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Takeuchi M, Nishio Y, Someya H, Sato T, Yoshimura A, Ito M, Harimoto K. Autoimmune uveitis attenuated in diabetic mice through imbalance of Th1/Th17 differentiation via suppression of AP-1 signaling pathway in Th cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347018. [PMID: 38887289 PMCID: PMC11180723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, however the impact of diabetes on organ-specific autoimmune diseases remains unexplored. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a widely accepted animal model of human endogenous uveitis. In this study, we investigated the effects of diabetic conditions on the development of EAU using a mouse diabetes model. Methods EAU was induced in wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) mice and Ins2Akita (Akita) mice with spontaneous diabetes by immunization with IRBP peptide. Clinical and histopathological examinations, and analysis of T cell activation state were conducted. In addition, alternations in the composition of immune cell types and gene expression profiles of relevant immune functions were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing. Results The development of EAU was significantly attenuated in immunized Akita (Akita-EAU) mice compared with immunized WT (WT-EAU) mice, although T cells were fully activated in Akita-EAU mice, and the differentiation into Th17 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells was promoted. However, Th1 cell differentiation was inhibited in Akita-EAU mice, and single-cell analysis indicated that gene expression associated AP-1 signaling pathway (JUN, FOS, and FOSB) was downregulated not only in Th1 cells but also in Th17, and Treg cells in Akita-EAU mice at the onset of EAU. Conclusions In diabetic mice, EAU was significantly attenuated. This was related to selective inhibition of Th1 cell differentiation and downregulated AP-1 signaling pathway in both Th1 and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishio
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Someya
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kozo Harimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Garcia-Loza I, Perna-Barrull D, Aguilera E, Almenara-Fuentes L, Gomez-Muñoz L, Greco D, Vila M, Salvado M, Mancera-Arteu M, Olszowy MW, Petriz J, Dalmases M, Rodriguez-Vidal S, Barneda-Zahonero B, Vives-Pi M. Targeting macrophages with phosphatidylserine-rich liposomes as a potential antigen-specific immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2024; 145:103196. [PMID: 38458075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from a breakdown in immunological tolerance, with pivotal involvement of antigen-presenting cells. In this context, antigen-specific immunotherapies have been developed to arrest autoimmunity, such as phosphatidylserine (PS)-liposomes. However, the role of certain antigen-presenting cells in immunotherapy, particularly human macrophages (Mφ) in T1D remains elusive. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Mφ in antigen-specific immune tolerance and T1D. To that end, we evaluated Mφ ability to capture apoptotic-body mimicking PS-liposomes in mice and conducted a phenotypic and functional characterisation of four human monocyte-derived Mφ (MoMφ) subpopulations (M0, M1, M2a and M2c) after PS-liposomes uptake. Our findings in mice identified Mφ as the most phagocytic cell subset in the spleen and liver. In humans, while phagocytosis rates were comparable between T1D and control individuals, PS-liposome capture dynamics differed among Mφ subtypes, favouring inflammatory (M1) and deactivated (M2c) Mφ. Notably, high nanoparticle concentrations did not affect macrophage viability. PS-liposome uptake by Mφ induced alterations in membrane molecule expression related to immunoregulation, reduced secretion of IL-6 and IL-12, and diminished autologous T-cell proliferation in the context of autoantigen stimulation. These results underscore the tolerogenic effects of PS-liposomes and emphasize their potential to target human Mφ, providing valuable insights into the mechanism of action of this preclinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Garcia-Loza
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Aguilera
- Endocrinology Dept, Germans Trias I Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Laia Gomez-Muñoz
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Endocrinology Dept, Germans Trias I Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Mu X, Deng J, Wu X, He W, Liu Y, Gu R, Han F, Nie X. Asiaticoside-nitric oxide promoting diabetic wound healing through the miRNA-21-5p/TGF-β1/SMAD7/TIMP3 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117266. [PMID: 37783408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an ethnobotanical herb. The main bioactive components of Centella asiatica are pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides, namely asiaticoside and hydroxyasiaticoside. Asiaticoside possess a diverse array of pharmacological properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this investigation is to explore potential therapeutic interventions for the delayed healing of wounds in diabetic patients (DW) facilitated by Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. To clarify the key molecular mechanism of miRNA-21-5p in DW wound repair and to deepen the understanding of DW disease pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, miRNA microarray technology, bioinformatics, and RT-qPCR were used to analyze DW patients' and normal controls' skin tissue samples. Secondly, in order to investigate the role of miRNA-21-5p, a hyperglycemic model was established using HaCaT cells. Overexpressing as well as interfering HaCaT cell lines were constructed by lentiviral infection to further explore the proliferative and migratory effects of Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. The next step was to search for potential target genes of miRNA-21-5p and verify them with dual-luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the