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Ding C, Chooi YUC, Chan Z, Lo J, Choo J, Ding BTK, Leow MKS, Magkos F. Dose-Dependent Effects of Exercise and Diet on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2109-2116. [PMID: 31033904 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A single bout of aerobic exercise increases insulin sensitivity the next day. The effects of exercise on insulin secretion, the role of exercise-induced energy deficit, and possible dose-response relationships are not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion after progressively greater negative energy balance induced by exercise or diet. METHODS Acute energy deficits (20% or 40% of weight maintenance needs) were induced by a single day of aerobic exercise (cycling at moderate intensity, n = 13) or dietary restriction (n = 19) in healthy men and women (age, 26 ± 2 yr; body mass index, 21.8 ± 0.5 kg·m). Intravenous glucose tolerance tests in conjunction with minimal modeling were performed the next morning, and blood samples were collected for 3 h to measure glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity increased linearly after exercise-induced energy deficits (P = 0.007) but did not change after equivalent diet-induced energy deficits (P = 0.673). Acute insulin response decreased after both exercise (P < 0.001) and dietary restriction (P = 0.005). The disposition index and glucose effectiveness were not affected by exercise (P = 0.138 and 0.808, respectively), but both decreased after 40% dietary restriction (P = 0.048 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are related to exercise energy expenditure, albeit in a different fashion (insulin sensitivity increases linearly, whereas insulin secretion drops to a nadir with a low exercise dose and does not decrease further). These changes cannot be replicated by equivalent energy deficits induced by dietary restriction, suggesting that exercise and diet have different effects on the mechanisms regulating glucose homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03264001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherlyn Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Y U Chung Chooi
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Zhiling Chan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Jezebel Lo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - John Choo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Benjamin Tze Keong Ding
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Melvin K-S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, SINGAPORE.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, SINGAPORE.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), SINGAPORE.,Section for Obesity Research, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DENMARK
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Hiyoshi Y, Miura H, Uemura K, Endo H, Ozawa K, Maeda N, Tamagawa T, Iguchi A. Effects of imidazoline antagonists of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on endogenous adrenaline-induced inhibition of insulin release. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 294:117-23. [PMID: 8788423 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of adrenoceptor antagonists and imidazoline derivatives on endogenous adrenaline-induced inhibition of insulin release in anesthetized rats. The intracerebroventricular injection of neostigmine increased plasma levels of catecholamines and glucose but not insulin. Pretreatment with an i.p. injection with phentolamine caused a dose-dependent increase in insulin secretion. When atropine was coadministered with phentolamine, the phentolamine-induced increase in insulin secretion was inhibited. Neither phentolamine nor atropine affected plasma levels of catecholamine. Yohimbine and idazoxan, which are alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists, and tolazoline, a non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, also reversed adrenaline-induced inhibition of insulin secretion. Phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, propranolol, and antazoline, an imidazoline without alpha 2-adrenoceptor activity, did not affect insulin levels. When agents were preinjected i.p. in rats that were given saline into the third cerebral ventricle, phentolamine and antazoline, but not yohimbine and idazoxan, increased plasma levels of insulin. The results suggest that the inhibition of insulin release induced by adrenaline was reversed by antagonism of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Phentolamine and antazoline, both of which are imidazoline derivatives, induced insulin secretion independently of the adrenoceptors only under the resting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiyoshi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Pagano G, Trovati M, Martiny W, Airaldi A, Cantino G, Pisu E, Lenti G. Metabolic and hormonal changes during exercise in healthy, diabetic and obese subjects. ACTA DIABETOLOGICA LATINA 1979; 16:19-26. [PMID: 452817 DOI: 10.1007/bf02590759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic and hormonal changes during a standard physical exercise were studied in healthy subjects and in insulin-dependent diabetics well matched for body weight, and therefore submitted to a similar work load in a physiologic range, and in obese subjects that, owing to their weight, faced a significant heavier work in the same environmental conditions. Moderate work load did not lead to significant changes in metabolic and hormonal blood parameters (blood glucose, FFA and glycerol; insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and cortisol) in healthy subjects. A similar substrate homeostatis was seen in insulin-dependent diabetics, that however showed marked hormonal alterations. In these subjects, indeed, higher levels of plasma glucagon and GH were reached during work and in the recovery phase. Obese subjects, submitted to a heavier work load, presented a marked increase in blood glucose and glycerol which agrees with high GH and cortisol levels, and a subsequent increment of IRI which corresponds to a normalization of blood glucose and glycerol. Obese subjects, therefore, show a normal sensitivity to work load. Considerations about the work load in everyday life are discussed.
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White JA, Ismail AH, Bradley CA. Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part I: the influence of fitness status. Br J Sports Med 1978; 12:80-6. [PMID: 687888 PMCID: PMC1859642 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.12.2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in groups of middle-aged men of contrasting physical fitness status. Two groups of subjects, one active and one sedentary (both N = 11, mean age 44 years), performed a graded cycle ergometer exercise test in the post-absorptive state. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, during low and high work intensities, and after recovery. The response of serum IRI to exercise was similar in both groups of subjects with significant increases observed during exercise followed by a return to resting values during recovery. However, the magnitude of serum IRI response was lower in the active group. In contrast, the sedentary group demonstrated little or no change in serum GC during exercise, whereas significant increases in serum GC were observed during exercise in the active group.
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