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Akil AAS, Yassin E, Al-Maraghi A, Aliyev E, Al-Malki K, Fakhro KA. Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era. J Transl Med 2021; 19:137. [PMID: 33794915 PMCID: PMC8017850 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes affects millions of people globally and requires careful management to avoid serious long-term complications, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, and loss of sight. The type 1 diabetes patient cohort is highly heterogeneous, with individuals presenting with disease at different stages and severities, arising from distinct etiologies, and overlaying varied genetic backgrounds. At present, the “one-size-fits-all” treatment for type 1 diabetes is exogenic insulin substitution therapy, but this approach fails to achieve optimal blood glucose control in many individuals. With advances in our understanding of early-stage diabetes development, diabetes stratification, and the role of genetics, type 1 diabetes is a promising candidate for a personalized medicine approach, which aims to apply “the right therapy at the right time, to the right patient”. In the case of type 1 diabetes, great efforts are now being focused on risk stratification for diabetes development to enable pre-clinical detection, and the application of treatments such as gene therapy, to prevent pancreatic destruction in a sub-set of patients. Alongside this, breakthroughs in stem cell therapies hold great promise for the regeneration of pancreatic tissues in some individuals. Here we review the recent initiatives in the field of personalized medicine for type 1 diabetes, including the latest discoveries in stem cell and gene therapy for the disease, and current obstacles that must be overcome before the dream of personalized medicine for all type 1 diabetes patients can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammira Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Esraa Yassin
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aljazi Al-Maraghi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elbay Aliyev
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khulod Al-Malki
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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Siller AF, Tosur M, Relan S, Astudillo M, McKay S, Dabelea D, Redondo MJ. Challenges in the diagnosis of diabetes type in pediatrics. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1064-1073. [PMID: 32562358 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, is increasing. Health outcomes in pediatric diabetes are currently poor, with trends indicating that they are worsening. Minority racial/ethnic groups are disproportionately affected by suboptimal glucose control and have a higher risk of acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Correct clinical management starts with timely and accurate classification of diabetes, but in children this is becoming increasingly challenging due to high prevalence of obesity and shifting demographic composition. The growing obesity epidemic complicates classification by obesity's effects on diabetes. Since the prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetes vary among racial/ethnic groups, migration between countries leads to changes in the distribution of diabetes types in a certain geographical area, challenging the clinician's ability to classify diabetes. These challenges must be addressed to correctly classify diabetes and establish an appropriate treatment strategy early in the course of disease for all. This may be the first step in improving diabetes outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. This review will discuss the pitfalls in the current diabetes classification scheme that is leading to increasing overlap between diabetes types and heterogeneity within each type. It will also present proposed alternative classification schemes and approaches to understanding diabetes type that may improve the timely and accurate classification of pediatric diabetes type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Siller
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa Tosur
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shilpi Relan
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcela Astudillo
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Siripoom McKay
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria J Redondo
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ching YM, Viswanathan S, Mohamed Nor N, Shuib S, Kamarudin B, Mansor S, Yusof AY, Arip M. Association of CD58 polymorphism and multiple sclerosis in Malaysia: a pilot study. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32257069 PMCID: PMC7065364 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-019-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is an immune mediated disease targeting the central nervous system. Association of non-human leukocyte antigen gene, CD58, with multiple sclerosis has been reported in several populations but is unclear among Southeast Asians. This pilot study was conducted to explore the association between CD58 polymorphism and multiple sclerosis among the Malay population in Malaysia. Methods Blood samples were collected from 27 multiple sclerosis patients, and compared with 58 age- and gender matched healthy individuals. All patients were tested negative for anti-aquaporin 4. DNA was extracted from the blood and genotyped for 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs12044852, rs2300747 and rs1335532 of gene CD58 by real-time PCR. Results The majority of multiple sclerosis patients were female (85.2%). The general mean age of onset was 30.5 years. Genotyping results showed that frequencies of the alleles were between 40 and 50% for MS patients and healthy individuals. Association (allelic model) between multiple sclerosis and CD58 gene polymorphism alleles rs12044852 (p = 0.410), rs2300747 (p = 0.881) and rs1335532 (p = 0.407) were indistinct. Conclusions The impact of the CD58 gene polymorphism was not prominent in this pilot study, implying that genetic composition contributing to multiple sclerosis may be different between different populations, thus results in a heterogeneity of disease manifestation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ming Ching
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurhanani Mohamed Nor
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuwahida Shuib
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Balqis Kamarudin
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salawati Mansor
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ainur Yusniza Yusof
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Masita Arip
- Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia.,3Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C6, National Institute of Health Complex, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Gunavathy N, Asirvatham A, Chitra A, Jayalakshmi M. Association of CTLA-4 and CD28 Gene Polymorphisms with Type 1 Diabetes in South Indian Population. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:659-671. [PMID: 31094250 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1590395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Each functional gene illustrates the complexity of genetic predisposition to disease; however, it is difficult to bring out these traits with reference to autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). To find out the genetic contribution of CTLA-4 + 49A/G, CTLA-4 -318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms toward T1D, the present study was performed with 124 T1D patients, 54 siblings and 125 parents including 39 trios in South Indian population. The association and linkage of CTLA-4 + 49A/G, CTLA-4 -318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms with T1D were analyzed and transmission disequilibrium test was performed. CTLA-4 G allele carrying genotypes (GG+AG) showed a higher risk association and can be considered as susceptible to develop T1D among patients with age at diagnosis from 0 to 10 years as compared to siblings (OR = 2.9; pc = 0.047) and parents (OR = 2.7; pc = 0.036). On the other hand, a strong protection against the disease (age at diagnosis; 0-10 years) was observed with CTLA-4 + 49AA genotype (OR = 0.37; pc = 0.036) and combined AA/CC genotype (OR = 0.31; pc = 0.034) of CTLA-4 + 49A/G and CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphisms. However, a significant association was not observed between CTLA-4 -318C/T and CD28 + 17T/C polymorphisms and T1D. This family-based study reports a strong association between possible genotypes of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and T1D in South Indian population, particularly in younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Gunavathy