expression levels of target genes and proteins were detected through the utilization of RT-qPCR and Western blotting under the influence of Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. RESULTS A library of miRNAs and target genes expressed explicitly in DW patients and rats was established. The study confirmed the upregulation of miRNA-21-5p in DW patients and identified its involvement in signaling pathways related to chronic ulcer wound repair. Overexpression of LV-miRNA-21-5p significantly promoted cell proliferation, while treatments of Asiaticoside-Low dose (AC-L) and Asiaticoside-Medium dose (AC-M) enhanced proliferation and migration, particularly when combined with nitroprusside (SNP). Further analysis revealed potential target genes of miRNA-21-5p, such as TGF-β1, SMAD7, and TIMP3. Their interaction with miRNA-21-5p was confirmed through dual luciferase assays. The study found that anti-DW drugs increased the expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD7 while inhibiting TIMP3 expression in a high-glucose environment. CONCLUSIONS The research concluded that miRNA-21-5p plays a crucial role in the delayed healing of diabetic wounds, and that the combination treatment of AC + SNP shows promise in promoting wound healing in DW rats. Target genes, including TGF-β1, SMAD7, and TIMP3, may contribute to the regulatory mechanisms involved in diabetic wound healing. These findings provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic approaches for DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Jiufeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xingrui Mu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Xingqian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Wenjie He
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Yiqiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Rifang Gu
- School Medical Office, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Felicity Han
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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4
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Kinney SM, Ortaleza K, Won SY, Licht BJM, Sefton MV. Immunomodulation by subcutaneously injected methacrylic acid-based hydrogels and tolerogenic dendritic cells in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122265. [PMID: 37586232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease associated with the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Immunotherapies are being developed to mitigate autoimmune diabetes. One promising option is the delivery of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) primed with specific β-cell-associated autoantigens. These DCs can combat autoreactive cells and promote expansion of β-cell-specific regulatory immune cells, including Tregs. Tolerogenic DCs are typically injected systemically (or near target lymph nodes) in suspension, precluding control over the microenvironment surrounding tolerogenic DC interactions with the host. In this study we show that degradable, synthetic methacrylic acid (MAA)-based hydrogels are an inherently immunomodulating delivery vehicle that enhances tolerogenic DC therapy in the context of autoimmune diabetes. MAA hydrogels were found to affect the local recruitment and activation state of macrophages, DCs, T cells and other cells. Delivering tolerogenic DCs in the MAA hydrogel improved the local host response (e.g., fewer cytotoxic T cells) and enhanced peripheral Treg expansion. Non obese diabetic (NOD) mice treated with tolerogenic DCs subcutaneously injected in MAA hydrogels showed a delay in onset of autoimmune diabetes compared to control vehicles. Our findings further demonstrate the usefulness of MAA-based hydrogels as platforms for regenerative medicine in the context of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kinney
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Krystal Ortaleza
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Michael V Sefton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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5
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Du C, Whiddett RO, Buckle I, Chen C, Forbes JM, Fotheringham AK. Advanced Glycation End Products and Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes Development. Cells 2022; 11:3503. [PMID: 36359899 PMCID: PMC9657002 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the β-cells of the pancreas are attacked by the host's immune system, ultimately resulting in hyperglycemia. It is a complex multifactorial disease postulated to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In parallel with increasing prevalence of T1D in genetically stable populations, highlighting an environmental component, consumption of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) commonly found in in Western diets has increased significantly over the past decades. AGEs can bind to cell surface receptors including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE has proinflammatory roles including in host-pathogen defense, thereby influencing immune cell behavior and can activate and cause proliferation of immune cells such as islet infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and suppress the activity of T regulatory cells, contributing to β-cell injury and hyperglycemia. Insights from studies of individuals at risk of T1D have demonstrated that progression to symptomatic onset and diagnosis can vary, ranging from months to years, providing a window of opportunity for prevention strategies. Interaction between AGEs and RAGE is believed to be a major environmental risk factor for T1D and targeting the AGE-RAGE axis may act as a potential therapeutic strategy for T1D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenping Du
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Rani O. Whiddett
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Josephine M. Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Amelia K. Fotheringham
