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Pervez S, Nasir F, Hidayatullah T, Khattak MA, Alasmari F, Zainab SR, Gohar S, Tahir A, Maryam GE. Transdermal Delivery of Glimepiride: A Novel Approach Using Nanomicelle-Embedded Microneedles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2019. [PMID: 37631233 PMCID: PMC10459310 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glimepiride (GM) is a hydrophobic drug that dissolves slowly and yields inconsistent clinical responses after oral administration. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an appropriate alternative to oral administration. Microneedles (MNs) offer a promising delivery system that penetrates the skin, while polymeric micelles can enhance the solubility; hence, the combination of both results in high drug bioavailability. This study aims to improve glimepiride's solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability by incorporating nanomicelles into MNs for TDD. The nanomicelles formulated with 10% Soluplus® (SP) and 40% GM had a mean particle size of 82.6 ± 0.54, PDI of 0.1 ± 0.01, -16.2 ± 0.18 zeta potential, and achieved a 250-fold increase in solubility. The fabricated pyramid shaped GM-dissolving MNs were thermally stable and had no formulation incompatibility, as confirmed by thermal and FTIR analysis. The in vitro dissolution profile revealed that the GM release from nanomicelles and nanomicelle-loaded DMN was concentration-independent following non-Fickian transport mechanism. Improved pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with dose of 240 µg as compared to 1 mg of GM oral tablet, in healthy human volunteers. The observed Cmax, Tmax and MRT were 1.56 μg/mL ± 0.06, 4 h, and 40.04 h ± 3.37, respectively. The safety profile assessment indicated that microneedles are safe with no adverse effects on skin or health. This study provides an alternative delivery system for the administration of glimepiride, resulting in improved bioavailability, enhanced patient compliance, and reduced dosing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Pervez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Fazli Nasir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Talaya Hidayatullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Muzna Ali Khattak
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syeda Rabqa Zainab
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Shazma Gohar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Arbab Tahir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Gul e Maryam
- Department of Pharmacy, Qurtaba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
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Wagner J, Luber V, Lock JF, Dietz UA, Lichthardt S, Matthes N, Krajinovic K, Germer CT, Knop S, Wiegering A. [Perioperative handling of antidiabetic drugs]. Chirurg 2019; 89:103-107. [PMID: 29260243 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-017-0527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most frequent metabolic disorder in the western world with a prevalence of 3% in adults under 65 years of age and 14.3% in adults over 65 years of age. Due to the increasing age of our population, the number of patients taking oral antidiabetic drugs has increased. Thus, operating physicians must make a risk-adapted decision whether the medication can be continued perioperatively or if certain drugs must be paused, and if so, with what risks. Operative interventions can lead to a number of metabolic shifts, which change the normal glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia in the perioperative period is a risk factor for postoperative sepsis, dysfunction of the endothelium, cerebral ischemia and poor wound healing. Due to perioperative fasting oral antidiabetic medication can lead to severe hypoglycemia if taken during this period. This leads to an increased morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period and extends the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as the overall hospital stay. Oral antidiabetic medication should be paused on the day of the operation and restarted in line with the gradual postoperative return to solid food. Especially metformin, the most commonly used medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, should be paused perioperatively due to the severe side effect of lactate acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wagner
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - V Luber
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - J F Lock
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - U A Dietz
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - S Lichthardt
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - N Matthes
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - K Krajinovic
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - C-T Germer
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - S Knop
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - A Wiegering
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland. .,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland.