- a Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Arthur Asirvatham
- b Department of Diabetology , Government Rajaji Hospital , Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Ayyappan Chitra
- c Institute of Child health and Research Centre , Government Rajaji Hospital , Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Mariakuttikan Jayalakshmi
- a Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India
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Associations between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene polymorphisms and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of 76 case-control studies. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190309. [PMID: 30988065 PMCID: PMC6522704 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Several genetic association studies already investigated potential roles of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphisms in diabetes mellitus (DM), with inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to better assess the relationship between CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and DM in a larger pooled population. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI were systematically searched for eligible studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of associations between CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and DM in all possible genetic models. Results: A total of 76 studies were finally included in our analyses. Significant associations with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were detected for rs231775 (dominant model: P=0.008, OR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.73–0.95; recessive model: P=0.003, OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.09–1.50; allele model: P=0.004, OR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.77–0.95) and rs5742909 (recessive model: P=0.02, OR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.05–2.13) polymorphisms in overall population. Further subgroup analyses revealed that rs231775 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to T1DM in Caucasians and South Asians, and rs5742909 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to T1DM in South Asians. Moreover, rs231775 polymorphism was also found to be significantly associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in East Asians and South Asians. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that rs231775 and rs5742909 polymorphisms may serve as genetic biomarkers of T1DM, and rs231775 polymorphism may also serve as a genetic biomarker of T2DM.
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Mao YM, Zhao CN, Leng J, Leng RX, Ye DQ, Zheng SG, Pan HF. Interleukin-13: A promising therapeutic target for autoimmune disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 45:9-23. [PMID: 30581068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) was previously thought to be a redundant presence of IL-4, but in recent years its role in immunity, inflammation, fibrosis, and allergic diseases has become increasingly prominent. IL-13 can regulate several subtypes of T helper (Th) cells and affect their transformation, including Th1, Th2, T17, etc., thus it may play an important role in immune system. Previous studies have revealed that IL-13 is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), ulcerative colitis (UC), type 1 diabetes (T1D), sjogren's syndrome (SS), etc. In this review, we will briefly discuss the biological features of IL-13 and summarize recent advances in the role of IL-13 in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This information may provide new perspectives and suggestions for the selection of therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Chan-Na Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jing Leng
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, 15 Yonghong Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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Association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 genetic polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Investigation of CTLA-4-318C/T gene polymorphism in cases with type 1 diabetes of Azerbaijan, Northwest Iran. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Araujo DB, Skärstrand H, Barone B, Dantas JR, Kupfer R, Zajdenverg L, Milech A, Vaziri-Sani F, Oliveira JEPD, Rodacki M. Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes from a multiethnic population and their first degree relatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 58:737-43. [PMID: 25372583 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) have been poorly studied in non-Caucasian individuals. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ZnT8 autoantibodies in patients with T1D and their first degree relatives (FDR) from a multiethnic population, as well as its relation with the insulin (INS) or the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) gene polymorphisms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS ZnT8A were analyzed in sera from T1D patients (n = 72, mean age of 30.3 ± 11.4 years) of variable duration (15.7 ± 11.8 years) and their FDR (n = 78, mean age of 18.3 ± 9.1 years) by a triple mix Radioligand Binding Assay (RBA) for the ZnT8 autoantibody (ZnT8-RWQ) variants. SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) for INS and PTPN22 were genotyped. RESULTS The prevalence of ZnT8A was higher in T1D patients than FDR, for ZnT8TripleA (24% vs. 4%,p = 0.001), ZnT8RA (24% vs. 4%, p < 0.001) and ZnT8QA (15% vs. 3%, p = 0.004). All FDR with ZnT8A (n = 3) had at least another positive antibody. Heterozygosis for PTPN22 was associated with a higher frequency of ZnT8TripleA (p = 0.039) and ZnT8RA (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS ZnT8A is observed in non-Caucasian patients with T1D, even years after the disease onset, as well as in their FDR. In those, there was an overlap between ZnT8A and other T1D antibodies. ZnT8A was associated with PTPN22 polymorphisms. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate the importance of these findings in the natural history of T1D patients with multiethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Batista Araujo
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Barone
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joana Rodrigues Dantas
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Kupfer
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lenita Zajdenverg
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adolpho Milech
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fariba Vaziri-Sani
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Melanie Rodacki