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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6
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Dendritic Cells and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential for Treating Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094885. [PMID: 35563276 PMCID: PMC9099521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells through a process that is primarily mediated by T cells. Emerging evidence suggests that dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating and developing this debilitating disease. DCs are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to integrate signals arising from tissue infection or injury that present processed antigens from these sites to naïve T cells in secondary lymphoid organs, thereby triggering naïve T cells to differentiate and modulate adaptive immune responses. Recent advancements in our knowledge of the various subsets of DCs and their cellular structures and methods of orchestration over time have resulted in a better understanding of how the T cell response is shaped. DCs employ various arsenal to maintain their tolerance, including the induction of effector T cell deletion or unresponsiveness and the generation and expansion of regulatory T cell populations. Therapies that suppress the immunogenic effects of dendritic cells by blocking T cell costimulatory pathways and proinflammatory cytokine production are currently being sought. Moreover, new strategies are being developed that can regulate DC differentiation and development and harness the tolerogenic capacity of these cells. Here, in this report, we focus on recent advances in the field of DC immunology and evaluate the prospects of DC-based therapeutic strategies to treat T1D.
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7
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Madley R, Borsotti C, Ferreira LMR, Sharp RC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Parent AV, Anderson MS, Sykes M, Creusot RJ. Modeling human T1D-associated autoimmune processes. Mol Metab 2022; 56:101417. [PMID: 34902607 PMCID: PMC8739876 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by impaired immune tolerance to β-cell antigens and progressive destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal models have provided valuable insights for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease, but they fall short of reflecting the extensive heterogeneity of the disease in humans, which is contributed by various combinations of risk gene alleles and unique environmental factors. Collectively, these factors have been used to define subgroups of patients, termed endotypes, with distinct predominating disease characteristics. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the gaps filled by these models in understanding the intricate involvement and regulation of the immune system in human T1D pathogenesis. We describe the various models developed so far and the scientific questions that have been addressed using them. Finally, we discuss the limitations of these models, primarily ascribed to hosting a human immune system (HIS) in a xenogeneic recipient, and what remains to be done to improve their physiological relevance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS To understand the role of genetic and environmental factors or evaluate immune-modifying therapies in humans, it is critical to develop and apply models in which human cells can be manipulated and their functions studied under conditions that recapitulate as closely as possible the physiological conditions of the human body. While microphysiological systems and living tissue slices provide some of these conditions, HIS mice enable more extensive analyses using in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Histology laboratory, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Houeiss P, Boitard C, Luce S. Preclinical Models to Evaluate the Human Response to Autoantigen and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883000. [PMID: 35498419 PMCID: PMC9044628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by auto-reactive T cells. The clinical management of T1D faces the lack of fully predictive biomarkers in its preclinical stage and of antigen-specific therapies to induce or re-induce immune tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and prevent its development. From a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical models of T1D have fallen short of directly translating into humans. To circumvent this limitation, preclinical models are being optimized to allow defining autoantigen epitopes that are presented to T cells and directly apply to the human. In this review, we propose to make a point on the latest available models such as humanized immunodeficient NOD mice models and HLA and autoantigen transgenic mice and their application in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
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9
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Halliez C, Ibrahim H, Otonkoski T, Mallone R. In vitro beta-cell killing models using immune cells and human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets: Challenges and opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1076683. [PMID: 36726462 PMCID: PMC9885197 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1076683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease of both autoimmunity and β-cells. The β-cells play an active role in their own demise by mounting defense mechanisms that are insufficient at best, and that can become even deleterious in the long term. This complex crosstalk is important to understanding the physiological defense mechanisms at play in healthy conditions, their alterations in the T1D setting, and therapeutic agents that may boost such mechanisms. Robust protocols to develop stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), and islet-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells offer unprecedented opportunities to study this crosstalk. Challenges to develop in vitro β-cell killing models include the cluster morphology of SC-islets, the relatively weak cytotoxicity of most autoimmune T-cells and the variable behavior of in vitro expanded CD8+ T-cells. These challenges may however be highly rewarding in light of the opportunities offered by such models. Herein, we discuss these opportunities including: the β-cell/immune crosstalk in an islet microenvironment; the features that make β-cells more sensitive to autoimmunity; therapeutic agents that may modulate β-cell vulnerability; and the possibility to perform analyses in an autologous setting, i.e., by generating T-cell effectors and SC-islets from the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Halliez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
