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Shozi S, Monyeki MA, Moss SJ, Pienaar C. Relationships between physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and handgrip strength amongst adults from the North West province, South Africa: The PURE study. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2022; 14:e1-e11. [PMID: 35695439 PMCID: PMC9210178 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handgrip strength (HGS) serves as a proxy for the functional ability and its association with body composition (BC) and physical activity (PA) in South African adults are less clear. AIM We investigated the relationships between PA, body composition and HGS amongst adults. SETTING Rural and urban population from North West Province, South Africa. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was performed on 688 (198 men; 490 women) adults aged 35-70 years from the 2015 measurement wave of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study from the North West province of South Africa. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) assessed and a dynamometer determined HGS in kilogram. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were used as measures of body composition. Spearman correlation coefficients determined the relationship between PA, BMI and HGS. RESULTS In the study, 22% and 26%, respectively, were overweight and obese with women being more overweight and obese compared to men. Sixty percent of the participants met the recommended 150 min or more of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) per week. Handgrip strength of the participants in the study was weaker than the published norms. Handgrip strength significantly (p 0.05) differed by age. A significant positive association was found between HGS and BMI. Age negatively (r = -0.12; p = 0.001) correlated with MVPA per week. CONCLUSION High prevalence of overweight and obesity exists in the current adults' sample. It was also evident that poor upper limb muscle strength and MVPA were negatively associated with ageing. Given the health implications of poor strength indicators, PA intervention programmes, comprised of strength activities, for an adult population are urgently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindisiwe Shozi
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom.
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The relationship between anthropometric indices and type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in north-east China. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:1675-83. [PMID: 25358425 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to test the predictive value of different cut-off points of anthropometric parameters for the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or glucose tolerance abnormalities in north-east Chinese adults. DESIGN Multistage random cluster sampling method in a cross-sectional study. SETTING Height, body weight, maximal body weight in the past, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure, 2 h post-load glucose and other lifestyle factors were measured. SUBJECTS We used data from 1058 adults aged 20 years or over, selected in the city of Mudanjiang, in 2005. RESULTS BMI, maximal BMI in the past (MAXBMI), waist:hip ratio (WHR), waist:height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly correlated with each other. Partial correlation coefficients between WHtR and WC, and between MAXBMI and BMI, were higher than those between the other indices. The association of anthropometric indices with T2DM or glucose tolerance abnormalities was significantly highest for the collaboration cut-off points of MAXBMI (≥ 23.0 kg/m(2) for T2DM, ≥ 22.0 kg/m(2) for glucose tolerance abnormalities) with WHtR (≥ 0.52). Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves also showed that WHtR was a better anthropometric index that discriminated between the presence and absence of T2DM and an excellent indicator with high Youden's index. CONCLUSIONS MAXBMI combined with WHtR was a better anthropometric index associated with T2DM or glucose tolerance abnormalities. The combined use of these two measures is a good choice for T2DM prevention and screening.
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Ma SH, Park BY, Yang JJ, Jung EJ, Yeo Y, Whang Y, Chang SH, Shin HR, Kang D, Yoo KY, Park SK. Interaction of body mass index and diabetes as modifiers of cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study. J Prev Med Public Health 2012; 45:394-401. [PMID: 23230470 PMCID: PMC3514470 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes and obesity each increases mortality, but recent papers have shown that lean Asian persons were at greater risk for mortality than were obese persons. The objective of this study is to determine whether an interaction exists between body mass index (BMI) and diabetes, which can modify the risk of death by cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS Subjects who were over 20 years of age, and who had information regarding BMI, past history of diabetes, and fasting blood glucose levels (n=16 048), were selected from the Korea Multi-center Cancer Cohort study participants. By 2008, a total of 1290 participants had died; 251 and 155 had died of CVD and stroke, respectively. The hazard for deaths was calculated with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) by Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Compared with the normal population, patients with diabetes were at higher risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.33 to 2.56; HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.76; respectively). Relative to subjects with no diabetes and normal BMI (21 to 22.9 kg/m(2)), lean subjects with diabetes (BMI <21 kg/m(2)) had a greater risk for CVD and stroke deaths (HR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.09; HR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.58 to 6.76; respectively), while obese subjects with diabetes (BMI ≥25 kg/m(2)) had no increased death risk (p-interaction <0.05). This pattern was consistent in sub-populations with no incidence of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that diabetes in lean people is more critical to CVD deaths than it is in obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Park
- Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - En-Joo Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohwan Yeo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yungi Whang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung-Hoon Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hai-Rim Shin
- Non-communicable Disease and Health Promotion, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Daehee Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Kyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Away-from-home foods are regulated with respect to the prevention of food-borne diseases and potential contaminants, but not for their contribution to dietary-related chronic diseases. Away-from-home foods have more calories, salt, sugar and fat, and include fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended by national nutrition guidelines. Thus, frequent consumption of away-from-home foods contributes to obesity, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. In light of this, many localities are already adopting regulations or sponsoring programs to improve the quality of away-from-home foods. We review the rationale for developing nutritional performance standards for away-from-home foods in light of limited human capacity to regulate intake or physiologically compensate for a poor diet. We offer a set of model performance standards to be considered as a new area of environmental regulation. Models for voluntary implementation of consumer standards exist in the environmental domain and may be useful templates for implementation. Implementing such standards, whether voluntarily or via regulations, will require addressing a number of practical and ideological challenges. Politically, regulatory standards contradict the belief that adults should be able to navigate dietary risks in away-from-home settings unaided.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cohen
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California 90407, USA.
