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Antikainen AA, Haukka JK, Kumar A, Syreeni A, Hägg-Holmberg S, Ylinen A, Kilpeläinen E, Kytölä A, Palotie A, Putaala J, Thorn LM, Harjutsalo V, Groop PH, Sandholm N. Whole-genome sequencing identifies variants in ANK1, LRRN1, HAS1, and other genes and regulatory regions for stroke in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13453. [PMID: 38862513 PMCID: PMC11166668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) carry a markedly increased risk of stroke, with distinct clinical and neuroimaging characteristics as compared to those without diabetes. Using whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing of 1,051 individuals with T1D, we aimed to find rare and low-frequency genomic variants associated with stroke in T1D. We analysed the genome comprehensively with single-variant analyses, gene aggregate analyses, and aggregate analyses on genomic windows, enhancers and promoters. In addition, we attempted replication in T1D using a genome-wide association study (N = 3,945) and direct genotyping (N = 3,263), and in the general population from the large-scale population-wide FinnGen project and UK Biobank summary statistics. We identified a rare missense variant on SREBF1 exome-wide significantly associated with stroke (rs114001633, p.Pro227Leu, p-value = 7.30 × 10-8), which replicated for hemorrhagic stroke in T1D. Using gene aggregate analysis, we identified exome-wide significant genes: ANK1 and LRRN1 displayed replication evidence in T1D, and LRRN1, HAS1 and UACA in the general population (UK Biobank). Furthermore, we performed sliding-window analyses and identified 14 genome-wide significant windows for stroke on 4q33-34.1, of which two replicated in T1D, and a suggestive genomic window on LINC01500, which replicated in T1D. Finally, we identified a suggestively stroke-associated TRPM2-AS promoter (p-value = 5.78 × 10-6) with borderline significant replication in T1D, which we validated with an in vitro cell-based assay. Due to the rarity of the identified genetic variants, future replication of the genomic regions represented here is required with sequencing of individuals with T1D. Nevertheless, we here report the first genome-wide analysis on stroke in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni A Antikainen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani K Haukka
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anmol Kumar
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Syreeni
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefanie Hägg-Holmberg
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Ylinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Kilpeläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anastasia Kytölä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Başarır Sivri FN, Çiftçi S. A New Insight into Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications in Obesity-Associated Diseases: A Mini Review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300840. [PMID: 38593305 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), such as FABP4 (aP2, A-FABP), are essential for cellular lipid regulation, membrane-protein interactions, and the modulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. FABP4, primarily expressed in adipocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, is integrated into signaling networks that influence immune responses and insulin activity. It has been linked to obesity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Inhibition of FABP4 is emerging as a promising strategy for treating obesity-related conditions, particularly insulin resistance and diabetes. Elevated FABP4 levels in individuals with a BMI above 30 underscore its association with obesity. Furthermore, FABP4 levels are higher not only in the tissues but also in the blood, promoting the onset and development of various cancers. Understanding its broader role reveals involvement in the mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome, contributing to various metabolic and inflammatory responses. While blocking FABP4 offers an alternative therapeutic approach, a comprehensive understanding of potential side effects is crucial before clinical use. This review aims to provide concise insights into FABP4, elucidating its mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications in obesity and associated disorders, contributing to innovative interventions against metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Başarır Sivri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Izmir Democracy University, Güzelyalı, Konak, İzmir, 35290, Turkey
| | - Seda Çiftçi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Izmir Democracy University, Güzelyalı, Konak, İzmir, 35290, Turkey
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Khan A, Zahid MA, Mohammad A, Agouni A. Structure-guided engineering and molecular simulations to design a potent monoclonal antibody to target aP2 antigen for adaptive immune response instigation against type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357342. [PMID: 38524133 PMCID: PMC10960362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as one of the oldest chronic diseases and has become a significant public health issue, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance patient outcomes. Traditional treatments have provided limited success, highlighting the need for novel approaches in managing this complex disease. Methods In our study, we employed graph signature-based methodologies in conjunction with molecular simulation and free energy calculations. The objective was to engineer the CA33 monoclonal antibody for effective targeting of the aP2 antigen, aiming to elicit a potent immune response. This approach involved screening a mutational landscape comprising 57 mutants to identify modifications that yield significant enhancements in binding efficacy and stability. Results Analysis of the mutational landscape revealed that only five substitutions resulted in noteworthy improvements. Among these, mutations T94M, A96E, A96Q, and T94W were identified through molecular docking