- Department of Nutrology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Threlfall AJ, Boag AM, Soutter F, Glanemann B, Syme HM, Catchpole B. Analysis of DLA-DQB1 and polymorphisms in CTLA4 in Cocker spaniels affected with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:8. [PMID: 26401336 PMCID: PMC4579385 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocker spaniels are predisposed to immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), suggesting that genetic factors influence disease susceptibility. Dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genes encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are involved in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. Several DLA haplotypes have been associated with autoimmune disease, including IMHA, in dogs, and breed specific differences have been identified. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a critical molecule involved in the regulation of T-cell responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA4 promoter have been shown to be associated with several autoimmune diseases in humans and more recently with diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DLA-DQB1 alleles or CTLA4 promoter variability are associated with risk of IMHA in Cocker spaniels. RESULTS There were a restricted number of DLA-DQB1 alleles identified, with a high prevalence of DLA-DQB1*007:01 in both groups. A high prevalence of DLA-DQB1 homozygosity was identified, although there was no significant difference between IMHA cases and controls. CTLA4 promoter haplotype diversity was limited in Cocker spaniels, with all dogs expressing at least one copy of haplotype 8. There was no significant difference comparing haplotypes in the IMHA affected group versus control group (p = 0.23). Homozygosity for haplotype 8 was common in Cocker spaniels with IMHA (27/29; 93 %) and in controls (52/63; 83 %), with no statistically significant difference in prevalence between the two groups (p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS DLA-DQB1 allele and CTLA4 promoter haplotype were not found to be significantly associated with IMHA in Cocker spaniels. Homozygosity for DLA-DQB1*007:01 and the presence of CTLA4 haplotype 8 in Cocker spaniels might increase overall susceptibility to IMHA in this breed, with other genetic and environmental factors involved in disease expression and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Threlfall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Alisdair M Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire UK
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Barin JG, Tobias LD, Peterson DA. The microbiome and autoimmune disease: Report from a Noel R. Rose Colloquium. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:183-8. [PMID: 26003843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms by which the human microbiome influences the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases remain to be determined, established animal models of autoimmune diseases indicate that local and systemic bidirectional interactions with the microbiome play a signaling or promoting role through the immune system. Whether alterations in the microbiome are a pathogenic cause or simply an effect of inflammation and autoimmune disease remains an essential question to be addressed in disease-specific research, as well as whether particular conditions of the microbiome promote health or promote disease. Future research in this area needs to account for sex differences in microbiome composition because autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women. Probiotic and other treatments that manipulate assemblage of the microbiome may offer methods of preventing or mitigating the effects of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G Barin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dept. of Pathology, Div. of Immunology, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Peterson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dept. of Pathology, Div. of Immunology, USA.
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Steck AK, Vehik K, Bonifacio E, Lernmark A, Ziegler AG, Hagopian WA, She J, Simell O, Akolkar B, Krischer J, Schatz D, Rewers MJ. Predictors of Progression From the Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies to Early Childhood Diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). Diabetes Care 2015; 38:808-13. [PMID: 25665818 PMCID: PMC4407751 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While it is known that there is progression to diabetes in <10 years in 70% of children with two or more islet autoantibodies, predictors of the progression to diabetes are only partially defined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study has observed 8,503 children who were at increased genetic risk for autoimmune diabetes. Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD65 autoantibodies (GADAs), and insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibodies (IA-2As) were measured every 3 months until 4 years of age and every 6 months thereafter; if results were positive, the autoantibodies were measured every 3 months. RESULTS Life table analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of diabetes by 5 years since the appearance of the first autoantibody differed significantly by the number of positive autoantibodies (47%, 36%, and 11%, respectively, in those with three autoantibodies, two autoantibodies, and one autoantibody, P < 0.001). In time-varying survival models adjusted for first-degree relative status, number of autoantibodies, age at first persistent confirmed autoantibodies, and HLA genotypes, higher mean IAA and IA-2A levels were associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in children who were persistently autoantibody positive (IAAs: hazard ratio [HR] 8.1 [95% CI 4.6-14.2]; IA-2A: HR 7.4 [95% CI 4.3-12.6]; P < 0.0001]). The mean GADA level did not significantly affect the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In the TEDDY study, children who have progressed to diabetes usually expressed two or more autoantibodies. Higher IAA and IA-2A levels, but not GADA levels, increased the risk of diabetes in those children who were persistently autoantibody positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Ake Lernmark
- Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - JinXiong She
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Beena Akolkar
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Hansen MP, Matheis N, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 diabetes and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome: A review. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:67-79. [PMID: 25685279 PMCID: PMC4317318 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder caused by inflammatory destruction of the pancreatic tissue. The etiopathogenesis and characteristics of the pathologic process of pancreatic destruction are well described. In addition, the putative susceptibility genes for T1D as a monoglandular disease and the relation to polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PAS) have also been well explored. The incidence of T1D has steadily increased in most parts of the world, especially in industrialized nations. T1D is frequently associated with autoimmune endocrine and non-endocrine diseases and patients with T1D are at a higher risk for developing several glandular autoimmune diseases. Familial clustering is observed, which suggests that there is a genetic predisposition. Various hypotheses pertaining to viral- and bacterial-induced pancreatic autoimmunity have been proposed, however a definitive delineation of the autoimmune pathomechanism is still lacking. In patients with PAS, pancreatic and endocrine autoantigens either colocalize on one antigen-presenting cell or are expressed on two/various target cells sharing a common amino acid, which facilitates binding to and activation of T cells. The most prevalent PAS phenotype is the adult type 3 variant or PAS type III, which encompasses T1D and autoimmune thyroid disease. This review discusses the findings of recent studies showing noticeable differences in the genetic background and clinical phenotype of T1D either as an isolated autoimmune endocrinopathy or within the scope of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome.
