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Associations between Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity with Physical Fitness among Adolescents in Shandong Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061425. [PMID: 36986154 PMCID: PMC10051977 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The trend of physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) among Chinese adolescents is not optimistic, and unhealthy dietary behaviors are common. PA and dietary patterns (DPs) have been linked to PF in adolescents, but the associations between DPs and PF with PF in Chinese adolescents are rarely discussed. Methods: A total of 8796 adolescents aged 11–18 were enrolled from Shandong Province, China. The CNSPFS battery was applied to assess PF. PA levels and diet quality were determined using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and the modified Chinese Diet Quality Questionnaire, respectively. This study used factor analysis to identify DPs and linear regression models to investigate the association between PF and related factors. Results: The average PF score of the participants was 75.67. Adolescents who were girls, lived in rural areas and were active in PA performed better on the PF test (p < 0.05). Boys whose fathers were university educated or above had a higher probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.32–14.36); however, if their mothers were university educated or above, they had a lower probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.063–0.76). Unhealthy dietary pattern was negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31–0.98). The association between unhealthy dietary pattern and girls’ BMI became significant after adjustment for PA (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Girls performed better in PF than boys. Highly educated fathers could contribute to improve the PF performance in boys. There were four DPs among adolescents in Shandong Province, and different DPs may have different effects on PF in boys and girls.
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de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas RGB, Vasques ACJ, Ribeiro FB, Solar I, Hanada AS, Barbosa MG, Valente AMM, de Almeida Pititto B, Eshriqui I, da Cunha Lopes TL, Geloneze B, Ferreira SRG. Parental body mass index and maternal gestational weight gain associations with offspring body composition in young women from the Nutritionists' Health Study. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:101-110. [PMID: 36155122 PMCID: PMC9983792 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective Intrauterine environment can induce fetal metabolic programming that predisposes to adiposity-related chronic diseases in its lifespan. We examined the associations of parental nutritional status and gestational weight gain with offspring body composition in early adulthood. Methods This is cross-sectional analysis of female participants of the NutriHS who were submitted to questionnaires, clinical examinations and body composition assessed by DXA. Association of preconception parental BMI and maternal gestational weight gain (exposures) with body composition measurements (outcomes) were analyzed using multiple linear models adjusted for Directed Acyclic Graphs-based covariables (maternal and paternal educational level, maternal age, and tobacco, alcohol and/or drugs use). The sample included 124 women (median 28 (24-31) years) with a mean BMI of 25.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Results No association between previous paternal BMI and offspring's body composition was detected. In the fully adjusted linear regression model, maternal BMI was associated with offspring's total lean mass (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (β = 0.11, p = 0.003) and fat mass index (FMI) (β = 0.03, p = 0.039). Gestational weight gain was associated with increased offspring's BMI (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.20], p = 0.01). The linear regression model adjusted for maternal age and maternal and paternal education levels showed associations of gestational weight gain with offspring's ASMI (β = 0.42, p = 0.046), FMI (β = 0.22, p = 0.005) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (β = 0.09, p = 0.035). Conclusion Our findings suggest that preconception maternal BMI could influence lean mass and general adiposity of young adult female offspring and that gestational weight gain could be useful for predicting centrally distributed adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Escola de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques
- Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Francieli Barreiro Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabela Solar
- Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Alfredo Shigueo Hanada
- Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Gomes Barbosa
- Escola de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ilana Eshriqui
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Escola de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratório de Investigação em Metabolismo e Diabetes, Gastrocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Centro de Pesquisa de Obesidade e Comorbidades, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Brunner J, Fill Malfertheiner S, Brandstetter S, Seelbach-Göbel B, Apfelbacher C, Melter M, Kabesch M, Baessler A, Arndt P, Berneburg M, Böse-O’Reilly S, Brunner R, Buchalla W, Franke A, Häusler S, Heid I, Herr C, Högler W, Kerzel S, Koller M, Leitzmann M, Rothfuß D, Rösch W, Schaub B, Weber BHF, Weidinger S, Wellmann S. Prevalences of cardiometabolic risk and lifestyle factors in young parents: evidence from a German birth cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:469. [DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Studies show that parents significantly impact their children’s health through their cardiometabolic risk profile and health behavior. There is only little information about the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and lifestyle factors among new parents yet. The aims of this study are therefore to evaluate the prevalences of cardiometabolic risk factors in parents of infants in Germany and to examine their lifestyle and health behavior.
Methods
In the KUNO-Kids health study, an ongoing birth cohort, parents (n = 930 mothers and 769 fathers) were asked about cardiometabolic risk factors (obesity/hypertension/type 2 diabetes mellitus) and lifestyle factors (dietary/sports/smoking habits/alcohol consumption) during the first year after the birth of their children via questionnaires. Chi-square as well as fisher exact tests were conducted to analyse associations between lifestyle factors and cardiometabolic risk factors.
Results
34.2% of mothers and 58.5% of fathers were overweight or obese. In 11.8% of the families, at least one parent suffered from hypertension, in 2.4% from type 2 diabetes mellitus. One year after delivery, 8.5% of mothers were smoking, 6.9% showed a risky alcohol consumption (> 10 g/d). 16.0% of fathers were smoking 4 weeks after childbirth, 10.7% showed risky alcohol consumption (> 20 g/d). 21.6% of mothers carried out sports activity for more than 2 h a week then. Parental hypertension was linked to a higher prevalence of risky alcohol consumption, obesity to a lower prevalence of daily fruits consumption.
Conclusions
Cardiometabolic risk factors were widespread among new parents with obesity and overweight having the highest prevalences. A considerable number of parents also practiced an unhealthy lifestyle showing that there is potential for improvement to promote the healthy development of their children.
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Prevalence and predictors of metabolically healthy obesity in severely obese Asian children. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1374-1380. [PMID: 35132129 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese individuals who have little or no metabolic syndrome components are proposed to be "metabolically healthy obese (MHO)". This study aim to evaluate the prevalence of MHO and examine the predictors associated with MHO in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort of severely obese children. METHODS This study included a cross-sectional cohort of 406 Chinese, Malay and Indian children aged 5-20 years old with BMI for age ≥ 97th percentile. Metabolic syndrome (MS) and metabolic health (MH) definitions based on the presence or absence of metabolic abnormalities (High triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and high glucose) were used to define MHO in the cohort. RESULTS The prevalence of MHO is 63.5% by MS definition and 22.4% by MH definition. Maternal healthy metabolic status (OR: 2.47), age (OR: 0.83, 0.80), paternal obesity (OR: 0.48, 0.53), Malay (OR: 1.97) and Indian ethnicity (OR: 6.38, 3.21) (compared to Chinese ethnicity) are independent predictors for MHO phenotype based on different MHO definitions. CONCLUSIONS Adiposity measures are not associated with MHO phenotype, but instead younger age, maternal healthy metabolic status, absence of paternal obesity, Malay and Indian ethnicity are independent predictors for MHO phenotype in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort of severely obese children. IMPACT The prevalence of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) in our multi-ethnic Asian cohort of severely obese children is 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, based on different MHO definitions. Adiposity measures are not associated with the MHO phenotype. There are other factors that contribute to the metabolic phenotype in obese individuals. Younger age, maternal healthy metabolic status, absence of paternal obesity, Malay and Indian ethnicity are independent predictors for MHO phenotype. Parental influence is important in predicting metabolic health in obese individuals.
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Programming by maternal obesity: a pathway to poor cardiometabolic health in the offspring. Proc Nutr Soc 2022; 81:227-242. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever increasing prevalence of maternal obesity worldwide such that in many populations over half of women enter pregnancy either overweight or obese. This review aims to summarise the impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes. Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes. However, beyond this exposure to maternal obesity during development also increases the risk of her offspring developing long-term adverse cardiometabolic outcomes throughout their adult life. Both human studies and those in experimental animal models have shown that maternal obesity can programme increased risk of offspring developing obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction; type 2 diabetes with peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction; CVD with impaired cardiac structure and function and hypertension via impaired vascular and kidney function. As female offspring themselves are therefore likely to enter pregnancy with poor cardiometabolic health this can lead to an inter-generational cycle perpetuating the transmission of poor cardiometabolic health across generations. Maternal exercise interventions have the potential to mitigate some of the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring health, although further studies into long-term outcomes and how these translate to a clinical context are still required.