experiments to exhibit higher docking scores compared to the wild-type. Further validation was provided by calculating the dissociation constant (KD), which showed a similar trend in favor of these mutations. Molecular simulation analyses highlighted T94M as the most stable complex, with reduced internal fluctuations upon binding. Principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that both the wild-type and T94M mutant displayed similar patterns of constrained and restricted motion across principal components. The free energy landscape analysis underscored a single metastable state for all complexes, indicating limited structural variability and potential for high therapeutic efficacy against aP2. Total binding free energy (TBE) calculations further supported the superior performance of the T94M mutation, with TBE values demonstrating the enhanced binding affinity of selected mutants over the wild-type. Discussion Our findings suggest that the T94M substitution, along with other identified mutations, significantly enhances the therapeutic potential of the CA33 antibody against DM by improving its binding affinity and stability. These results not only contribute to a deeper understanding of antibody-antigen interactions in the context of DM but also provide a valuable framework for the rational design of antibodies aimed at targeting this disease more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Ammar Zahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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He Z, Li S, Zhao F, Sun H, Hu J, Wang J, Liu X, Li M, Zhao Z, Luo Y. LncRNA and Protein Expression Profiles Reveal Heart Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia in Tibetan Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:385. [PMID: 38203557 PMCID: PMC10779337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan sheep has an intricate mechanism of adaptation to low oxygen levels, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The heart plays a crucial role in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to hypoxia. In the present study, we utilized transcriptomic and proteomic technologies to comprehensively analyze and identify the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), genes, proteins, pathways, and gene ontology (GO) terms associated with hypoxic adaptation in Tibetan sheep at three different altitudes (2500 m, 3500 m, and 4500 m). By integrating the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA target genes, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we were able to identify and characterize the mechanisms underlying hypoxic adaptation in Tibetan sheep. Through this integration, we identified 41 shared genes/proteins, and functional enrichment analyses revealed their close association with lipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and angiogenesis. Additionally, significant enrichment was observed in important pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the oxoacid metabolic process, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the co-expression network of lncRNAs and mRNAs demonstrated that lncRNAs (MSTRG.4748.1, ENSOART00020025894, and ENSOART00020036371) may play a pivotal role in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to the hypoxic conditions of the plateau. In conclusion, this study expands the existing database of lncRNAs and proteins in Tibetan sheep, and these findings may serve as a reference for the prevention of altitude sickness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.H.); (F.Z.); (H.S.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.H.); (F.Z.); (H.S.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.)
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Srisuporn P, Navasumrit P, Ngaotepprutaram T, Chaisatra K, Hunsonti P, Ruchirawat M. Arsenic exposure alters the expression of genes related to metabolic diseases in differentiated adipocytes and in newborns and children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 250:114124. [PMID: 36989998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the association between prenatal arsenic exposure and the development of metabolic diseases remain unclear. Aberrant adipogenesis and adipokine production are associated with increased risk for the development of metabolic diseases in susceptible populations. Generation of mature adipocytes is tightly regulated by the expression of genes encoding: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4), and glucose transporter-4 (SLC2A4), and adipokines such as leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ). This study aimed to investigate the expression of these genes, which are associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases in newborns and children exposed to arsenic in utero. A high arsenic exposed group showed significantly decreased PPARG and FABP4 expression in cord blood samples from newborns and in saliva samples from children. By contrast, the expression of the SLC2A4 and ADIPOQ mRNA was significantly decreased in high-arsenic exposed children. Furthermore, the levels of toenail arsenic were negatively correlated with the salivary mRNA expression levels of PPARG (r = -0.412, p < 0.01), aP2 (r = -0.329, p < 0.05), and SLC2A4 (r = -0.528, p < 0.01). In vitro studies utilizing umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a surrogate for fetal MSCs showed that arsenite treatment (0.5 μM and 1 μM) significantly impaired adipogenic differentiation in a concentration dependent manner. Such impairment may be related to a significant decrease in the expression of: PPARγ, FABP4, and SLC2A4 observed at 1 μM arsenite. Arsenite treatment also promoted inflammation through a significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory adipokine, LEP, and the inflammatory cytokines: CXCL6, IL-1β, and CXCL8. Collectively, our results suggests that such alterations may be a consequence of the effects of arsenic exposure on fetal MSCs eventually leading to impaired adipogenic differentiation and the promotion of inflammation, both of which contribute to the development of metabolic diseases later in life.