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Araujo de Pina Cabral D, Dantas J, Skärstrand H, Barone B, Carvalho F, Tortora R, Milech A, Vaziri-Sani F, Oliveira JP, Zajdenverg L, Rodacki M. Prospective evaluation of glutamine and phospholipids levels in first degree relatives of patients with Type 1 Diabetes from a multiethnic population. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 26082806 PMCID: PMC4469243 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dysregulation in the metabolism of lipids may be an early marker of autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). It would be of general importance to identify metabolic patterns that would predict the risk for T1D later in life. The aim of this study was to perform a prospective evaluation of glutamine and phospholipids levels in Brazilian first degree relatives (FDR) of patients with T1D in a mean interval of 5 years. FINDINGS Brazilian FDR (n = 30) of patients with T1D were evaluated and blood was sampled to measure the levels of glutamine and phospholipids in the fasting serum by quantitative colorimetric method. The tests were repeated after a mean interval of 5 years and compared to a control group (n = 20). The FDR presented lower levels of phospholipids than controls (p = 0.028), but not of glutamine (p = 0.075). Phospholipids levels decreased over time (p = 0.028) in FDR and were associated with Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) titers (p = 0.045), autoantibody positivity (p = 0.008) and PTPN22 polymorphisms (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS In this Brazilian multiethnic population, there was a significant decrease in phospholipids levels in FDR in patients with T1D during a 5-year prospective follow-up, as well as a significant association between these metabolite, GADA and PTPN22 polymorphisms. For Glutamine no difference was found. These findings suggest that a dysregulation in the metabolism of lipids may precede the onset of the autoimmunity in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.B. Araujo de Pina Cabral
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - J.R. Dantas
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - H. Skärstrand
- />Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden
| | - B. Barone
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. Carvalho
- />Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R. Tortora
- />Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. Milech
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. Vaziri-Sani
- />Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden
| | - J.E. P. Oliveira
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - L. Zajdenverg
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M. Rodacki
- />Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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da Silva RC, Cunha Tavares NDA, Moura R, Coelho A, Guimarães RL, Araújo J, Crovella S, Brandão LAC, Silva JDA. DC-SIGN polymorphisms are associated to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunobiology 2014; 219:859-65. [PMID: 25092567 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder featured by raised glucoses levels. It has been hypothesised that raised glucose levels in T1DM might be recognised as PAMPs, leading to immune response by overloading the cell receptors for pathogens recognition. DC-SIGN is a transmembrane protein, present in dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages: it has an important role in inflammatory response and T cells activation. Notably, DC-SIGN activation and triggering of the immune response depend on the type of ligand, which may lead to a pro or anti-inflammatory pathway. In our association study, we analysed the SNPs rs4804803 (-336 A>G) and rs735239 (-871 A>G), both at DC-SIGN promoter region, in 210 T1DM patients and 157 healthy controls, also looking for a correlation with the age of onset of the disease. We found that the allele G and genotypes G/G and A/G of SNP-871 (rs735239), as well as the alleles G-G (rs735239-rs4804803) and genotypes combined AA-GG (rs735239-rs4804803) were associated with protection of T1DM development. We did not find association between these variations with the age of onset of the disease and the presence of other autoimmune disorders. Our results suggest that SNPs in DC-SIGN promoter region can be associated to protection for T1DM in the Northeast Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Moura
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antônio Coelho
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Araújo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lucas André Cavalcanti Brandão
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Pathology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Azevêdo Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Short AD, Holder A, Rothwell S, Massey J, Scholey R, Kennedy LJ, Catchpole B, Ollier WE. Searching for "monogenic diabetes" in dogs using a candidate gene approach. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 26401325 PMCID: PMC4579387 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine diabetes is a common endocrine disorder with an estimated breed-related prevalence ranging from 0.005% to 1.5% in pet dogs. Increased prevalence in some breeds suggests that diabetes in dogs is influenced by genetic factors and similarities between canine and human diabetes phenotypes suggest that the same genes might be associated with disease susceptibility in both species. Between 1-5% of human diabetes cases result from mutations in a single gene, including maturity onset diabetes of the adult (MODY) and neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). It is not clear whether monogenic forms of diabetes exist within some dog breeds. Identification of forms of canine monogenic diabetes could help to resolve the heterogeneity of the condition and lead to development of breed-specific genetic tests for diabetes susceptibility. Results Seventeen dog breeds were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eighteen genes that have been associated with human MODY/NDM. Six SNP associations were found from five genes, with one gene (ZFP57) being associated in two different breeds. Conclusions Some of the genes that have been associated with susceptibility to MODY and NDM in humans appear to also be associated with canine diabetes, although the limited number of associations identified in this study indicates canine diabetes is a heterogeneous condition and is most likely to be a polygenic trait in most dog breeds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Angela Holder
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Simon Rothwell
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Jonathan Massey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Rachel Scholey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - William Er Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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Qiu LJ, Ni J, Cen H, Wen PF, Zhang M, Liang Y, Pan HF, Mao C, Ye DQ. Relationship between the IL-4 gene promoter -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:48-55. [PMID: 24628947 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies investigating the association between interleukin (IL)-4 gene promoter -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism and autoimmune diseases report conflicting results. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the strength of association. RESULTS A total of 6001 cases and 6788 controls from 24 studies were analysed. Significant association of the C allele of IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was detected (odds ratio (OR) = 0.696, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.601-0.807). Stratification by ethnicity indicated an association between the IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism and RA in Caucasians. Furthermore, the overall ORs of the associations between the C allele and multiple scleorosis (MS) were 1.340 (95% CI = 1.102-1.630). However, we failed to reveal any association between IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D) or Graves' disease (GD). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that the IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism might be associated with genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including RA and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Population Health & Major Disease Screening and Diagnosis, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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18
