldwide. It was hypothesized that BPA had sex-dependent effects on T1D by modulating immune homeostasis and GMB. Adult female and male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were orally administered BPA at environmentally relevant doses (30 or 300 µg/kg). Antibiotic-treated adult NOD females were exposed to 0 or 30 µg/kg BPA. BPA accelerated T1D development in females, but delayed males from T1D. Consistently, females had a shift towards pro-inflammation (e.g., increased macrophages and Bacteroidetes), while males had increases in anti-inflammatory immune factors and a decrease in both anti- and pro-inflammatory GMB. Although bacteria altered during sub-acute BPA exposure differed from bacteria altered from chronic BPA exposure in both sexes, the GMB profile was consistently pro-inflammatory in females, while males had a general decrease of both anti- and pro-inflammatory gut microbes. However, treatment of females with the antibiotic vancomycin failed to prevent BPA-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting changes in Gram-positive bacteria were not a primary mechanism. In conclusion, BPA exposure was found to have sex dimorphic effects on T1D with detrimental effects in females, and immunomodulation was identified as the primary mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joella Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guannan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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13
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Non-Antibody-Secreting Functions of B Cells and Their Contribution to Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:337-356. [PMID: 30883216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B cells play multiple important roles in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Beyond producing pathogenic autoantibodies, B cells can act as antigen-presenting cells and producers of cytokines, including both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here we review our current understanding of the non-antibody-secreting roles that B cells may play during development of autoimmunity, as learned primarily from reductionist preclinical models. Attention is also given to concepts emerging from clinical studies using B cell depletion therapy, which shed light on the roles of these mechanisms in human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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14
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Wang Q, Racine JJ, Ratiu JJ, Wang S, Ettinger R, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Serreze DV. Transient BAFF Blockade Inhibits Type 1 Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Enriching Immunoregulatory B Lymphocytes Sensitive to Deletion by Anti-CD20 Cotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3757-3770. [PMID: 29055002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In NOD mice and also likely humans, B lymphocytes play an important role as APC-expanding autoreactive T cell responses ultimately causing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Currently, humans at high future T1D risk can only be identified at late prodromal stages of disease indicated by markers such as insulin autoantibodies. When commenced in already insulin autoantibody+ NOD mice, continuous BAFFR-Fc treatment alone or in combination with anti-CD20 (designated combo therapy) inhibited T1D development. Despite eliciting broader B lymphocyte depletion, continuous combo therapy afforded no greater T1D protection than did BAFFR-Fc alone. As previously observed, late disease stage-initiated anti-CD20 monotherapy did not inhibit T1D, and in this study was additionally found to be associated with development of drug-blocking Abs. Promisingly, NOD mice given transient late disease stage BAFFR-Fc monotherapy were rendered T1D resistant. However, combo treatment abrogated the protective effect of transient BAFFR-Fc monotherapy. NOD mice receiving transient BAFF blockade were characterized by an enrichment of regulatory B lymphocytes that inhibit T1D development through IL-10 production, but this population is sensitive to deletion by anti-CD20 treatment. B lymphocytes from transient BAFFR-Fc-treated mice suppressed T cell proliferation to a greater extent than did those from controls. Proportions of B lymphocytes expressing CD73, an ecto-enzyme operating in a pathway converting proinflammatory ATP to anti-inflammatory adenosine, were also temporarily increased by transient BAFFR-Fc treatment, but not anti-CD20 therapy. These collective studies indicate transient BAFFR-Fc-mediated B lymphocyte depletion elicits long-term T1D protection by enriching regulatory B lymphocytes that are deleted by anti-CD20 cotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | | | - Shu Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, U.K.
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16
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Ellis JS, Braley-Mullen H. Mechanisms by Which B Cells and Regulatory T Cells Influence Development of Murine Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6020013. [PMID: 28134752 PMCID: PMC5332917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments with B cell-deficient (B−/−) mice indicate that a number of autoimmune diseases require B cells in addition to T cells for their development. Using B−/− Non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NOD.H-2h4 mice, we demonstrated that development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), Sjogren’s syndrome and diabetes do not develop in B−/− mice, whereas all three diseases develop in B cell-positive wild-type (WT) mice. B cells are required early in life, since reconstitution of adult mice with B cells or autoantibodies did not restore their ability to develop disease. B cells function as important antigen presenting cells (APC) to initiate activation of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. If B cells are absent or greatly reduced in number, other APC will present the antigen, such that Treg are preferentially activated and effector T cells are not activated. In these situations, B−/− or B cell-depleted mice develop the autoimmune disease when T regulatory cells (Treg) are transiently depleted. This review focuses on how B cells influence Treg activation and function, and briefly considers factors that influence the effectiveness of B cell depletion for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Helen Braley-Mullen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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17
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Interleukin-21 Drives Proliferation and Differentiation of Porcine Memory B Cells into Antibody Secreting Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171171. [PMID: 28125737 PMCID: PMC5268775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological prevention of infectious disease, especially viral, is based on antigen-specific long-lived memory B cells. To test for cellular proliferation and differentiation factors in swine, an outbred model for humans, CD21+ B cells were activated in vitro with CD40L and stimulated with purported stimulatory cytokines to characterize functional responses. IL-21 induced a 3-fold expansion in total cell numbers with roughly 15% of all B cells differentiating to IgM or IgG antibody secreting cells (ASCs.) However, even with robust proliferation, cellular viability rapidly deteriorated. Therefore, a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) and B cell activating factor (BAFF) were evaluated as survival and maintenance factors. BAFF was effective at enhancing the viability of mature B cells as well as ASCs, while APRIL was only effective for ASCs. Both cytokines increased approximately two-fold the amount of IgM and IgG which was secreted by IL-21 differentiated ASCs. Mature B cells from porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) immune and naïve age-matched pigs were activated and treated with IL-21 and then tested for memory cell differentiation using a PRRSV non-structural protein 7 ELISPOT and ELISA. PRRSV immune pigs were positive on both ELISPOT and ELISA while naïve animals were negative on both assays. These results highlight the IL-21-driven expansion and differentiation of memory B cells in vitro without stimulation of the surface immunoglobulin receptor complex, as well as the establishment of a defined memory B cell culture system for characterization of vaccine responses in outbred animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael P. Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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