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Uglebjerg N, Ahmadizar F, Aly DM, Cañadas-Garre M, Hill C, Naber A, Oddsson A, Singh SS, Smyth L, Trégouët DA, Chaker L, Ghanbari M, Steinthorsdottir V, Ahlqvist E, Hadjadj S, Van Hoek M, Kavousi M, McKnight AJ, Sijbrands EJ, Stefansson K, Simons M, Rossing P, Ahluwalia TS. Four missense genetic variants in CUBN are associated with higher levels of eGFR in non-diabetes but not in diabetes mellitus or its subtypes: A genetic association study in Europeans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1081741. [PMID: 36926036 PMCID: PMC10011651 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1081741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Rare genetic variants in the CUBN gene encoding the main albumin-transporter in the proximal tubule of the kidneys have previously been associated with microalbuminuria and higher urine albumin levels, also in diabetes. Sequencing studies in isolated proteinuria suggest that these variants might not affect kidney function, despite proteinuria. However, the relation of these CUBN missense variants to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is largely unexplored. We hereby broadly examine the associations between four CUBN missense variants and eGFRcreatinine in Europeans with Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Furthermore, we sought to deepen our understanding of these variants in a range of single- and aggregate- variant analyses of other kidney-related traits in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. METHODS We carried out a genetic association-based linear regression analysis between four CUBN missense variants (rs141640975, rs144360241, rs45551835, rs1801239) and eGFRcreatinine (ml/min/1.73 m2, CKD-EPIcreatinine(2012), natural log-transformed) in populations with T1D (n ~ 3,588) or T2D (n ~ 31,155) from multiple European studies and in individuals without diabetes from UK Biobank (UKBB, n ~ 370,061) with replication in deCODE (n = 127,090). Summary results of the diabetes-group were meta-analyzed using the fixed-effect inverse-variance method. RESULTS Albeit we did not observe associations between eGFRcreatinine and CUBN in the diabetes-group, we found significant positive associations between the minor alleles of all four variants and eGFRcreatinine in the UKBB individuals without diabetes with rs141640975 being the strongest (Effect=0.02, PeGFR_creatinine=2.2 × 10-9). We replicated the findings for rs141640975 in the Icelandic non-diabetes population (Effect=0.026, PeGFR_creatinine=7.7 × 10-4). For rs141640975, the eGFRcreatinine-association showed significant interaction with albuminuria levels (normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria; p = 0.03). An aggregated genetic risk score (GRS) was associated with higher urine albumin levels and eGFRcreatinine. The rs141640975 variant was also associated with higher levels of eGFRcreatinine-cystatin C (ml/min/1.73 m2, CKD-EPI2021, natural log-transformed) and lower circulating cystatin C levels. CONCLUSIONS The positive associations between the four CUBN missense variants and eGFR in a large population without diabetes suggests a pleiotropic role of CUBN as a novel eGFR-locus in addition to it being a known albuminuria-locus. Additional associations with diverse renal function measures (lower cystatin C and higher eGFRcreatinine-cystatin C levels) and a CUBN-focused GRS further suggests an important role of CUBN in the future personalization of chronic kidney disease management in people without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Uglebjerg
- Complications Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Fariba Ahmadizar
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Data Science & Biostatistics, Julius Global Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dina M. Aly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Claire Hill
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke Naber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sunny S. Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Smyth
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- University of Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Nantes Université, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Mandy Van Hoek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J. Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Matias Simons
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Rossing
- Complications Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Complications Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia,
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Miller RG, Costacou T. Cardiovascular Disease in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Looking Beyond Glycemic Control. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:1467-1475. [PMID: 35947333 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite improvements in treatment, people with type 1 diabetes continue to have increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Glycemic control does not fully explain this excess CVD risk, so a greater understanding of other risk factors is needed. RECENT FINDINGS The authors review the relationship between glycemia and CVD risk in adults with type 1 diabetes and summarize evidence regarding other factors that may explain risk beyond glycemia. Insulin resistance, weight gain, sex differences, genetics, inflammation, emerging markers of risk, including lipid subclasses and epigenetic modifications, and future directions are discussed. As glycemic control improves, an increased focus on other CVD risk factors is warranted in type 1 diabetes. Novel markers and precision medicine approaches may improve CVD prediction, but a lack of type 1 diabetes-specific guidelines for lipids, blood pressure, and physical activity are likely impediments to optimal CVD prevention in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tina Costacou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Adipose-Derived Lipid-Binding Proteins: The Good, the Bad and the Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910460. [PMID: 34638803 PMCID: PMC8508731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue releases a large range of bioactive factors called adipokines, many of which are involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Under pathological conditions such as obesity, most of the adipokines are upregulated and considered as deleterious, due to their pro-inflammatory, pro-atherosclerotic or pro-diabetic properties, while only a few are downregulated and would be designated as beneficial adipokines, thanks to their counteracting properties against the onset of comorbidities. This review focuses on six adipose-derived lipid-binding proteins that have emerged as key factors in the development of obesity and diabetes: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), Apolipoprotein D (APOD), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), Lipocalin-14 (LCN14) and Apolipoprotein M (APOM). These proteins share structural homology and capacity to bind small hydrophobic molecules but display opposite effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. RBP4 and FABP4 are positively associated with metabolic syndrome, while APOD and LCN2 are ubiquitously expressed proteins with deleterious or beneficial effects, depending on their anatomical site of expression. LCN14 and APOM have been recently identified as adipokines associated with healthy metabolism. Recent findings on these lipid-binding proteins exhibiting detrimental or protective roles in human and murine metabolism and their involvement in metabolic diseases are also discussed.
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