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Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:901-917. [PMID: 35022547 PMCID: PMC9050512 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, evidence from human and animal studies suggests that paternal obesity around the time of conception can have adverse effects on offspring health through developmental programming. This may make significant contributions to the current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic and reproductive complications like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and subfertility/infertility. To date, changes in seminal fluid composition, sperm DNA methylation, histone composition, small non-coding RNAs, and sperm DNA damage have been proposed as potential underpinning mechanism to program offspring health. In this review, we discuss current human and rodent evidence on the impact of paternal obesity/overnutrition on offspring health, followed by the proposed mechanisms, with a focus on sperm DNA damage underpinning paternal programming. We also summarize the different intervention strategies implemented to minimize effects of paternal obesity. Upon critical review of literature, we find that obesity-induced altered sperm quality in father is linked with compromised offspring health. Paternal exercise intervention before conception has been shown to improve metabolic health. Further work to explore the mechanisms underlying benefits of paternal exercise on offspring are warranted. Conversion to healthy diets and micronutrient supplementation during pre-conception have shown some positive impacts towards minimizing the impact of paternal obesity on offspring. Pharmacological approaches e.g., metformin are also being applied. Thus, interventions in the obese father may ameliorate the potential detrimental impacts of paternal obesity on offspring.
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Naseri P, Amiri P, Zareie Shab-Khaneh A, Azizi F. Predictive value of women's weight trajectories in determining familial cardiovascular disorders: a family-based longitudinal study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17317. [PMID: 34453070 PMCID: PMC8397790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the dynamic nature of body mass index (BMI) and its importance in determining cardiovascular risks, this study aimed to investigate the life-course trajectory pattern of women’s BMI and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1356 couples with 2976 children were recruited and followed up for an average period of 20 years. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to determine women's BMI trajectories; logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between trajectory patterns and cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity. Women were classified into three trajectories, including normal, stage 1 obesity, and stage 2 obesity. Compared to women’s in the normal trajectory group, those in obesity trajectories had higher odds ratios for HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. Men with obese spouses showed a higher rate of HTN 1.54 (95% CI 1.05–2.25) and DM 1.55; (95% CI 1.00–2.44). The odds of men’s obesity were higher in obese spouses (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.10–2.62). Offspring of stage 2 obese (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.67–3.44) and stage 1 obese (OR 4.81; 95% CI 3.16–7.34) mothers were more likely to be obese. Our findings emphasized paying more attention to women with excessive weight to promote familial cardiovascular health in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Naseri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Amirali Zareie Shab-Khaneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Child's body mass index and mother's obesity: the moderating role of physical fitness. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:843-850. [PMID: 32940742 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the association between children's body mass index and their mother's obesity, considering children's physical fitness as a possible moderator. Cross-sectional study developed with 1842 children and adolescents, aged seven to 17 years, from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, Brazil. Body weight and height were assessed to determine body mass index. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-min walk/run test and muscular strength through the lower limb strength test. Mother's perception of obesity was self-assessed. Moderation was tested through a SPSS program extension. Results indicated that higher children's body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001) and muscular strength (p = 0.035) were associated with mother's obesity. Likewise, higher body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) in adolescents were associated with maternal obesity. Moreover, physical fitness moderates the relationship between body mass index and mother's obesity in children (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = - 0.006; 95% CI = (- 0.010, - 0.001); muscular strength: β = - 8.415; 95% CI = (- 12.526, - 4.304)) and in adolescents (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = - 0.004; 95% CI = (- 0.008, - 0.0008); muscular strength: β - 2.958; 95% CI = (- 5.615, - 0.030)).Conclusion: increasing physical fitness is an important strategy to protect youths from high body mass index, when their mothers are obese. What is Known: • Mother's obesity is associated with their children's body mass index. • Parents' obesity is associated with their children's physical fitness What is New: • Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength are moderators in the relationship between mother's obesity and BMI of their children. • Children and adolescents with high cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength levels are protected against elevated body mass index, considering mother's obesity.
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Eberle C, Kirchner MF, Herden R, Stichling S. Paternal metabolic and cardiovascular programming of their offspring: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244826. [PMID: 33382823 PMCID: PMC7775047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is lots of evidence that maternal peri-gestational metabolic, genomic and environmental conditions are closely linked to metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in their offspring later in life. Moreover, there is also lotsof evidence that underlining mechanisms, such as molecular as well as epigenetic changes may alter the intrauterine environment leading to cardio-metabolic diseases in their offspring postnatal. But, there is also increasing evidence that cardio-metabolic diseases may be closely linked to their paternal metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and other risk factors. OBJECTIVE To analyse the evidence as well as specific risk factors of paternal trans-generational programming of cardio-metabolic diseases in their offspring. METHODS Within a systematic scoping review, we performed a literature search in MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE databases in August 2020 considering original research articles (2000-2020) that examined the impact of paternal programming on metabolic and cardiovascular offspring health. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies as well as human and animal model studies were included. RESULTS From n = 3.199 citations, n = 66 eligible studies were included. We selected n = 45 epidemiological as well as clinical studies and n = 21 experimental studies. In brief, pre-conceptional paternal risk factors, such as obesity, own birth weight, high-fat and low-protein diet, undernutrition, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycaemia, advanced age, smoking as well as environmental chemical exposure affect clearly metabolic and cardiovascular health of their offspring later in life. CONCLUSIONS There is emerging evidence that paternal risk factors, such as paternal obesity, diabetes mellitus, nutritional habits, advanced age and exposure to environmental chemicals or cigarette smoke, are clearly associated with adverse effects in metabolic and cardiovascular health in their offspring. Compared to maternal programming, pre-conceptional paternal factors might also have also a substantial effect in the sense of trans-generational programming of their offspring and need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Eberle
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda–University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Michaela F. Kirchner
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda–University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Raphaela Herden
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda–University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stichling
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda–University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
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Freitas RGBDON, Vasques ACJ, Ribeiro FB, Solar I, Hanada AS, Barbosa MG, Valente AMM, Pititto BDA, Lopes TLDC, Geloneze B, Ferreira SRG. Maternal and paternal obesity are associated with offspring obestatin levels in the Nutritionists' Health Study. Nutrition 2020; 83:111067. [PMID: 33348107 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether paternal and maternal body mass indexes (BMIs) were independently associated with obestatin and visfatin levels in adult offspring. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 124 women who participated in the Nutritionists' Health Study (NutriHS) at baseline. Early life events, anthropometry, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-determined body composition and blood sample were obtained. Associations of parental BMI with outcomes (obestatin and visfatin) were tested by multiple linear regression, using minimal sufficient adjustments recommended by Directed Acyclic Graph. Participants' mean BMI was 25 ± 5 kg/m2 and 74% were metabolically healthy. Median obestatin and visfatin levels were 56.4 pg/mL (42-72) and 17.7 ng/mL (14-21.8), respectively. Eleven percent of mothers and 39% of fathers were overweight/obese. RESULTS Daughters born from overweight/obese mothers had higher BMI than those born from normal weight women (P = 0.003). In adjusted regression model, offspring obestatin levels were associated with maternal BMI (β = -0.03; P = 0.045) and paternal BMI (β = -0.02; P = 0.048) independently of maternal and paternal education, maternal age, and maternal use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or drugs. No association was detected with visfatin levels. CONCLUSION Inverse associations of maternal and paternal BMIs with offspring obestatin concentrations in women could suggest a utility of this biomarker of energy regulation determined in early adulthood. Whether obestatin could be an indicator of protection against obesity-related disorders in the life course requires investigation in studies designed to test such hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Francieli Barreiro Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabela Solar
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Shigueo Hanada
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Brazil
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López-Gil JF, Brazo-Sayavera J, García-Hermoso A, Yuste Lucas JL. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6-13. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020567. [PMID: 32098325 PMCID: PMC7071395 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and both physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) level has been analysed in several studies. The aim of this research was to describe, compare and analyse the level of PF and PA in schoolchildren aged 6–13 in the Region of Murcia, according to adherence to the MD. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 370 schoolchildren (44.9% girls) aged 6–13 (8.7 ± 1.8) from six primary schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and teenagers (KIDMED) was used to determinate the adherence to the MD. The ALPHA-FIT Test Battery was applied for assess body composition and PF. PA level was determined using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Only 25.9% of the schoolchildren had optimal adherence to the MD. Regarding the scores of the different PF tests in MD groups, only statistically significant differences were found for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (p = 0.048) in boys. PA level showed statistically significant differences in both boys (p = 0.040) and girls (p = 0.016). A positive relationship was found between the KIDMED and PA level (p = 0.235). A higher probability of having a greater CRF (OR = 1.17; CI = 1.02–1.34) and PA level (OR = 7.84; CI = 2.84–21.60) was found in high MD group. These results suggest that an optimal adherence to the MD is associated with higher CRF and PA level in the selected schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco López-Gil
- Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Region of Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República, 40000 Rivera, Uruguay;
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, 71783-5 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Luis Yuste Lucas
- Departamento de Expresión Plástica, Musical y Dinámica, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Murcia (UM), 30100 Espinardo, Region of Murcia, Spain;
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Bodden C, Hannan AJ, Reichelt AC. Diet-Induced Modification of the Sperm Epigenome Programs Metabolism and Behavior. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:131-149. [PMID: 31744784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The rapidly increasing numbers of overweight people can be traced back to overconsumption of energy-dense, poor-quality foods as well as physical inactivity. This development has far-reaching and costly implications. Not only is obesity associated with serious physiological and psychological complications, but mounting evidence also indicates a ripple effect through generations via epigenetic changes. Parental obesity could induce intergenerational and transgenerational changes in metabolic and brain function of the offspring. Most research has focused on maternal epigenetic and gestational effects; however, paternal contributions are likely to be substantial. We focus on the latest advances in understanding the mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance of obesity-evoked metabolic and neurobiological changes through the paternal germline that predict wide-ranging consequences for the following generation(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bodden
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia.