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Sohn MW, Budiman-Mak E, Oh EH, Park MS, Stuck RM, Stone NJ, Pearce WB. Obesity paradox in amputation risk among nonelderly diabetic men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:460-2. [PMID: 21996669 PMCID: PMC3978648 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The association between BMI and amputation risk is not currently well known. We used data for a cohort of diabetic patients treated in the US Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in 2003. Men aged <65 years at the end of follow-up were examined for their amputation risk and amputation-free survival during the next 5 years (2004-2008). Compared to overweight individuals (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)), the risks of amputation and treatment failure (amputation or death) were higher for patients with BMI <25 kg/m(2) and were lower for those with BMI ≥30 kg/m(2). Individuals with BMI ≥40 kg/m(2) were only half as likely to experience any (hazard ratios (HR) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-0.80) and major amputations (HR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.39-0.73) during follow-up as overweight individuals. While the amputation risk continued to decrease for higher BMI, amputation-free survival showed a slight upturn at BMI >40 kg/m(2). The association between obesity and amputation risk in our data shows a pattern consistent with "obesity paradox" observed in many health conditions. More research is needed to better understand pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain the paradoxical association between obesity and lower-extremity amputation (LEA) risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woong Sohn
- Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.
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Comparison of waist-to-hip ratio and other obesity indices as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in people with type-2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study from ADVANCE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:312-9. [PMID: 20628304 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e32833c1aa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the strength of associations and discrimination capability of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with type-2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven thousand, one hundred and forty men and women were followed for a mean of 4.8 years. The Cox proportional hazard models were used to compute the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for one standard deviation (SD) increase in baseline BMI (SD: 5 kg/m2), WC (SD: 13 cm) and WHR (SD: 0.08) with cardiovascular disease risk. After adjustment, hazard ratio (95% CI) for WC were 1.10 (1.03–1.18) for cardiovascular events, 1.13 (1.03–1.24) for coronary events, and 1.08 (0.98–1.19) for cardiovascular deaths. Estimates for WHR were 1.12 (1.05–1.19), 1.17 (1.08–1.28) and 1.19 (1.09–1.31). BMI was not related to any of these outcomes. Although the receiver operating characteristic curve could not differentiate between anthropometric variables (P values 0.24), the relative integrated discrimination improvement statistic showed an enhancement in the discrimination capabilities of models using WHR for cardiovascular outcomes, except for cerebrovascular events. CONCLUSION Strengths of associations and discrimination statistics suggested that WHR was the best predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with type-2 diabetes and BMI the worst.
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Shao J, Yu L, Shen X, Li D, Wang K. Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2010; 14:782-5. [PMID: 21085910 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anthropometric indices to obesity were evaluated as predictors of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Our purpose was to explore an optimal or more reliable anthropometric indicator and optimal cut-off points for obesity on metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The survey was conducted involving 2947 participants, aged 20 or above with cross-sectional study of population. The predictive validity and optimal cut-off values were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under curve (AUC) and the largest Youden's index (sensitivity + specificity - 1) by gender group, respectively. Kappa value showed diagnostic consistency. RESULTS According to the criteria of CDS 2004, IDF 2005 and AHA/NHLBI 2005, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 10.32%, 9.64% and 16.12% respectively, which indicated that the prevalence was higher in men than in women and increased with age (P < 0.05). The BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR in metabolic syndrome patients were greater than those in healthy volunteers and the indices in men were higher than those in women. With adjusted age and gender, the partial correlation coefficient for BMI-WC, BMI-WHR and BMI-WHtR was 0.7991, 0.5278 and 0.8196, respectively (P < 0.05). The area under curves (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for WHtR was larger (P < 0.05) than that for WC and WHR. The cut-point of WHtR was approximately 0.5 in both genders with a satisfactory balance between sensitivity and specificity, where the Kappa (k) value for WHtR-BMI was higher than that for WHtR-WHR, and WHtR-WC. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that WHtR might be an optimal anthropometric predictor of metabolic syndrome risk factors and the cut-point of WHtR was approximately 0.50 in both genders of Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shao
- Department of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, China.