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10
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Shen ZY, Zheng Y, Pecsok MK, Wang K, Li W, Gong MJ, Wu F, Zhang L. C-Reactive Protein Suppresses the Th17 Response Indirectly by Attenuating the Antigen Presentation Ability of Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589200. [PMID: 33841391 PMCID: PMC8027258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a classical murine model for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a human autoimmune disease characterized by Th1 and Th17 responses. Numerous studies have reported that C-reactive protein (CRP) mitigates EAE severity, but studies on the relevant pathologic mechanisms are insufficient. Our previous study found that CRP suppresses Th1 response directly by receptor binding on naïve T cells; however, we did not observe the effect on Th17 response at that time; thus it remains unclear whether CRP could regulate Th17 response. In this study, we verified the downregulation of Th17 response by a single-dose CRP injection in MOG-immunized EAE mice in vivo while the direct and indirect effects of CRP on Th17 response were differentiated by comparing its actions on isolated CD4+ T cells and splenocytes in vitro, respectively. Moreover, the immune cell composition was examined in the blood and CNS (Central Nervous System), and a blood (monocytes) to CNS (dendritic cells) infiltration pathway is established in the course of EAE development. The infiltrated monocyte derived DCs (moDCs) were proved to be the only candidate antigen presenting cells to execute CRP’s function. Conversely, the decrease of Th17 responses caused by CRP disappeared in the above in vivo and in vitro studies with FcγR2B−/− mice, indicating that FcγR2B expressed on moDCs mediates CRP function. Furthermore, peripheral blood monocytes were isolated and induced to establish moDCs, which were used to demonstrate that the antigen presenting ability of moDCs was attenuated by CRP through FcγR2B, and then NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways were manifested to be involved in this regulation. Ultimately, we perfected and enriched the mechanism studies of CRP in EAE remission, so we are more convinced that CRP plays a key role in protecting against EAE development, which may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MS in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Maggie K Pecsok
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min-Jie Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Center of Teaching and Experiment for Medical Post Graduates, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Almenara-Fuentes L, Perna-Barrull D, Barneda B, Vives-Pi M. A century later, still fighting back: antigen-specific immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:461-474. [PMID: 33483995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Ever since the 1920s, the fate of patients suffering from T1D was dramatically improved owing to the isolation and production of insulin, and the scientific field has largely progressed as a result of the evidence gathered about its underpinnings and mechanisms. The last years have seen this knowledge transformed into actual antigen-specific immunotherapies with potential to restore selectively the breach of tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and halt the autoimmune aggression. However, so far, the results of both prevention and reversion trials in T1D have been rather discouraging, so there is still an urgent need to optimize those immunotherapies and their associated factors, for example, posology and administration patterns, route and timing. In this review, we look back on what has been achieved in the last century and identify the main autoantigens driving the autoimmune attack in T1D. Then, we take a deep dive into the numerous antigen-specific immunotherapies trialed and the ones still at a preclinical phase, ranging from peptides, proteins and agent combinations to gene transfer, nanoparticles, cell-based strategies and novel approaches exploiting naturally occurring tolerogenic processes. Finally, we provide insight into the several features to be considered in a T1D clinical trial, the ideal time point for intervention and the biomarkers needed for monitoring the successful regulatory effect of the antigen-specific immunotherapy. Although further research and optimization remain imperative, the development of a therapeutic armamentarium against T1D autoimmunity is certainly advancing with a confident step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Almenara-Fuentes