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia; BrainsCAN, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, N6A 3K7 ON, Canada
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13
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Larqué E, Labayen I, Flodmark CE, Lissau I, Czernin S, Moreno LA, Pietrobelli A, Widhalm K. From conception to infancy - early risk factors for childhood obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:456-478. [PMID: 31270440 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy, as well as early nutrition and the environment infants are raised in, are considered relevant factors for the prevention of childhood obesity. Several models are available for the prediction of childhood overweight and obesity, yet most have not been externally validated. Moreover, the factors considered in the models differ among studies as the outcomes manifest after birth and depend on maturation processes that vary between individuals. The current Review examines and interprets data on the early determinants of childhood obesity to provide relevant strategies for daily clinical work. We evaluate a selection of prenatal and postnatal factors associated with child adiposity. Actions to be considered for preventing childhood obesity include the promotion of healthy maternal nutrition and weight status at reproductive age and during pregnancy, as well as careful monitoring of infant growth to detect early excessive weight gain. Paediatricians and other health-care professionals should provide scientifically validated, individual nutritional advice to families to counteract excessive adiposity in children. Based on systematic reviews, original papers and scientific reports, we provide information to help with setting up public health strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD) and Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carl-Erik Flodmark
- Childhood Obesity Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inge Lissau
- Childhood Obesity Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sarah Czernin
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism and Austrian Academic institute for Clinical Nutrition, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angelo Pietrobelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism and Austrian Academic institute for Clinical Nutrition, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Chiesa S, Georgiopoulos G, Charakida M. Maternal adiposity and offspring blood pressure: a call for primordial prevention strategies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:1579-1580. [PMID: 31284748 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319862666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Chiesa
- Vascular Physiology Unit, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UK
| | - George Georgiopoulos
- School of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK
| | - Marietta Charakida
- School of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK
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15
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Manios Y, Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Ioannou G, Androutsos O, Lionis C, Chrousos G. Lifestyle, anthropometric, socio-demographic and perinatal correlates of early adolescence hypertension: The Healthy Growth Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:159-169. [PMID: 30660688 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Various lifestyle, anthropometric, socio-demographic and perinatal characteristics have been separately associated with elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to simultaneously evaluate all potential risk factors and to identify the most dominant correlates of early adolescence hypertension in a large group of school children 9-13 years old. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional study with 1444 schoolchildren 9-13 years old, having full data on lifestyle, anthropometric, socio-demographic and perinatal indices, as well as blood pressure measurements. Early adolescents born large for their gestational age (LGA) (OR, 95% C.I. 0.49 (0.25-0.97)), those with higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (OR, 95% C.I. 0.71 (0.53-0.96)) and those of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) (OR, 95% C.I. 0.51 (0.33-0.79)), had lower risk of hypertension, compared with their counterparts with appropriate birth weight, low levels of PA and with low SES respectively, independently of the variables used in the multivariate model. On the other hand, overweight and obese early adolescents (OR, 95% C.I. 2.61 (1.88-3.62)), those with central obesity (OR, 95% C.I. 1.75 (1.12-2.73)) and those having a hypertensive father (OR, 95% C.I. 1.93 (1.20-3.12)) had higher risk of hypertension compared with normal weight early adolescents and those without a family history of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Among the parameters examined, early adolescence abnormal body weight and central obesity, low PA, non LGA, low SES family and family history of hypertension were found to be independently associated with higher risk of hypertension. The identified correlates of early adolescence hypertension can be used by public health initiatives for early detection and management of this major public health problem, prioritizing early adolescents and families at the highest possible risk for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece.
| | - K Karatzi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - G Moschonis
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Ioannou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - O Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - C Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - G Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Tambalis KD, Mourtakos S, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Favorably Associated with Physical Fitness in Children. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:390-397. [PMID: 31025871 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2019.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the potential association between exclusive breastfeeding and its duration on physical fitness (PF) components during childhood. Materials and Methods: A random sample of 5,125 dyads children and their mothers was evaluated. With the use of a standardized questionnaire, telephone interviews were carried out for the collection of maternal lifestyle factors (e.g., breastfeeding and its duration, etc.). Data from five PF tests (e.g., vertical jump, standing long jump, small ball throw, 30-m sprint, and 20-m shuttle run) were used to assess lower and upper body strength, speed, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Linear and logistic regression models were estimated and adjusted for children's body mass index (BMI) and birth weight, and parental factors (prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, gestational age, pregnancy in vitro, parity before, and educational level). Results: Among boys, exclusive breastfeeding was favorably associated with CRF (b = 0.07), lower body strength (b = 0.41), upper body strength (b = 0.10), and speed (b = -0.11). Also, among girls, we found a favorable association between exclusive breastfeeding and CRF (b = 0.07), lower body strength (b = 0.47), upper body strength (b = 0.10), and speed (b = -0.11). All of the associations remained significant after adjusting for several potential confounders. With the exception of speed test in girls, children who were exclusively breastfed ≥6 months had 10-40% increased odds for average/high performances in PF tests in comparison with those who were breastfed <1 month. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding ≥6 months had a favorable influence on PF test performances in childhood. It seems that exclusive breastfeeding could play a significant role in children's future health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stamatis Mourtakos
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Labros S Sidossis
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.,2 Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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17