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Batty GD, Whitley E, Kivimäki M, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Body mass index and attempted suicide: Cohort study of 1,133,019 Swedish men. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:890-9. [PMID: 20829269 PMCID: PMC2984250 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between body mass index (BMI) and attempted (nonfatal) suicide have recently been reported. However, the few existing studies are relatively small in scale, the majority cross-sectional, and results contradictory. The authors have explored BMI-attempted suicide associations in a large cohort of 1,133,019 Swedish men born between 1950 and 1976, with BMI measured in early adulthood. During a mean follow-up of 23.9 years, a total of 18,277 (1.6%) men had at least 1 hospital admission for attempted suicide. After adjustment for confounding factors, there was a stepwise, linear decrease in attempted suicide with increasing BMI across the full BMI range (per standard deviation increase in BMI, hazard ratio = 0.93, 95% confidence interval: 0.91, 0.94). Analyses excluding men with depression at baseline were essentially identical to those based on the complete cohort. In men free from depression at baseline, controlling for subsequent depression slightly attenuated the raised risk of attempted suicide, particularly in lower weight men. This study suggests that lower weight men have an increased risk of attempted suicide and that associations may extend into the "normal" BMI range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Finn Rasmussen
- Correspondence to Professor Finn Rasmussen, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden (e-mail: )
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Alves JG, Gale CR, Mutrie N, Correia JB, Batty GD. A 6-month exercise intervention among inactive and overweight favela-residing women in Brazil: the Caranguejo Exercise Trial. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:76-80. [PMID: 18556608 PMCID: PMC2636610 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the viability and efficacy of a known quantity of exercise in facilitating weight loss among previously sedentary or irregularly active overweight and obese adult women residing in a slum (favela) in Brazil. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 156 women were randomized to a control or intervention group (78 in each group). Exercise was supervised, consisting of three 50-minute aerobic sessions each week for 6 months. RESULTS Ninety-one percent (71) of the participants in the intervention group completed 6 months of the exercise program. At 6 months, women in the treatment group showed significant reduction in weight (mean=-1.69 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-2.36,-1.03) and body mass index (mean=-0.63 kg/m2; 95% CI=-0.97, -0.30) compared with controls (P for both<.001). CONCLUSIONS A moderately intense, structured exercise program resulted in modest weight loss in women when sustained for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Alves
- Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Rua dos Coelhos, 300, Boa Vista Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 50070-080.
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Martin SA, Haren MT, Taylor AW, Middleton SM, Wittert GA. Chronic disease prevalence and associations in a cohort of Australian men: the Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study (FAMAS). BMC Public Health 2008; 8:261. [PMID: 18664294 PMCID: PMC2531108 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing proportion of Australia's chronic disease burden is carried by the ageing male. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asthma, cancer, diabetes, angina and musculoskeletal conditions and their relationship to behavioural and socio-demographic factors in a cohort of Australian men. Methods Self-reports of disease status were obtained from baseline clinic visits (August 2002 – July 2003 & July 2004 – May 2005) from 1195 randomly selected men, aged 35–80 years and living in the north-west regions of Adelaide. Initially, relative risks were assessed by regression against selected variables for each outcome. Where age-independent associations were observed with the relevant chronic disease, independent variables were fitted to customized multiadjusted models. Results The prevalence of all conditions was moderately higher in comparison to national data for age-matched men. In particular, there was an unusually high rate of men with cancer. Multiadjusted analyses revealed age as a predictor of chronic conditions (type 2 diabetes mellitus, angina, cancer & osteoarthritis). A number of socio-demographic factors, independent of age, were associated with chronic disease, including: low income status (diabetes), separation/divorce (asthma), unemployment (cancer), high waist circumference (diabetes), elevated cholesterol (angina) and a family history of obesity (angina). Conclusion Socio-demographic factors interact to determine disease status in this broadly representative group of Australian men. In addition to obesity and a positive personal and family history of disease, men who are socially disadvantaged (low income, unemployed, separated) should be specifically targeted by public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Martin
- Discipline of Medicine, Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Anthropometric indices and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of Turkish adults. Public Health Nutr 2008; 12:538-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980008002474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Batty GD, Kivimaki M, Gray L, Smith GD, Marmot MG, Shipley MJ. Cigarette smoking and site-specific cancer mortality: testing uncertain associations using extended follow-up of the original Whitehall study. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:996-1002. [PMID: 18212091 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between cigarette smoking and several malignancies is still unclear. We examined the association of cigarette smoking with death attributed to 15 cancer sites, 7 of which are regarded as having an uncertain relation with tobacco. PATIENTS AND METHODS The original Whitehall study is a prospective cohort of 17 363 London-based male government employees (age 40-69 years) who were examined in the late 1960s and then followed up for a maximum of 38 years. RESULTS Following adjustment for demographic characteristics, risk factors, and prevalent disease, established positive cigarette smoking--cancer gradients were confirmed for carcinoma of the lung, stomach, pancreas, bladder, upper aero-digestive (including oesophagus), and liver, and for myeloid leukaemia. Among the cancers of uncertain relation with smoking, mortality rates for malignancy of the colon, rectum and prostate and for lymphatic leukaemia were elevated in current and/or former smokers. There was essentially no apparent relation between smoking and mortality from carcinoma of the brain or from lymphoma. CONCLUSION In this study, cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for several malignancies of previously unclear association with tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Batty
- Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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