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Evidence of stage- and age-related heterogeneity of non-HLA SNPs and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:417657. [PMID: 24367383 PMCID: PMC3866813 DOI: 10.1155/2013/417657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we examined 20 non-HLA SNPs for association with islet autoimmunity (IA) and/or progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our objective was to investigate fourteen additional non-HLA T1D candidate SNPs for stage- and age-related heterogeneity in the etiology of T1D. Of 1634 non-Hispanic white DAISY children genotyped, 132 developed IA (positive for GAD, insulin, or IA-2 autoantibodies at two or more consecutive visits); 50 IA positive children progressed to T1D. Cox regression was used to analyze risk of IA and progression to T1D in IA positive children. Restricted cubic splines were used to model SNPs when there was evidence that risk was not constant with age. C1QTNF6 (rs229541) predicted increased IA risk (HR: 1.57, CI: 1.20–2.05) but not progression to T1D (HR: 1.13, CI: 0.75–1.71). SNP (rs10517086) appears to exhibit an age-related effect on risk of IA, with increased risk before age 2 years (age 2 HR: 1.67, CI: 1.08–2.56) but not older ages (age 4 HR: 0.84, CI: 0.43–1.62). C1QTNF6 (rs229541), SNP (rs10517086), and UBASH3A (rs3788013) were associated with development of T1D. This prospective investigation of non-HLA T1D candidate loci shows that some SNPs may exhibit stage- and age-related heterogeneity in the etiology of T1D.
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19
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Short AD, Boag A, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ, Massey J, Rothwell S, Husebye E, Ollier B. A candidate gene analysis of canine hypoadrenocorticism in 3 dog breeds. J Hered 2013; 104:807-20. [PMID: 23997205 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hypoadrenocorticism is believed to be an immune-related condition. It is rare in the overall dog population but shows a breed-related predisposition with Standard poodles and Portuguese water dogs having a greater prevalence of the condition. It shares many similarities with human primary adrenal insufficiency and is believed to be a naturally occurring, spontaneous model for the human condition. Short haplotype blocks and low levels of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome mean that the identification of genetic contributors to the condition requires large sample numbers. Pedigree dogs have high linkage disequilibrium and long haplotypes within a breed, increasing the potential of identifying novel genes that contribute to canine genetic disease. We investigated 222 SNPs from 42 genes that have been associated or may be implicated in human Addison's disease. We conducted case-control analyses in 3 pedigree dog breeds (Labrador retriever: affected n = 30, unaffected = 76; Cocker Spaniel: affected n = 19, unaffected = 53; Springer spaniel: affected n = 26, unaffected = 46) and identified 8 associated alleles in genes COL4A4, OSBPL9, CTLA4, PTPN22, and STXBP5 in 3 pedigree breeds. Association with immune response genes PTPN22 and CTLA4 in certain breeds suggests an underlying immunopathogenesis of the disease. These results suggest that canine hypoadrenocorticism could be a useful model for studying comparative genetics relevant to human Addison's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Short
- the Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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20
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Rewers M. The next big idea. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 2:S2-29-S2-36. [PMID: 23786296 PMCID: PMC3676661 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2013.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
George S. Eisenbarth will remain in our memories as a brilliant scientist and great collaborator. His quest to discover the cause and prevention of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes started from building predictive models based on immunogenetic markers. Despite his tremendous contributions to our understanding of the natural history of pre-type 1 diabetes and potential mechanisms, George left us with several big questions to answer before his quest is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
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22
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Lempainen J, Ilonen J. Influence of type 1 diabetes genes on disease progression: similarities and differences between countries. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:447-55. [PMID: 22895852 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease causing the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The onset of clinical T1D is preceded by a time period called pre-diabetes, the duration of which varies widely. However, not all subjects developing beta-cell autoimmunity progress to clinical T1D. The inherited risk for T1D is determined by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes, HLA class I genes, and several loci outside the HLA area. Although the role of the genetic risk variants in disease pathogenesis is not completely understood, some of the variants affecting disease risk are thought to influence the initiation of beta-cell autoimmunity whereas others seem to play a role during the later stages of the autoimmune process. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the genetic factors mediating the fate of already-established beta-cell autoimmunity and the rate of beta-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Kalscheuer H, Danzl N, Onoe T, Faust T, Winchester R, Goland R, Greenberg E, Spitzer TR, Savage DG, Tahara H, Choi G, Yang YG, Sykes M. A model for personalized in vivo analysis of human immune responsiveness. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:125ra30. [PMID: 22422991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of human immune diseases are generally limited to the analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of heterogeneous patient populations. Improved models are needed to allow analysis of fundamental immunologic abnormalities predisposing to disease and in which to assess immunotherapies. Immunodeficient mice receiving human fetal thymus grafts and fetal CD34(+) cells intravenously produce robust human immune systems, allowing analysis of human T cell development and function. However, to use humanized mice to study human immune-mediated disorders, immune systems must be generated from adult hematopoietic cells. Here, we demonstrated robust immune reconstitution in mice with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) aspirated from bone marrow of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and healthy control volunteers. In these humanized mice, cryopreservation of human leukocyte antigen allele-matched fetal thymic tissue prevented allogeneic adult HSC rejection. Newly generated T cells, which included regulatory T cells (T(regs)), were functional and self-tolerant and had a diverse repertoire. The immune recognition of these mice mimicked that of the adult CD34(+) cell donor, but the T cell phenotypes were more predominantly "naïve" than those of the adult donors. HSCs from T1D and control donors generated similar numbers of natural T(regs) intrathymically; however, peripheral T cells from T1D subjects showed increased proportions of activated or memory cells compared to controls, suggesting possible HSC-intrinsic differences in T cell homeostasis that might underlie immune pathology in T1D. This "personalized immune" mouse provides a new model for individualized analysis of human immune responses that may provide new insights into not only T1D but also other forms of immune function and dysfunction as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kalscheuer