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Amani H, Shahbazi MA, D'Amico C, Fontana F, Abbaszadeh S, Santos HA. Microneedles for painless transdermal immunotherapeutic applications. J Control Release 2020; 330:185-217. [PMID: 33340568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently garnered plenty of attention to improve the clinical outcomes in the treatment of various diseases. However, owing to the dynamic nature of the immune system, this approach has often been challenged by concerns regarding the lack of adequate long-term responses in patients. The development of microneedles (MNs) has resulted in the improvement and expansion of immuno-reprogramming strategies due to the housing of high accumulation of dendritic cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells in the dermis layer of the skin. In addition, MNs possess many outstanding properties, such as the ability for the painless traverse of the stratum corneum, minimal invasiveness, facile fabrication, excellent biocompatibility, convenient administration, and bypassing the first pass metabolism that allows direct translocation of therapeutics into the systematic circulation. These advantages make MNs excellent candidates for the delivery of immunological biomolecules to the dermal antigen-presenting cells in the skin with the aim of vaccinating or treating different diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders, with minimal invasiveness and side effects. This review discusses the recent advances in engineered MNs and tackles limitations relevant to traditional immunotherapy of various hard-to-treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amani
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Carmine D'Amico
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Samin Abbaszadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Stefanovski D, Moate PJ, Frank N, Ward GM, Localio AR, Punjabi NM, Boston RC. Metabolic modeling using statistical and spreadsheet software: Application to the glucose minimal model. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 191:105353. [PMID: 32113102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic non-linear metabolic models are used extensively in medical research and increasingly for clinical diagnostic purposes. An example of such a model is the Glucose Minimal Model by Bergman and colleagues [1]. This model is similar to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models in that like pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models, it is based on a small number of fairly simple ordinary differential equations and it aims to determine how the changing concentration of one blood constituent influences the concentration of another constituent. Although such models may appear prima facie, to be relatively simple, they have gained a reputation of being difficult to fit to data, especially in a consistent and repeatable fashion. Consequently, researchers and clinicians have generally relied on dedicated software packages to do this type of modeling. This article describes the use of statistical and spreadsheet software for fitting the Glucose Minimal Model to data from an insulin modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IM-IVGTT). A novel aspect of the modeling is that the differential equations that are normally used to describe insulin action and the disposition of plasma glucose are first solved and expressed in their explicit forms so as to facilitate the estimation of Glucose Minimal Model parameters using the nonlinear (nl) optimization procedure within statistical and spreadsheet software. The most important clinical parameter obtained from the Glucose Minimal Model is insulin sensitivity (SI). Using IM-IVGTT data from 42 horses in one experiment and 48 horses in a second experiment, we demonstrate that estimates of SI derived from the Glucose Minimal Model fitted to data using STATA and Excel, are highly concordant with SI estimates obtained using the industry standard software, MinMod Millennium. This work demonstrates that there is potential for statistical and spreadsheet software to be applied to a wide range of kinetic non-linear modeling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States.
| | - P J Moate
- Agriculture Research Division, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Ellinbank Centre, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
| | - N Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - G M Ward
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A R Localio
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - N M Punjabi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (N.M.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
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14
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Tissue-Engineered Stromal Reticula to Study Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Type I Diabetes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:419-434. [PMID: 33184575 PMCID: PMC7596159 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) support and remodel the lymph node (LN), express and present self-antigens to T cells to promote tolerance. In Type 1 diabetes (T1D), decrease in FRC frequency and in their expression of T1D-related self-antigens may hinder tolerogenic engagement of autoreactive T cells. FRC reticular organization in LNs is critical for adaptive immunity. Thus, we engineered LN-like FRC reticula to determine if FRC reticular properties were altered in T1D and to study engagement of autoreactive T cells in vitro. Methods We characterized FRC networks in pancreatic and skin-draining LNs of 4- and 12-week old non-obese diabetic (NOD) and diabetes resistant NOR mice by immunofluorescence. Murine FRCs isolated from NOR, NOD or human pancreatic LNs were cultured in collagen sponges for up to 21 days before immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis. NOD FRCs expressing T1D antigens were co-cultured with CellTrace-labeled specific T cells in 2D or in scaffolds. T cell engagement was quantified by CD25 upregulation, CellTrace dilution and by T cell tracking. Results FRC networks in both 4- and 12-week old NOD LNs displayed larger reticular pores than NOR controls. NOD FRCs had delayed scaffold remodeling compared to NOR FRCs. Expression of the gp38 FRC marker in NOD FRCs was lower than in NOR but improved in 3D. FRC reticula expressing T1D antigens promoted higher engagement of specific T cells than 2D. Conclusion We engineered LN-like FRC reticula that recapitulate FRC organization and phenotype of T1D LNs for studying tolerogenic autoreactive T cell engagement in T1D.