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Falcão-Tebas F, Kuang J, Arceri C, Kerris JP, Andrikopoulos S, Marin EC, McConell GK. Four weeks of exercise early in life reprograms adult skeletal muscle insulin resistance caused by a paternal high-fat diet. J Physiol 2018; 597:121-136. [PMID: 30406963 DOI: 10.1113/jp276386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A paternal high-fat diet/obesity before mating can negatively influence the metabolism of offspring. Exercise only early in life has a remarkable effect with respect to reprogramming adult rat offspring exposed to detrimental insults before conception. Exercise only early in life normalized adult whole body and muscle insulin resistance as a result of having a high-fat fed/obese father. Unlike the effects on the muscle, early exercise did not normalize the reduced adult pancreatic beta cell mass as a result of having a high-fat fed/obese father. Early-life exercise training may be able to reprogram an individual whose father was obese, inducing long-lasting beneficial effects on health. ABSTRACT A paternal high-fat diet (HFD) impairs female rat offspring glucose tolerance, pancreatic morphology and insulin secretion. We examined whether only 4 weeks of exercise early in life could reprogram these negative effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a HFD for 10 weeks before mating with chow-fed dams. Female offspring remained sedentary or performed moderate intensity treadmill exercise (5 days week-1 , 60 min day-1 , 20 m min-1 ) from 5 to 9 weeks of age. Paternal HFD impaired (P < 0.05) adult offspring whole body insulin sensitivity (i.p. insulin sensitivity test), as well as skeletal muscle ex vivo insulin sensitivity and TBC1D4 phosphorylation. It also lowered β-cell mass and reduced in vivo insulin secretion in response to an i.p. glucose tolerance test. Early-life exercise in offspring reprogrammed the negative effects of a paternal HFD on whole body insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle ex vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and TBC1D4 phosphorylation and also increased glucose transporter 4 protein. However, early exercise did not normalize the reduced pancreatic β-cell mass or insulin secretion. In conclusion, only 4 weeks of exercise early in life in female rat offspring reprograms reductions in insulin sensitivity in adulthood caused by a paternal HFD without affecting pancreatic β-cell mass or insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippe Falcão-Tebas
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chelsea Arceri
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jarrod P Kerris
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn C Marin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn K McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Jiang Y, Yu YC, Ding GL, Gao Q, Chen F, Luo Q. Intrauterine hyperglycemia induces intergenerational Dlk1-Gtl2 methylation changes in mouse placenta. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22398-22405. [PMID: 29854287 PMCID: PMC5976473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An intrauterine hyperglycemic environment has long-lasting effects on the offspring. Recent studies focused on fetal tissues, whereas we studied the development and molecular alteration of the placenta. By intercrossing male and female adult control (C) and first-generation offspring mice with gestational diabetes mellitus (F1-GDM), we obtained four groups of second generation (F2) offspring: 1) C♂-C♀, 2) C♂-GDM♀, 3) GDM♂-C♀, 4) GDM♂- GDM♀. Placental weights in F1-GDM offspring were lower than in the control group. Placental weights in F2-offspring decreased through the paternal line. Placental RNA was extracted and analyzed using microarrays on day18.5 of pregnancy. This revealed 35 upregulated imprinted genes and 10 down-regulated imprinted genes. Dlk1and Gtl2 were especially down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, due to their abnormal methylation status. These findings suggest that intrauterine hyperglycemia decreased placental weight in the first generation, and this was transmitted paternally to the second generation in mice. They also suggest intrauterine hyperglycemia leads to abnormal placental Dlk1-Gtl2 expression due to DNA methylation in first and second generation mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chen Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lian Ding
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors in parents and child obesity in Segamat, Malaysia. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1523-1532. [PMID: 29106558 PMCID: PMC5837730 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is little evidence regarding risk factors for child obesity in Asian populations, including the role of parental anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors. We examined the relation between parental risk factors and child obesity in a Malaysian population. Methods We used data from health and demographic surveillance conducted by the South East Asia Community Observatory in Segamat, Malaysia. Analyses included 9207 individuals (4806 children, 2570 mothers and 1831 fathers). Child obesity was defined based on the World Health Organization 2007 reference. We assessed the relation between parental anthropometric (overweight, obesity and central obesity) and cardiometabolic (systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension and hyperglycaemia) risk factors and child obesity, using mixed effects Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. Results We found a high burden of overweight and obesity among children in this population (30% overweight or obese). Children of one or more obese parents had a 2-fold greater risk of being obese compared with children of non-obese parents. Sequential adjustment for parental and child characteristics did not materially affect estimates (fully adjusted relative risk for obesity in both parents: 2.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.82, 3.10, P < 0.001; P for trend < 0.001). These associations were not modified by parental or child sex. We found no consistent evidence for associations between parental cardiometabolic risk factors and child obesity. Conclusions Parental obesity was strongly associated with child obesity in this population. Further exploration of the behavioural and environmental drivers of these associations may help inform strategies addressing child obesity in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Partap
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Pascale Allotey
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- South East Asia Community Observatory, Segamat, Malaysia
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel D Reidpath
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- South East Asia Community Observatory, Segamat, Malaysia
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20
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Parental body mass index and its association with body composition, physical fitness and lifestyle factors in their 4-year-old children: results from the MINISTOP trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1200-1205. [PMID: 28466851 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To examine the association between parental body mass index (BMI) and their offspring's body composition, physical fitness and lifestyle factors (that is, sedentary time, physical activity and diet). SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 307 preschoolers (4.5±0.1 years) and their parents (fathers: 38.1±5.1 years and mothers: 35.6±4.2 years) participated in this study. Parental BMI was calculated using self-reported weight and height. Preschoolers body composition was assessed using: BMI, fat mass percentage, fat mass index, fat-free mass index (measured via air-displacement plethysmography) and waist circumference. Physical fitness was assessed by the PREFIT fitness battery. Lifestyle factors were assessed using the ActiGraph wGT3x-BT (sedentary time and physical activity), and the mobile-phone based tool for energy balance in children (diet). RESULTS Parental BMI were positively associated with their offspring's BMI (paternal BMI: standardised beta, β=0.233, P<0.001; maternal BMI: β=0.186, P=0.001), fat mass index (paternal BMI: β=0.130, P=0.026; maternal BMI: β=0.163, P=0.005), fat-free mass index (paternal BMI: β=0.214, P<0.001; maternal BMI: β=0.119, P=0.036) and waist circumference (paternal BMI: β=0.178, P=0.001; maternal BMI: β=0.179, P=0.001). A negative association was found between maternal BMI and their offspring's standing long jump test (β=-0.132, P=0.022). Paternal BMI was associated with their offspring's sedentary time (β=0.100, P=0.026), whereas parental BMI was not associated with neither physical activity nor diet (all P⩾0.104). CONCLUSIONS Parental BMI was positively associated with their offspring's BMI, fat as well as fat-free mass index and waist circumference. Moreover, a higher paternal and maternal BMI were related to higher levels of sedentary time and a lower performance in the standing long jump test of their offspring, respectively.