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Ho KT, Shiau MY, Chang YH, Chen CM, Yang SC, Huang CN. Association of interleukin-4 promoter polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2010; 59:1717-22. [PMID: 20580039 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many factors have been implicated in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, immune response and inflammation were suggested to play certain roles in the development and complications of T2DM. The aim of this study is to investigate the putative correlation between the promoter polymorphisms of interleukin-4 (IL-4), one of the immune-regulatory type 2 helper T-cell cytokines, and T2DM. Genomic DNA from 425 Taiwanese T2DM patients and 148 nondiabetic control study subjects were extracted, and their IL-4 promoter polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Both of the distribution of IL-4 C-589T (P = .013) and C-34T (P = .05) genotypes were significantly different between T2DM patients and control subjects. Significant association between IL-4 C-589T alleles (P = .002) and T2DM, as well as C-34T alleles and T2DM (P =.024), was also identified. In addition, a statistically significant association between homologous IL-4 -589 C/C genotype and lower circulatory high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was observed. Our results suggested that IL-4 promoter polymorphisms are associated with T2DM. A significant association between IL-4 -589 C/C genotype and lower circulatory high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was observed as well. The above results suggested that IL-4 may participate in lipid metabolism and diabetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Rojas-Villarraga A, Botello-Corzo D, Anaya JM. HLA-Class II in Latin American patients with type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:666-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Short AD, Saleh NM, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ, Barnes A, Jones CA, Fretwell N, Ollier WER. CTLA4 promoter polymorphisms are associated with canine diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 75:242-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Jung MH, Yu J, Shin CH, Suh BK, Yang SW, Lee BC. Association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene polymorphisms and HLA class II alleles with the development of type 1 diabetes in Korean children and adolescents. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:1004-9. [PMID: 19949652 PMCID: PMC2775844 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.6.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene (CTLA4) polymorphisms with the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Korean children and adolescents. A total of 176 Korean subjects (92 females and 84 males) with childhood-onset T1D were studied. The A/G polymorphism at position 49 in CTLA4 exon 1 and the C/T polymorphism at position -318 in the CTLA4 promoter were analyzed by PCR-RFLP methods. The genotype and allele frequencies of the CTLA4 polymorphisms in the T1D patients were not different from those in the controls. These polymorphisms were not associated with the clinical characteristics or the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in the T1D patients. The frequency of the A allele was significantly higher in the patients that did not have two out of the three susceptible HLA-DRB1 alleles, which were DRB1*0301, *0405 and *09012, compared to the controls (P<0.05). These results suggest that CTLA4 polymorphisms do not directly confer any susceptibility to T1D. However, a CTLA4-mediated susceptibility effect on the development of T1D might be significant in children and adolescents that do not have susceptible HLA class II alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeesuk Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Won Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Churl Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bano G, Nussey S. In response. Clin Med (Lond) 2009. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.9-1-93a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Short AD, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ, Barnes A, Lee AC, Jones CA, Fretwell N, Ollier WER. T cell cytokine gene polymorphisms in canine diabetes mellitus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 128:137-46. [PMID: 19026451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-deficiency diabetes in dogs shares some similarities with human latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). Canine diabetes is likely to have a complex pathogenesis with multiple genes contributing to overall susceptibility and/or disease progression. An association has previously been shown between canine diabetes and MHC class II genes, although other genes are also likely to contribute to the genetic risk. Potential diabetes susceptibility genes include immuno-regulatory TH1/TH2 cytokines such as IFNgamma, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10. We screened these candidate genes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a range of different dog breeds using dHPLC analysis and DNA sequencing. Thirty-eight of the SNPs were genotyped in crossbreed dogs and seven other breed groups (Labrador Retriever, West Highland White Terrier, Collie, Schnauzer, Cairn Terrier, Samoyed and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel), which demonstrated substantial intra-breed differences in allele frequencies. When SNPs were examined for an association with diabetes by case:control analysis significant associations were observed for IL-4 in three breeds, the Collie, Cairn Terrier and Schnauzer and for IL-10 in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. These results suggest that canine cytokine genes regulating the TH1/TH2 immune balance might play a contributory role in determining susceptibility to diabetes in some breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, School of Translational Medicine, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Dickinson AM, Holler E. Polymorphisms of cytokine and innate immunity genes and GVHD. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2008; 21:149-64. [PMID: 18503983 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, non-HLA genotypes have been investigated for their potential roles in the occurrence and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) as well as for their contribution to overall transplant-related mortality, infectious episodes, and overall survival. This chapter will review the latest results of cytokine gene polymorphisms between patient and donor which may cause the production of high or low levels of cytokines during the three-stage process of the GVHD 'cytokine storm'. More recent investigations into innate immunity and the interaction with subsequent downstream cytokine production and ultimate tissue damage are discussed. The potential of these non-HLA genetics to aid in predicting GVHD and post-transplant survival and the relevance of this information to the clinic are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dickinson
- School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Achenbach P, Barker J, Bonifacio E. Modulating the natural history of type 1 diabetes in children at high genetic risk by mucosal insulin immunization. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:87-93. [PMID: 18445349 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-008-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal administration of insulin represents an attractive antigen-specific therapeutic approach to preventing type 1 diabetes. It can prevent autoimmune diabetes in animal models, but although it has been shown to be safe, it has not yet been proven effective in human studies. Efficacy may depend on the dose and route at which insulin is administered, the stage in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis at which treatment is initiated, and the study cohort that is treated. We have proposed Pre-POINT (Primary Oral/intranasal INsulin Trial), a dose-finding safety and immune efficacy pilot study for primary mucosal insulin therapy in islet autoantibody-negative children at high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes who naturally first develop autoimmunity to insulin. Pre-POINT aims to identify an optimal insulin dose and route of application (orally or intranasally) that is well tolerated and can induce an immune response to insulin for additional use in a phase II/III primary prevention trial in children at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Achenbach
- Diabetes Research Institute, Koelner Platz 1, Munich 80804, Germany.