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15
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Sadatpoor SO, Salehi Z, Rahban D, Salimi A. Manipulated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Applications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:24-45. [PMID: 32114741 PMCID: PMC7119211 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have multilinear differentiation and self-renewal abilities. These cells are immune-privileged as they express no or low level of class-II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) and other costimulatory molecules. Having neuroprotective and regenerative properties, MSCs can be used to ameliorate several intractable neurodegenerative disorders by affecting both innate and adaptive immune systems. Several manipulations like pretreating MSCs with different conditions or agents, and using molecules derived from MSCs or genetically manipulating them, are the common and practical ways that can be used to strengthen MSCs survival and potency. Improved MSCs can have significantly enhanced impacts on diseases compared to MSCs not manipulated. In this review, we describe some of the most important manipulations that have been exerted on MSCs to improve their therapeutic functions and their applications in ameliorating three prevalent neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed omid Sadatpoor
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Sun L, Xi S, He G, Li Z, Gang X, Sun C, Guo W, Wang G. Two to Tango: Dialogue between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4106518. [PMID: 32802890 PMCID: PMC7415089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a long-term and chronic autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system attacks the pancreatic β-cells. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are involved in T1DM development. Both B-cells and T-cells, including CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, as well as other T-cell subsets, could affect onset of autoimmunity. Furthermore, cells involved in innate immunity, including the macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, could also accelerate or decelerate T1DM development. In this review, the crosstalk and function of immune cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM, as well as the corresponding therapeutic interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Shugang Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
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A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) (Glassia ®) in the Treatment of Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236032. [PMID: 31795482 PMCID: PMC6928874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) as a therapeutic modality for β-cell preservation in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Seventy type 1 diabetes patients (37 males; mean age 13.1 ± 4.1years) were randomized to treatment with 22 infusions of AAT (Glassia®) (60 or 120 mg/kg) or placebo. The primary outcome was the area under the curve (AUC) of C-peptide from a 2-h mixed-meal tolerance test after 52 weeks. At week 52, C-peptide was 0.9, 0.45, and 0.48 pmol/mL in the AAT-120, AAT-60, and placebo groups (p = 0.170 and p = 0.866 vs. placebo, respectively). The declines in C-peptide glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the total insulin dose (U/kg) were similar across groups. Within the predefined 12–18-years subgroup, the C-peptide AUC decreased significantly in the placebo and AAT-60 groups (−0.34 and −0.54 pmol/mL, respectively, p < 0.01), with a borderline decrease in the AAT-120 group (−0.29 pmol/mL, p = 0.047). The mean HbA1c level was significantly lower in the AAT-120 group compared to the placebo (6.7% ± 0.9% vs. 8.2 ± 1.4%, p = 0.05), and a higher percentage of patients attained HbA1c ≤ 7% (75% vs. 25%, p = 0.05). AAT was tolerated well, with a similar safety profile between groups. The AAT intervention showed promise in the subgroup of adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact and proposed mechanism of action of AAT in β-cell preservation.
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18
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Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Murillo M, Villalba A, Perna-Barrull D, Cano-Sarabia M, Gomez-Muñoz L, Aguilera E, Maspoch D, Vazquez F, Bel J, Vives-Pi M. Impaired Phagocytosis in Dendritic Cells From Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Does Not Hamper Their Tolerogenic Potential. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2811. [PMID: 31849983 PMCID: PMC6892968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is prompted by defective immunological tolerance, an event in which dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial as immune response orchestrators. In fact, they contribute to maintaining tolerance to self-antigens, but they can also prompt an immunogenic response against them, leading to autoimmunity. Countless factors can potentially impact on the proper functionality of the DCs, which range from altered subset distribution, impaired phagocytic function to abnormal gene expression. Moreover, in T1D, metabolic dysregulation could impair DC functions as well. Indeed, since T1D clinical course is likely to be more aggressive in children and adolescents and entails severe dysglycemia, the aim of this study was to analyze circulating DCs subpopulations in pediatric T1D at different stages, as well as to characterize their phagocytosis ability and tolerance induction potential. Thus, pediatric patients newly diagnosed with T1D, with established disease and control subjects were recruited. Firstly, DCs subsets from peripheral blood were found quantitatively altered during the first year of disease, but recovered in the second year of progression. Secondly, to study the tolerogenic functionality of DCs, liposomes with phosphatidylserine (PS) were designed to mimic apoptotic beta cells, which are able to