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21
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Mitchell M, Strick R, Strissel PL, Dittrich R, McPherson NO, Lane M, Pliushch G, Potabattula R, Haaf T, El Hajj N. Gene expression and epigenetic aberrations in F1-placentas fathered by obese males. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:316-328. [PMID: 28186371 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression and/or epigenetic deregulation may have consequences for sperm and blastocysts, as well as for the placenta, together potentially contributing to problems observed in offspring. We previously demonstrated specific perturbations of fertilization, blastocyst formation, implantation, as well as aberrant glucose metabolism and adiposity in offspring using a mouse model of paternal obesity. The current investigation analyzed gene expression and methylation of specific CpG residues in F1 placentas of pregnancies fathered by obese and normal-weight male mice, using real-time PCR and bisulfite pyrosequencing. Our aim was to determine if paternal obesity deregulated placental gene expression and DNA methylation when compared to normal-weight males. Gene methylation of sperm DNA was analyzed and compared to placentas to address epigenetic transmission. Of the 10 paternally expressed genes (Pegs), 11 genes important for development and transport of nutrients, and the long-terminal repeat Intracisternal A particle (IAP) elements, derived from a member of the class II endogenous retroviral gene family, we observed a significant effect of paternal diet-induced obesity on deregulated expression of Peg3, Peg9, Peg10, and the nutrient transporter gene Slc38a2, and aberrant DNA methylation of the Peg9 promoter in F1 placental tissue. Epigenetic changes in Peg9 were also found in sperm from obese fathers. We therefore propose that paternal obesity renders changes in gene expression and/or methylation throughout the placental genome, which could contribute to the reproductive problems related to fertility and to the metabolic, long-term health impact on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany.,School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Reiner Strick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L Strissel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole O McPherson
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle Lane
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Repromed, Dulwich, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Galyna Pliushch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximillians University, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximillians University, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximillians University, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximillians University, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Impact of parental obesity on neonatal markers of inflammation and immune response. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:30-37. [PMID: 27780976 PMCID: PMC5209273 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Maternal obesity may influence neonatal and childhood morbidities through increased inflammation and/or altered immune response. Less is known about paternal obesity. We hypothesized that excessive parental weight contributes to elevated inflammation and altered immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles in neonates. Subjects/Methods In the Upstate KIDS Study maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was obtained from vital records and paternal BMI from maternal report. Biomarkers were measured from newborn dried blood spots (DBS) among neonates whose parents provided consent. Inflammatory scores were calculated by assigning one point for each of 5 pro-inflammatory biomarkers above the median and one point for an anti-inflammatory cytokine below the median. Linear regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to estimate mean differences (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in the inflammatory score and Ig levels by parental overweight/obesity status compared to normal weight. Results Among 2974 pregnancies, 51% were complicated by excessive maternal weight (BMI>25), 73% by excessive paternal weight, and 28% by excessive gestational weight gain. Maternal BMI categories of overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) and obese class II/III (BMI≥35) were associated with increased neonatal inflammation scores (β=0.12, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21; p=0.02, and β=0.13, CI: −0.002, 0.26; p=0.05, respectively) but no increase was observed in the obese class I group (BMI 30-34.9). Mothers with class I and class II/III obesity had newborns with increased IgM levels (β=0.11, CI: 0.04, 0.17; p=0.001 and β=0.12, CI: 0.05, 0.19); p<0.001, respectively). Paternal groups of overweight, obese class I and obese class II/III had decreased neonatal IgM levels (β=−0.08, CI: −0.13,-0.03, p=0.001; β=−0.07, CI: −0.13, −0.01, p=0.029 and β=−0.11, CI:−0.19,-0.04, p=0.003, respectively). Conclusions Excessive maternal weight was generally associated with increased inflammation and IgM supporting previous observations of maternal obesity and immune dysregulation in offspring. The role of paternal obesity requires further study.
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23
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Zaqout M, Michels N, Ahrens W, Börnhorst C, Molnár D, Moreno LA, Eiben G, Siani A, Papoutsou S, Veidebaum T, De Henauw S. Associations between exclusive breastfeeding and physical fitness during childhood. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:545-555. [PMID: 27771770 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to breastfeeding improves the survival, health, and development of children; therefore, breast milk is recommended as the exclusive nutrient source for feeding term infants during the first 6 months. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the possible association between exposure to exclusive breastfeeding and physical fitness performance in children and, if so, whether this association is influenced by the breastfeeding duration. METHODS A total of 2853 (52.3 % girls) European children from the IDEFICS study aged 6-11 years with complete data on physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, flexibility, balance, speed) and exclusive breastfeeding duration (never, 1-3, 4-6, 7-12 months) were included in the present study. Multivariate and mixed linear regression models were estimated and adjusted for sex, age, birth weight, diet, physical activity, body mass index, and parental factors (age, body mass index, educational attainment). RESULTS We found a positive association between exclusive breastfeeding and lower-body explosive strength (β = 0.034) as well as flexibility (β = 0.028). We also found a positive association between breastfeeding and balance in boys (β = 0.039), while this association was negative in girls (β = -0.029). To improve lower-body explosive strength, 1-3 months of exclusive breastfeeding were enough; a longer duration did not lead to increasing benefit. In contrast, 4-6 months of breastfeeding were necessary to have any benefit on flexibility or balance, although this became nonsignificant after adjustment for body mass index and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding seems a natural way of slightly improving some physical fitness components (mainly lower-body muscle strength) and thus future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zaqout
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Börnhorst
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriele Eiben
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Siani
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Stalo Papoutsou
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 4K3, Ghent, Belgium
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Brandt S, Moß A, Koenig W, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H, Wabitsch M. Intrafamilial associations of cardiometabolic risk factors--results of the Ulm Birth Cohort Study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:174-83. [PMID: 25796035 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of genetic, early childhood and lifestyle factors related to cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood is important for the development of preventive strategies against cardiovascular diseases. Intrafamilial associations of cardiometabolic risk factors are rarely studied and the few existing results are inconsistent. AIMS To study the relationship of cardiometabolic risk factors in parent-offspring pairs (trios) of the prospective Ulm Birth Cohort Study (UBCS). METHODS At the 8-yr follow-up examination of the UBCS weights, heights, waist circumferences (WC), systolic (sysBP) and diastolic blood pressure (diasBP) of n=304 8 yrs old children and their parents were measured. Fasting plasma samples were collected and concentrations of insulin, glucose, retinol-binding-protein 4 (RBP4), adiponectin, leptin, apolipoprotein A and B (ApoA, ApoB) were analyzed. RESULTS BMI values and WC were stronger related in father-offspring than in mother-offspring pairs. Adjustment for potential confounders did not change these results. Fasting plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, RBP4, ApoB, sysBP and diastBP were stronger correlated in mother-offspring than in father-offspring pairs also after adjusting for potential confounders. Offsprings of fathers that have ≥3 cardiometabolic risk factors had 0.74 kg/m2 higher BMI values and 2.34 cm higher WC compared to offsprings of the reference group (both parents having <3 cardiometabolic risk factors). There was a trend for higher fasting plasma insulin concentrations in offsprings where the mother had ≥3 cardiometabolic risk factors compared to offsprings of the reference group. CONCLUSION These results might be explained by gender-specific genetic factors as well as by early life programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brandt
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Moß
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89077 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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Darnton-Hill I, Samman S. Challenges and Opportunities in Scaling-Up Nutrition in Healthcare. Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3:3-19. [PMID: 27417744 PMCID: PMC4934520 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare continues to be in a state of flux; conventionally, this provides opportunities and challenges. The opportunities include technological breakthroughs, improved economies and increasing availability of healthcare. On the other hand, economic disparities are increasing and leading to differing accessibility to healthcare, including within affluent countries. Nutrition has received an increase in attention and resources in recent decades, a lot of it stimulated by the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. An increase in ageing populations also has meant increased interest in nutrition-related chronic diseases. In many middle-income countries, there has been an increase in the double burden of malnutrition with undernourished children and overweight/obese parents and adolescents. In low-income countries, an increased evidence base has allowed scaling-up of interventions to address under-nutrition, both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. Immediate barriers (institutional, structural and biological) and longer-term barriers (staffing shortages where most needed and environmental impacts on health) are discussed. Significant barriers remain for the near universal access to healthcare, especially for those who are socio-economically disadvantaged, geographically isolated, living in war zones or where environmental damage has taken place. However, these barriers are increasingly being recognized, and efforts are being made to address them. The paper aims to take a broad view that identifies and then comments on the many social, political and scientific factors affecting the achievement of improved nutrition through healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Darnton-Hill
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 021111, USA.
| | - Samir Samman
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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McCarthy K, Ye YL, Yuan S, He QQ. Parental weight status and offspring cardiovascular disease risks: a cross-sectional study of Chinese children. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12:E01. [PMID: 25569694 PMCID: PMC4290097 DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.140384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prevalence of childhood obesity in China is increasing, and parental weight is a risk factor for the development of obesity in children. We examined the relationship of parental body weight status with risk of offspring cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Chinese children. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China, during May and June 2010. Parental body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to self-reported height and weight. Offspring CVD risk factors, including BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and metabolic risk score (MRS), were assessed through anthropometric measures, blood samples, and a CRF test. Multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance were used to examine the effects of maternal and paternal weight status on offspring CVD risks. Results A total of 580 Chinese children (339 boys and 241 girls, mean [standard deviation] age, 9.6 [0.7] years) participated in the study. Maternal BMI was significantly associated with offspring elevated BMI (β = 0.134, P = .002), waist circumference (β = 0.253, P = .04), and decreased CRF (β = −0.134, P = .01). Paternal BMI was significantly associated with elevated offspring BMI (β = 0.161, P < .001), waist circumference (β = 0.404, P < .001), triglycerides (β = 0.017, P = .03), MRS (β = 0.084, P = .03), and decreased CRF (β = −0.174, P < .001). BMI (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), and MRS (P < .05) were positively associated with additional overweight/obese parents, whereas CRF was negatively associated (P < .001). Conclusion Parental weight status was significantly associated with increased risk of CVD in their children, and the association was stronger for paternal weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayne McCarthy
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China and University of Hawaii Office of Public Health Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Yong-ling Ye
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qi-qiang He
- School of Public Health/Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd, No. 185, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, P.R. China. E-mail:
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Maternal obesity, inflammation, and developmental programming. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:418975. [PMID: 24967364 PMCID: PMC4055365 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, especially in women of child-bearing age, is a global health concern. In addition to increasing the immediate risk of gestational complications, there is accumulating evidence that maternal obesity also has long-term consequences for the offspring. The concept of developmental programming describes the process in which an environmental stimulus, including altered nutrition, during critical periods of development can program alterations in organogenesis, tissue development, and metabolism, predisposing offspring to obesity and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in later life. Although the mechanisms underpinning programming of metabolic disorders remain poorly defined, it has become increasingly clear that low-grade inflammation is associated with obesity and its comorbidities. This review will discuss maternal metainflammation as a mediator of programming in insulin sensitive tissues in offspring. Use of nutritional anti-inflammatories in pregnancy including omega 3 fatty acids, resveratrol, curcumin, and taurine may provide beneficial intervention strategies to ameliorate maternal obesity-induced programming.