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Rudko AA, Kondratieva EI, Yankina GN, Loshkova EV, Puzyrev VP. Association of polymorphisms of immune response modifier genes with celiac disease and its clinical forms in the Tomsk population. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nuñez C, Santiago JL, Varadé J, de la Calle H, Figueredo MÁ, Fernandez-Gutierrez B, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E, Martínez A. IL4 in the 5q31 context: association studies of type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population. Immunogenetics 2007; 60:19-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is currently the only curative treatment for many patients with malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases. The success of HSCT is greatly reduced by the development of complications, which include graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse and infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of patients and donors is essential, but does not completely prevent these complications; non-HLA genes may also have an impact upon transplant outcome. Polymorphisms within genes that are associated with an individual's capability to mount an immune response to alloantigen and infectious pathogens and/or response to drugs (pharmacogenomics) are all currently being studied for their association with HSCT outcome. This review summarises the potential role of non-HLA polymorphisms in predicting HSCT outcome, from studies on retrospective transplant cohorts of HLA-identical siblings and matched unrelated donors. The clinical relevance and interpretation of non-HLA genetics, and how these could be used alongside clinical risk factors in HSCT, are also discussed.
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Short AD, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ, Barnes A, Fretwell N, Jones C, Thomson W, Ollier WER. Analysis of Candidate Susceptibility Genes in Canine Diabetes. J Hered 2007; 98:518-25. [PMID: 17611256 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esm048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine diabetes is a complex genetic disease of unknown aetiology. It affects 0.005-1.5% of the canine population and shows a clear breed predisposition with the Samoyed being at high risk and the Boxer being at low risk of developing the disease. Canine diabetes is considered to be a disease homologue for human type 1 diabetes (T1D). It results in insulin deficiency as a consequence of autoimmune destruction of islet beta-cells in the pancreas and is believed to be mediated by Th1 cytokines (IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and IL-2). A number of genes have been associated with type 1 diabetes in humans, including the human leukocyte antigen region, the insulin variable number tandem repeat, PTPN22, CTLA4, IL-4, and IL-13. As yet, these genes have not been evaluated in canine diabetes. In this study, 483 cases of canine diabetes and 869 controls of known breed were analyzed for association with IFNgamma, IGF2, IL-10, IL-12beta, IL-6, insulin, PTPN22, RANTES, IL-4, IL-1alpha and TNFalpha. Minor allele frequencies were determined for these genes in each breed. These data were used for comparative analyses in a case-control study, and clear associations with diabetes were identified in some breeds with certain alleles of candidate genes. Some associations were with increased susceptibility to the disease (IFNgamma, IL-10, IL-12beta, IL-6, insulin, PTPN22, IL-4, and TNFalpha), whereas others were protective (IL-4, PTPN22, IL-6, insulin, IGF2, TNFalpha). This study demonstrates that a number of the candidate genes previously associated with human T1D also appear to be associated with canine diabetes and identifies an IL-10 haplotype which is associated with diabetes in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. This suggests that canine diabetes is an excellent comparative and spontaneously occurring disease model of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Jacobson EM, Tomer Y. The CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 gene quintet and its contribution to thyroid autoimmunity: back to the future. J Autoimmun 2007; 28:85-98. [PMID: 17369021 PMCID: PMC2043086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common autoimmune diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. Thyroid-directed autoimmunity is manifested in two classical autoimmune conditions, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, resulting in hypothyroidism and Graves' disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune thyroid diseases arise due to an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In the past decade significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic contribution to the etiology of AITD. Indeed, several AITD susceptibility genes have been identified. Some of these susceptibility genes are specific to either Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while others confer susceptibility to both conditions. Both immunoregulatory genes and thyroid specific genes contribute to the pathogenesis of AITD. The time is now ripe to examine the mechanistic basis for the contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of AITD. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of non-MHC II genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Graves Disease/etiology
- Graves Disease/genetics
- Graves Disease/immunology
- Hashimoto Disease/etiology
- Hashimoto Disease/genetics
- Hashimoto Disease/immunology
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Thyroglobulin/genetics
- Thyroglobulin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Jacobson