induce tolerance, as previously demonstrated by our group in DCs from adult patients with T1D. In this study, monocyte-derived DCs from pediatric patients with T1D and control subjects were assessed in terms of PS-liposomes capture kinetics, and transcriptional and phenotypic changes. DCs from pediatric patients with T1D were found to phagocyte PS-liposomes more slowly and less efficiently than DCs from control subjects, inversely correlating with disease evolution. Nonetheless, the transcription of PS receptors and immunoregulatory genes, cytokine profile, and membrane expression of immunological markers in DCs was consistent with tolerogenic potential after PS-liposomes phagocytosis. In conclusion, T1D progression in childhood entails altered peripheral blood DCs subsets, as well as impaired DCs phagocytosis, although tolerance induction could still function optimally. Therefore, this study provides useful data for patient follow-up and stratification in immunotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Murillo
- Pediatrics Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Adrian Villalba
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Gomez-Muñoz
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Aguilera
- Endocrinology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Vazquez
- Endocrinology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan Bel
- Pediatrics Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes Network and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCiii), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Firdessa-Fite R, Creusot RJ. Nanoparticles versus Dendritic Cells as Vehicles to Deliver mRNA Encoding Multiple Epitopes for Immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 16:50-62. [PMID: 31871957 PMCID: PMC6909218 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of antigen-specific immunotherapy relies heavily on efficient antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and engagement of as many disease-relevant T cells as possible in various lymphoid tissues, which are challenging to achieve. Here, we compared two approaches to deliver mRNA encoding multiple epitopes targeting both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a lipid-based nanoparticle platform to target endogenous antigen-presenting cells in vivo versus ex vivo mRNA-electroporated dendritic cells. After intraperitoneal injection, the nanoparticle platform facilitated efficient entry of mRNA into various endogenous antigen-presenting cells, including lymph node stromal cells, and elicited robust T cell responses within a wider network of lymphoid tissues compared with dendritic cells. Following intravenous injection, mRNA-electroporated dendritic cells and the nanoparticle platform localized primarily in lung and spleen, respectively. When administered locally via an intradermal route, both platforms resulted in mRNA expression at the injection site and in robust T cell responses in draining lymph nodes. This study indicates that multiple epitopes, customizable for specific patient populations and encoded by mRNA, can be targeted to different lymphoid tissues based on delivery vehicle and route, and constitute the groundwork for future studies using mRNA to reprogram exogenous or endogenous APCs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rémi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Postigo-Fernandez J, Farber DL, Creusot RJ. Phenotypic alterations in pancreatic lymph node stromal cells from human donors with type 1 diabetes and NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2040-2051. [PMID: 31486854 PMCID: PMC6812633 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Tolerance induction in lymph nodes can be mediated by both haematopoietic cells (e.g. specific dendritic cells subsets) and by non-haematopoietic cells (e.g. lymph node stromal cells [LNSCs]) when they present peripheral tissue antigens to autoreactive T cells. LNSCs normally regulate T cell trafficking and survival and help to maintain peripheral tolerance by exerting immunosuppressive effects. However, whether autoimmunity can be associated with defective tolerogenic functions of LNSCs is unknown and studies aimed at characterising LNSCs in humans are lacking. We hypothesised that dysregulated T cell responses in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) from donors with type 1 diabetes and from NOD mice may be associated with altered LNSC function. METHODS We analysed PLNs from donors with type 1 diabetes and NOD mice for LNSC distribution and phenotype using flow cytometry. We assessed the expression of tolerance-related genes in different subsets of LNSCs from human donors, as well as in a population of dendritic cells enriched in autoimmune regulator (AIRE)+ cells and identified as HLA-DRhigh CD45low. RESULTS The relative frequency of different LNSC subsets was altered in both donors with type 1 diabetes and NOD mice, and both MHC class II and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression were upregulated in human type 1 diabetes. Tolerance-related genes showed similar expression profiles between mouse and human LNSCs at steady state but were generally upregulated in the context of human type 1 diabetes, while, at the same time, many such genes were downregulated in the AIRE-enriched dendritic cell population. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Our study shows that LNSCs are substantially altered in type 1 diabetes, but, surprisingly, they exhibit an enhanced tolerogenic phenotype along with increased antigen-presenting potential, which may indicate an attempt to offset dendritic cell-related tolerogenic defects in tolerance. Thus, LNSCs could constitute alternative therapeutic targets in which to deliver antigens to help re-establish tolerance and prevent or treat type 1 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the published article (and its online supplementary files). Biomark gene expression data were deposited on the Mendeley repository at https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/d9rdzdmvyf/1 . Any other raw datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. No applicable resources were generated or analysed during the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Postigo-Fernandez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rémi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Schloss J, Ali R, Babad J, Guerrero-Ros I, Pongsachai J, He LZ, Keler T, DiLorenzo TP. Development and Characterization of a Preclinical Model for the Evaluation of CD205-Mediated Antigen Delivery Therapeutics in Type 1 Diabetes. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:236-253. [PMID: 31356169 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the production of adaptive immune responses to disease-causing microbes. However, in the steady state (i.e., in the absence of an infection or when Ags are experimentally delivered without a DC-activating adjuvant), DCs present Ags to T cells in a tolerogenic manner and are important for the establishment of peripheral tolerance. Delivery of islet Ags to DCs using Ag-linked Abs to the DC endocytic receptor CD205 has shown promise in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is important to note, however, that all myeloid DCs express CD205 in humans, whereas in mice, only one of the classical DC subsets does (classical DC1; CD8α+ in spleen). Thus, the evaluation of CD205-targeted treatments in mice will likely not accurately predict the results observed in humans. To overcome this challenge, we have developed and characterized a novel NOD mouse model in which all myeloid DCs transgenically express human CD205 (hCD205). This NOD.hCD205 strain displays a similar T1D incidence profile to standard NOD mice. The presence of the transgene does not alter DC development, phenotype, or function. Importantly, the DCs are able to process and present Ags delivered via hCD205. Because Ags taken up via hCD205 can be presented on both class I and class II MHC, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can be modulated. As both T cell subsets are important for T1D pathogenesis, NOD.hCD205 mice represent a unique, patient-relevant tool for the development and optimization of DC-directed T1D therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Jillamika Pongsachai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and.,The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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22
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. Are we aiming to miss in translational autoimmunity treatments? F1000Res 2019; 7:1754. [PMID: 30542620 PMCID: PMC6259590 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16894.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity treatments, fruitfully pioneered in mouse models, can be disappointing or result in immunosuppression and opportunistic infections in translational trials. Many possible reasons exist, but one major, overlooked reason may be the treatment timing in relation to circadian oscillations of the immune system. Mice and humans both have immunological circadian clocks and experience the same circulatory oscillations of immune cells with regards to their sleep/wake phases, but have opposite sleep/wake phases with regard to the daylight cycle. Therefore, researchers mainly study mice and potential autoimmunity treatments during the murine sleep/rest phase, which is when pro-inflammatory mediators and more adaptive immune cells are prevalent in the circulation. In translational trials, however, treatment administration happens primarily during a patient's wake/activity phase, during the daytime, which is when more local and acute immune responses are active in the circulation. Therefore, we believe that the most opportune window for autoimmunity treatment may be missed in translational trials. Shifting the timing, and adjusting dosing to target only immune cells that are active at that time, may result in higher success with minimized immunosuppression or toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Vaitaitis
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David H Wagner
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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23
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A multi-epitope DNA vaccine enables a broad engagement of diabetogenic T cells for tolerance in Type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2018; 98:13-23. [PMID: 30454875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by diabetogenic T cells that evaded tolerance mechanisms and react against multiple β-cell antigens. Antigen-specific therapy to reinstate tolerance (typically using a single β-cell antigen) has so far proved unsuccessful in T1D patients. Plasmid DNA (pDNA)-mediated expression of proinsulin has demonstrated transient protection in clinical trials, but long-lasting tolerance is yet to be achieved. We aimed to address whether pDNA delivery of multiple epitopes/mimotopes from several β-cell antigens efficiently presented to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could also induce tolerance. This approach significantly delayed T1D development, while co-delivery of pDNA vectors expressing four full antigens protected more mice. Delivery of multiple epitopes resulted in a broad engagement of specific T cells, eliciting a response distinct from endogenous epitopes draining from islets. T-cell phenotypes also varied with antigen specificity. Unexpectedly, the repertoire of T cells reactive to the same epitope was highly polyclonal. Despite induction of some CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, protection from disease did not persist after treatment discontinuation. These data demonstrate that epitope-based tolerogenic DNA vaccines constitute effective precision medicine tools to target a broad range of specific CD4+ and CD8+ diabetogenic T-cell populations for prevention or treatment of T1D.
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