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Gaillard R, Steegers EAP, Duijts L, Felix JF, Hofman A, Franco OH, Jaddoe VWV. Childhood cardiometabolic outcomes of maternal obesity during pregnancy: the Generation R Study. Hypertension 2013; 63:683-91. [PMID: 24379180 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal prepregnancy obesity is associated with impaired cardiometabolic health in offspring. Whether these associations reflect direct intrauterine causal mechanisms remains unclear. In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4871 mothers, fathers, and their children, we examined the associations of both maternal and paternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with childhood body fat distribution and cardiometabolic outcomes and explored whether any association was explained by pregnancy, birth, and childhood factors. We measured childhood BMI, total body and abdominal fat distribution, blood pressure, and blood levels of lipids, insulin, and C-peptide at the age of 6 years. We observed that higher maternal and paternal prepregnancy BMI were associated with higher childhood BMI, total body and abdominal fat mass measures, systolic blood pressure, and insulin levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P<0.05). Stronger associations were present for maternal than paternal BMI, with statistical support for heterogeneity between these associations. The associations for childhood fat mass and cardiometabolic outcomes attenuated after adjustment for childhood current BMI. Compared with children from normal-weight mothers, those from obese mothers had increased risks of childhood overweight (odds ratio, 3.84 [95% confidence interval, 3.01-4.90]) and clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors (odds ratio, 3.00 [95% confidence interval, 2.09-4.34]). Smaller effect estimates for these outcomes were observed for paternal obesity. In conclusion, higher maternal and paternal prepregnancy BMI were associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile in offspring, with stronger associations present for maternal prepregnancy BMI. These findings suggest that maternal prepregnancy BMI may influence the cardiometabolic health of offspring through direct intrauterine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group (Na29-15), Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vik KL, Romundstad P, Carslake D, Smith GD, Nilsen TIL. Comparison of father-offspring and mother-offspring associations of cardiovascular risk factors: family linkage within the population-based HUNT Study, Norway. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 43:760-71. [PMID: 24366488 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular risk factors are transmitted from parents to offspring; however, the relative contributions of fathers and mothers remain unclear. If maternal exposures during pregnancy influence offspring through the intrauterine environment, associations between mothers and offspring are expected to be stronger than between fathers and offspring. In this family linkage study we compared father-offspring and mother-offspring associations of several cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The study population consisted of 36,528 father-mother-offspring trios who participated at one or more surveys of the HUNT Study, Norway in 1984-86, 1995-97 and 2006-08. Parent-offspring associations were assessed using unstandardized and standardized residuals from linear regression analysis, and possible non-paternity was accounted for in sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Age- and sex-adjusted parent-offspring associations for anthropometric factors, blood pressure, blood lipids, blood glucose and resting heart rate were largely similar between fathers and mothers. Use of standardized values and analyses adjusted for non-paternity further emphasized this similarity. CONCLUSIONS This study found largely similar father-offspring and mother-offspring associations across all cardiovascular risk factors under study, arguing against strong maternal effects transmitted through intrauterine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti L Vik
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKDepartment of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Carslake
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom I L Nilsen
- Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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RISK FACTORS FOR ABDOMINAL OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS FROM CRACOW, POLAND (1983–2000). J Biosoc Sci 2013; 47:203-19. [PMID: 24176037 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932013000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine abdominal obesity risk factors in two successive cohorts of children and adolescents aged 4–18 from Cracow, Poland, examined during the years of political transformation. The influence of biological, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on abdominal obesity was analysed by calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression analysis. It was found that for girls obesity in both parents (OR=4.31; 95% CI 1.73–20.70) and high birth weight (OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.12–2.82) were significant risk factors for abdominal obesity in the 1983 cohort. In the 2000 cohort obesity in both parents for boys and girls (boys: OR=5.85; 95% CI 1.36–25.10; girls: OR=4.82; 95% CI 1.17–19.77), low level of parental education in girls (OR=2.06; 95% CI 1.15–3.69), having only one son (OR=1.96; 95% CI 1.36–3.40), parents' smoking habits in girls (OR=2.94; 95% CI 1.46–5.91) and lack of undertaking physical activity in sport clubs in boys (OR=6.11; 95% CI 1.46–25.47) were significant abdominal obesity risk factors. Higher number of hours of leisure time physical activity (OR=0.89; 95% CI 0.81–0.97) significantly lowered the risk of abdominal obesity in boys in the 2000 cohort. The greater differentiation of abdominal obesity risk factors in the 2000 cohort in comparison to the 1983 cohort may have resulted from the social and economic changes taking place in Poland at the end of the 20th century.