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Törn C, Hillman M, Sanjeevi CB, Landin-Olsson M. Polymorphisms of TNF microsatellite marker a and HLA-DR-DQ in diabetes mellitus—a study in 609 Swedish subjects. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:527-34. [PMID: 16829307 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We explored the importance of the genetic markers microsatellite TNFa, HLA-DR3-DQ2, and DR4-DQ8 in diabetes mellitus. The studied groups comprised autoimmune type 1 (n = 63), nonautoimmune type 1 (n = 35), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA; n = 54), and nonautoimmune type 2 (n = 340) and these patients were compared to 117 healthy controls. HLA genotyping was done with polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotides. TNFa microsatellites were determined with polymerase chain reaction and fragment size determination. Univariate analysis of these genetic risk factors demonstrated that homozygosity for TNFa2/2 was a significant risk factor for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 5.82; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.97-17.2), for autoimmune negative type 1 diabetes (OR = 4.63; 95%CI 1.32-16.2), and for LADA (OR = 3.90; 95%CI 1.21-12.5). Moreover, heterozygosity for HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 was an important risk factor for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (OR = 16.4; 95%CI 3.60-75) as was DR4-DQ8/x (OR = 2.52; 95%CI 1.27-4.98). Heterozygosity for HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 was a risk factor also for LADA (OR = 10.0; 95%CI 2.05-48.9). Neither HLA-DR3-DQ2 nor DR4-DQ8 were risk factors for nonautoimmune type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We concluded that heterozygosity for DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 and to some extent homozygosity for TNFa2/2 were risk factors for autoimmune diabetes irrespective of the clinical classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Törn
- Diabetes Laboratory, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Qu HQ, Tessier MC, Fréchette R, Bacot F, Polychronakos C. Lack of association of type 1 diabetes with the IL4R gene. Diabetologia 2006; 49:958-61. [PMID: 16538488 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The association between IL4R and type 1 diabetes has been tested in many studies in recent years, with contradictory results. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the genetic association in type 1 diabetic nuclear families of mixed European background. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped six non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL4R gene in 830 nuclear families as specified above, including a French Canadian subset. RESULTS No association between type 1 diabetes and any SNP or haplotype was found by the transmission disequilibrium test. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Previous positive reports may be due to population stratification as, according to HapMap data, allele frequencies in the IL4R region vary considerably by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Q Qu
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, The McGill University Health Center, (Montreal Children's Hospital), Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hokanson JE, Kinney GL, Cheng S, Erlich HA, Kretowski A, Rewers M. Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated with ApoCIII gene haplotypes. Diabetes 2006; 55:834-8. [PMID: 16505251 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a disease of beta-cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency. Genes for type 1 diabetes have been identified; however, much of the genetic risk remains unexplained. Genetic variation within the apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) gene alters apoCIII levels, which are increased in type 1 diabetes and induce beta-cell apoptosis. We therefore hypothesize haplotypes within the apoCIII gene are associated with type 1 diabetes. DNA from 584 type 1 diabetic patients and 591 control subjects were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apoCIII gene (C-641A, C-482T, T-455C, C1100T, C3175G, and T3206G). Two alleles of a haplotype block (promoter SNPs + C3175G) were associated with type 1 diabetes. The A-T-C-C allele frequency was higher in type 1 diabetes (0.19 vs. 0.16, P = 0.05), and the C-C-T-C allele was reduced in type 1 diabetes (0.60 vs. 0.65, P = 0.04). The odds ratio (OR) for A-T-C-C allele increased with 0, 1, and 2 copies (OR of 1.00, 1.24, and 1.60, respectively; P = 0.05) and decreased for the C-C-T-C allele (1.00, 0.97, and 0.73, respectively; P = 0.03). This haplotype block contains an insulin response element. Screening for this haplotype may identify at-risk individuals, and this pathway may offer a target for prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hokanson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Box B119, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Geng DG, Liu SY, Steck A, Eisenbarth G, Rewers M, She JX. Comment on: Biason-Lauber A, Boehm B, Lang-Muritano M, et al (2005) Association of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus with a variant of PAX4: possible link to beta cell regenerative capacity. Diabetologia 48:900-905. Diabetologia 2006; 49:215-6. [PMID: 16362282 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Santin I, de Nanclares GP, Calvo B, Gaafar A, Castaño L, Bilbao JR. Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) Genes in the Basque Population: Association Study of KIR Gene Contents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:118-24. [PMID: 16698433 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) form a group of regulatory molecules that specifically recognize HLA class I molecules, modulating cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The number of KIR genes can vary between individuals, significant allelic variations have been described, and KIR genes are organized in a complex and heterogeneous family. In the present study we have performed KIR genotype analysis in the Basque general population. Additionally, we have tested the possible association between KIR gene content (in combination with its HLA ligand) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). KIR genotyping was performed using a commercial sequence-specific primer amplification genotyping kit and amino acid position 80 of HLA-C was genotyped by specific amplification and direct sequencing. Haplotypes and genotypes were deduced based on previous studies, and frequencies were compared between disease and control groups. All KIR genes tested were present in Basques and several of these genes (KIR2DS5, KIR3DS1, and KIR2DL2) displayed significant differences from corresponding genes in other Caucasoid populations. In general, Basques present an increase in activating KIR gene frequency and, consequently, the proportion of B haplotypes is higher. Three novel haplotypes were identified in the Basque population. Overall, our results confirm the particular genetic characteristics of the Basque population. No association between KIR gene content and susceptibility to T1DM was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izortze Santin
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Hospital de Cruces, Barakaldo-Bizkaia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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