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Steffen LM, Sinaiko AR, Zhou X, Moran A, Jacobs Jr DR, Korenfeld Y, Dengel DR, Chow LS, Steinberger J. Relation of adiposity, television and screen time in offspring to their parents. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:133. [PMID: 24004899 PMCID: PMC3766692 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the relations of adiposity and lifestyle factors in young offspring with their parents as children (parentschild) or at their current age (parentsadult). Therefore, we compared measures of adiposity and lifestyle in parentschild and parentsadult with their offspring. METHODS Two generations (one parent and his/her offspring) participated in this study: 234 parents from a previously established cohort and 382 offspring. Parentsadult and offspring underwent measurements for height, weight, waist circumference, % body fat, visceral fat, and lifestyle habits. Participants were classified as normal weight, overweight, obese based on age-specific BMI criteria. Mixed model linear regression analysis evaluated the associations of adiposity and lifestyle factors of parentschild and parentsadult with that of their offspring, adjusting for age, sex, race, and family membership. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity was greater among offspring mean age 12.3 years compared to their parentschild mean age 12.6 years (18.4% vs 10.1%, p<0.001) even though hours of television (TV) watching were similar between the two generations as children (p=0.80). Sixty percent of parents (as children and adults) and offspring reported more than 2 hours of TV/day. Offspring of parents who were overweight and obese as children had greater BMI (all p<0.001) than offspring of parents who were normal weight as children. For both parentadult and offspring, adiposity was greater with greater total screen time. CONCLUSIONS Identifying high-risk families is important for early intervention of overweight, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Alan R Sinaiko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Antoinette Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - David R Jacobs Jr
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Yoel Korenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Lisa S Chow
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Julia Steinberger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1300 South Second St Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Labayen I, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Harro J, Kwak L, Oja L, Merenäkk L, Veidebaum T, Sjöström M. Role of socio-cultural factors on changes in fitness and adiposity in youth: a 6-year follow-up study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:883-890. [PMID: 22795868 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Optimal cardio-respiratory fitness and adiposity levels are tightly related to health in youth. We analysed changes in fitness and adiposity in young individuals from two countries, and examined the role of maternal education in these changes. METHODS AND RESULTS A 6-year follow-up study was conducted on 483 Estonian children (9 years) and 466 Swedish children (9-10 years) and adolescents (15 years). Fitness was assessed by a maximal bike test, and total and central adiposity were indirectly estimated by skinfolds (Slaughter's equation for fat mass) and waist circumference. At follow-up, fitness and adiposity had increased in the children cohort (P ≤ 0.001), while small or no change occurred in the adolescent cohort. In the children cohort, Estonian participants had a lower increase in fitness and a higher increase in adiposity (total and central) than Swedish participants. Higher maternal education increased the odds of remaining fit (top quartile) by half and reduced the risk of remaining fat (top quartile) by half; odds ratios = 1.56 (1.00-2.43), 0.50 (0.32-0.77) and 0.61 (0.39-0.94) for fitness, total and central adiposity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the socioeconomic situation of a country might influence key cardiovascular risk factors (fitness and adiposity), being at higher risk for a low-middle income country (Estonia) than a higher income country (Sweden). The findings stress the role of socioeconomic status, particularly maternal education, in the maintenance of healthy fitness and adiposity levels from childhood into later life. Preventive efforts have to be taken from early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Ortega
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Ortega FB, Konstabel K, Pasquali E, Ruiz JR, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Mäestu J, Löf M, Harro J, Bellocco R, Labayen I, Veidebaum T, Sjöström M. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: a cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60871. [PMID: 23637772 PMCID: PMC3634054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To know how moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time change across lifespan periods is needed for designing successful lifestyle interventions. We aimed to study changes in objectively measured (accelerometry) MVPA and sedentary time from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS Estonian and Swedish participants from the European Youth Heart Study aged 9 and 15 years at baseline (N = 2312) were asked to participate in a second examination 6 (Sweden) to 9/10 (Estonia) years later. 1800 participants with valid accelerometer data were analyzed. RESULTS MVPA decreased from childhood to adolescence (-1 to -2.5 min/d per year of follow-up, P = 0.01 and <0.001, for girls and boys respectively) and also from adolescence to young adulthood (-0.8 to -2.2 min/d per year, P = 0.02 and <0.001 for girls and boys, respectively). Sedentary time increased from childhood to adolescence (+15 and +20 min/d per year, for girls and boys respectively, P<0.001), with no substantial change from adolescence to young adulthood. Changes in both MVPA and sedentary time were greater in Swedish than in Estonian participants and in boys than in girls. The magnitude of the change observed in sedentary time was 3-6 time larger than the change observed in MVPA. CONCLUSIONS The decline in MVPA (overall change = 30 min/d) and increase sedentary time (overall change = 2:45 h/d) observed from childhood to adolescence are of concern and might increase the risk of developing obesity and other chronic diseases later in life. These findings substantially contribute to understand how key health-related behaviors (physical activity and sedentary) change across important periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco B. Ortega
- “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenn Konstabel
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elena Pasquali
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Hurtig-Wennlöf
- School of Health and Medical Sciences/Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Department of Coaching Sciences, Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rino Bellocco
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Universidad del País Vasco/European Humanities University, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Parental obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among their offspring in mid-life: findings from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1590-6. [PMID: 23567929 PMCID: PMC3858611 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated whether parental adiposity is associated with offspring cardiovascular health or the underlying pathways. Studying these associations may help to illuminate the paradox of increasing prevalence of obesity and declining trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, which may be partially explained by beneficial adaptations to an obesogenic environment among people exposed to such environments from younger ages. Objective: To investigate associations between parental body mass index (BMI) and risk factors for CVD among their offspring in mid-life and to test whether associations of offspring BMI with CVD risk factors were modified by parental BMI. Methods: Data from parents and offspring in the 1958 British birth cohort were used (N=9328). Parental BMI was assessed when offspring were aged 11 years; offspring BMI, waist circumference and CVD risk factors (lipid levels, blood pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and inflammatory and haemostatic markers) were measured at 44–45 years. Results: Higher parental BMI was associated with less favourable levels of offspring risk factors for CVD. Most associations were maintained after adjustment for offspring lifestyle and socioeconomic factors but were largely abolished or reversed after adjustment for offspring adiposity. For some CVD risk factors, there was evidence of effect modification; the association between higher BMI and an adverse lipid profile among offspring was weaker if maternal BMI had been higher. Conversely, offspring BMI was more strongly associated with HbA1c if parental BMI had been higher. Conclusions: Intergenerational influences may be important in conferring the effect of high BMI on CVD risk among offspring.
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Swaminathan S, Thomas T, Yusuf S, Vaz M. Clustering of diet, physical activity and overweight in parents and offspring in South India. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 67:128-34. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Testing the fetal overnutrition hypothesis; the relationship of maternal and paternal adiposity to adiposity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in Indian children. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:1656-66. [PMID: 22895107 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the fetal overnutrition hypothesis by comparing the associations of maternal and paternal adiposity (sum of skinfolds) with adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. DESIGN Children from a prospective birth cohort had anthropometry, fat percentage (bio-impedance), plasma glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations and blood pressure measured at 9.5 years of age. Detailed anthropometric measurements were recorded for mothers (at 3±2 weeks’ gestation) and fathers (5 years following the index pregnancy). SETTING Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. SUBJECTS Children (n 504), born to mothers with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. RESULTS Twenty-eight per cent of mothers and 38% of fathers were overweight/ obese (BMI≥25.0 kg/m²), but only 4% of the children were overweight/obese (WHO age- and sex-specific BMI≥18.2 kg/m²). The children’s adiposity (BMI, sum of skinfolds, fat percentage and waist circumference), fasting insulin concentration and insulin resistance increased with increasing maternal and paternal sum of skinfolds adjusted for the child’s sex, age and socio-economic status. Maternal and paternal effects were similar. The associations with fasting insulin and insulin resistance were attenuated after adjusting for the child’s current adiposity. CONCLUSIONS In this population, both maternal and paternal adiposity equally predict adiposity and insulin resistance in the children. This suggests that shared family environment and lifestyle, or genetic/epigenetic factors, influence child adiposity. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that there is an intrauterine overnutrition effect of maternal adiposity in non-diabetic pregnancies, although we cannot rule out such an effect in cases of extreme maternal obesity, which is rare in our population.
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Leibowitz KL, Moore RH, Ahima RS, Stunkard AJ, Stallings VA, Berkowitz RI, Chittams JL, Faith MS, Stettler N. Maternal obesity associated with inflammation in their children. World J Pediatr 2012; 8:76-9. [PMID: 21874618 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-011-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and the inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and the cytokine, adiponectin, in the offspring. METHODS Weight, height, Tanner stage and biomarkers were measured in thirty-four 12-year-old children, from the Infant Growth Study, who were divided into high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) groups based on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). RESULTS The two groups differed markedly in their hs-CRP levels, but no group difference was found for the other three biomarkers. The odds ratio (OR) of HR children having detectable hs-CRP levels was 16 times greater than that of LR children after adjusting for confounding variables, including BMI z-score, Tanner stages and gender (OR: 16; 95% CI: 2-123). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with later development of elevated hs-CRP in the offspring, even after controlling for weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Leibowitz
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Loit HM, Harro J, Villa I, Veidebaum T, Sjostrom M. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:498-505. [PMID: 22237059 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.023838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has been associated with a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness during childhood is associated with healthier cardiovascular profile later in life. OBJECTIVES The objective was to examine the association of exclusive breastfeeding duration with fitness in children and adolescents and to test the role of body composition and sociodemographic factors in this relation. DESIGN At the time of the study, exclusive breastfeeding duration was reported by mothers and grouped into 4 categories: exclusively formula fed or breastfed for <3, 3-6, or >6 mo. Fitness was determined by a maximal cycle-ergometer test in 1025 children (aged 9.5 ± 0.4 y) and in 971 adolescents (aged 15.5 ± 0.5 y) from Estonia and Sweden. RESULTS Longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with higher fitness regardless of confounders [+5.1% L/min; country, sex, age, pubertal status, and BMI (adjusted P < 0.001) or fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (+3.3%; adjusted P < 0.001)]. Further adjustment for birth weight, physical activity, and maternal educational level did not change the results (P = 0.001). The results were consistent in children and adolescents with low (P < 0.001) or high (P = 0.013) FFM, in nonoverweight (P < 0.001) or overweight (P = 0.002) children and adolescents, in offspring of nonoverweight (P < 0.001) or overweight (P = 0.003) mothers, in mothers with a low (P = 0.004) or high (P < 0.001) educational level, and in participants born within upper (P = 0.001), middle (P = 0.017), or lower (P = 0.007) tertiles of birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Longer exclusive breastfeeding has a beneficial effect on cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. Because early infant-feeding patterns are potentially modifiable, a better understanding of the possible programming effect of exclusive breastfeeding on cardiorespiratory fitness is of public health interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Sustained lifestyle advice and cardiovascular risk factors in 687 biological child–parent pairs: The PEP Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:937-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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ORTEGA FRANCISCOB, LABAYEN IDOIA, RUIZ JONATANR, KURVINEN ELVIRA, LOIT HELLEMAI, HARRO JAANUS, VEIDEBAUM TOOMAS, SJÖSTRÖM MICHAEL. Improvements in Fitness Reduce the Risk of Becoming Overweight across Puberty. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1891-7. [PMID: 21407124 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182190d71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vale S, Soares-Miranda L, Santos R, Moreira C, Marques AI, Santos P, Teixeira L, Mota J. Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and parental lifestyle on adolescents' abdominal obesity. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 38:531-6. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.590529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
AIM Research in animals has shown that altering foetal nutrition by under-nourishing or over-nourishing the mother or rendering her diabetic or foetal exposure to glucocorticoids and toxins can programme obesity in later life. The increased adiposity is mediated by permanent changes in appetite, food choices, physical activity and energy metabolism. In humans, increased adiposity has been shown in people who experienced foetal under-nutrition due to maternal famine or over-nutrition due to maternal diabetes. Lower birth weight (a proxy for foetal under-nutrition) is associated with a reduced adult lean mass and increased intra-abdominal fat. Higher birth-weight caused by maternal diabetes is associated with increased total fat mass and obesity in later life. There is growing evidence that maternal obesity, without diabetes, is also a risk factor for obesity in the child, due to foetal over-nutrition effects. Maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk of obesity in the children, although a causal link has not been proven. Other foetal exposures associated with increased adiposity in animals include glucocorticoids and endocrine disruptors. CONCLUSIONS Reversing the current obesity epidemic will require greater attention to, and better understanding of, these inter-generational (mother-offspring) factors that programme body composition during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Pollard TM, Rousham EK, Colls R. Intergenerational and familial approaches to obesity and related conditions. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 38:385-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.591658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K. Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, UK
| | - Rachel Colls
- Department of Geography, Durham University, ,
Durham, UK
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Harro J, Merenäkk L, Oja L, Veidebaum T, Sjostrom M. Insulin sensitivity at childhood predicts changes in total and central adiposity over a 6-year period. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35:1284-8. [PMID: 21587202 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of insulin resistance at childhood with adiposity changes over a 6-year period (from 9 to 15 years) in a sample of 659 Swedish and Estonian children (52.7% girls) participating in the European Youth Heart Study. RESEARCH, DESIGN AND METHODS We measured weight, height, waist circumference, biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and medial calf skinfolds, and we calculated body mass index (BMI), sum of five skinfolds, and body fat percentage. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were measured and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Changes in puberty stage, sex, centre and the corresponding baseline adiposity values were used as confounders in all analysis. RESULTS HOMA-IR at childhood was significantly and positively associated with changes in BMI (β=0.265; P=0.024), sum of five skinfolds (β=0.3445; P=0.003), body fat percentage (β=1.042; P=0.016) and waist circumference (β=0.806; P=0.002) from childhood to adolescence. These relationships persisted when overweight children were excluded from the analysis. BMI, sum of five skinfolds, body fat percentage and waist circumference at childhood were not significantly associated with changes in HOMA-IR (P for all >0.1). CONCLUSIONS These results give further support to the concept that lower insulin sensitivity at childhood may predict subsequent total and central adiposity gain at adolescence. These findings enhance the role of insulin sensitivity as a target of obesity prevention already from the first decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Paseo de la Universidad, 7, Vitoria, Spain.
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Reel JJ, Ashcraft C, Lacy R, Bucciere RA, Soohoo S, Richards D, Mihalopoulos N. “Full of Ourselves PLUS”: Lessons Learned when Implementing an Eating Disorder and Obesity Prevention Program. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2010.534545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akanji AO, Al-Isa AN, Thalib L. Determinants of blood levels of some thrombogenic biomarkers in healthy Arab adolescent subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1681-90. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schwandt P, Haas GM, Liepold E. Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 2001 child-parent pairs: the PEP Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:642-8. [PMID: 20980001 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genes and environment are the main determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor clustering in families. Since individual risk factor profiles are easily predicted within families, we examined whether CVD risk factors are affected by lifestyle factors in these families. METHODS Nutrition, physical activity, and smoking habits were assessed in 2001 biological child-parent pairs from 852 families participating in the Prevention Education Program (PEP). Height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting lipid levels were measured. Within-family associations were calculated using generalized estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS Fathers possessed the most adverse risk profile. Daily energy consumption above the recommended levels was higher in children (daughters +35.4%, sons +26.7%) than in parents (fathers +15.7%, mothers +10.6%). Higher energy consumption was significantly associated with hypertension in mothers (OR 2.5) and in fathers (OR 1.7). Hyper-caloric nutrition of the parents predicted the energy intake of the children in: mother-daughter (OR 7.5), mother-son (OR 3.0), and father-son (OR 2.8) pairs. Low mono-unsaturated fatty acid intake was significantly associated with a high LDL/HDL-C ratio (OR 3.4) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 2.2) in fathers. Approximately 25% of parents and children reported at least two physical activities twice a week. The 23% of children who were passive smokers presented a far more adverse risk profile than children without exposure to second-hand smoke. CONCLUSION Intergenerational lifestyle habits affect cardiovascular risk factors within biological families. As lifestyle habits are predictable, they may be used for implementation of family-based CVD prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwandt
- Arteriosklerose-Praeventions-Institut, Wilbrechhtstr 95, Munich, Nuernberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Aim. To examine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Methods. The study comprised 281 children (55.9% boys) aged from 4 to 6 years. PA was measured by accelerometer. Children were categorized as non-overweight (NOW) and overweight/obese (OW) according to the sex-adjusted BMI z-score (<1 and >/=1, resp.). Results. Total and moderate intensity PA were not associated with BMI. We observed that a higher proportion of OW children were classified as low-vigorous PA compared to their NOW peers (43.9 versus 32.1%, resp., P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with low-vigorous PA had higher odds ratio (OR) to be classified as OW compared to those with high-vigorous PA (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4-13.4; P = .008) after adjusting for BMI at first and second years of life and other potential confounders. Conclusion. The data suggests that vigorous PA may play a key role in the obesity development already at pre-school age.
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Vale SMCG, Santos RMR, Soares-Miranda LMDC, Moreira CMM, Ruiz JR, Mota JAS. Objectively measured physical activity and body mass index in preschool children. Int J Pediatr 2010; 2010:479439. [PMID: 20706649 PMCID: PMC2913844 DOI: 10.1155/2010/479439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To examine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Methods. The study comprised 281 children (55.9% boys) aged from 4 to 6 years. PA was measured by accelerometer. Children were categorized as non-overweight (NOW) and overweight/obese (OW) according to the sex-adjusted BMI z-score (<1 and >/=1, resp.). Results. Total and moderate intensity PA were not associated with BMI. We observed that a higher proportion of OW children were classified as low-vigorous PA compared to their NOW peers (43.9 versus 32.1%, resp., P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with low-vigorous PA had higher odds ratio (OR) to be classified as OW compared to those with high-vigorous PA (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4-13.4; P = .008) after adjusting for BMI at first and second years of life and other potential confounders. Conclusion. The data suggests that vigorous PA may play a key role in the obesity development already at pre-school age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rute Marina Roberto Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, Porto University, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Marisa Maia Moreira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, Porto University, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge Augusto Silva Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, Porto University, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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