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Zhou X, Zhang R, Zou Z, Shen X, Xie T, Xu C, Dong J, Liao L. Hypoglycaemic effects of glimepiride in sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficient rat. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:478-490. [PMID: 30471094 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sulfonylureas (SUs) have been suggested to have an insulin-independent blood glucose-decreasing activity due to an extrapancreatic effect. However, a lack of adequate in vivo evidence makes this statement controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether glimepiride has extrapancreatic blood glucose-lowering activity in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sulfonylurea receptor 1 deficient (SUR1-/- ) rats were created by means of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN)-mediated gene targeting technology. Type 2 diabetic models were established by feeding a high-fat diet and administering a low-dose of streptozotocin. These rats were then randomly divided into four groups: glimepiride, gliclazide, metformin and saline. All rats were treated for 2 weeks. KEY RESULTS Glimepiride decreased blood glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity without elevating insulin levels. Gliclazide showed similar effects as glimepiride. Both agents were weaker than metformin. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that glimepiride increased hepatic glycogen synthesis and decreased gluconeogenesis, which were accompanied by the activation of Akt in the liver. Moreover, glimepiride increased both total and membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels in muscle and fat, which might be attributed to insulin receptor-independent IRS1/Akt activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Glimepiride possesses an extrapancreatic blood glucose-lowering effect in vivo, which might be attributed to its direct effect on insulin-sensitive tissues. Therefore, the combination of glimepiride with multiple insulin injections should not be excluded per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyue Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e219. [PMID: 26964835 PMCID: PMC4892884 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from the brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well as adipose and muscle tissue. Within this network, the pancreas represents a key player by secreting the blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin and its opponent glucagon. However, disturbances in the interplay of the hormones and peptides involved may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities and medical costs take on a dramatic scale. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to uncover and understand the mechanisms underlying the various interactions to improve existing anti-diabetic therapies and drugs on the one hand and to develop new therapeutic approaches on the other. This review summarizes the interplay of the pancreas with various other organs and tissues that maintain glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs and their impact on signaling pathways underlying the network will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia V Röder
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yixian Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
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Gharib MAAK. Glycemic Reaction of Glimepiride Combined with Popular Egyptian Antidiabetic Drinks of Fenugreek and Coffee in Diabetic Rats. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION 2016; 15:194-202. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2016.194.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abstract
Sulfonylurea compounds were the first available oral antidiabetic agents and they remain an important tool in our quest for optimal glucose control. The sulfonylureas stimulate the release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells and have a number of extrapancreatic effects, including decreasing hepatic insulin clearance and reducing glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although these agents have been the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their safety and clinical utility has been a matter of active debate in recent years, as their use is associated with risks of hypoglycemia and weight gain. We review the discovery and mechanisms of action of sulfonylureas, and the results of clinical trials to provide practical information on the pros and cons of their use in clinical practice. This review addresses advances in our understanding of mechanisms of action of sulfonylurea agents, their efficacy in T2DM, side effects, and impact on cardiovascular disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Thulé
- Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Phielix E, Brehm A, Bernroider E, Krssak M, Anderwald CH, Krebs M, Schmid AI, Nowotny P, Roden M. Effects of pioglitazone versus glimepiride exposure on hepatocellular fat content in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:915-22. [PMID: 23574533 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Thiazoledinediones decrease blood glucose by their insulin-sensitizing properties. Here, we examined whether pioglitazone plus nateglinide (PIO) interferes with hepatocellular lipid (HCL) content and/or improves insulin sensitivity in well-controlled non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Sixteen patients [body mass index (BMI): 28 ± 1 kg/m(2) ; HbA1c: 7.1 ± 0.6%] were studied in a randomized, double-blind, 12-week parallel group trial, whereas matched healthy humans [non-diabetic control subjects (CON), BMI: 26 ± 1 kg/m(2)] were studied once. Treatment with pioglitazone (30 mg/day) plus nateglinide (PIO arm) to control for glimepiride-induced insulin secretion was compared to treatment with glimepiride (2 mg/day) plus placebo (GLI arm). Multinuclei magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was combined with pancreatic normoglycaemic-two-step-insulin clamps and stable isotopes to assess glucose turnover, glucose transport/phosphorylation, HCL and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) contents, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and adipokines. RESULTS At baseline, HCL was approximately 5.6-fold higher in T2DM (p < 0.05 vs. CON). This was paralleled by approximately doubled leptin : adiponectin ratios (p < 0.05). HCL decreased by approximately 39% (p < 0.05) after PIO and only tended to decrease after GLI (p = 0.12). Treatment with PIO did not affect leptin : adiponectin ratios, but slightly improved (p < 0.05) insulin-mediated NEFA suppression, which related to lower HCL. PIO further prevented the insulin-induced increase in IMCL content of soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. Peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, glucose transport and glycaemic control did not change in both groups. CONCLUSION Short-term, low-dose thiazolidendione treatment improves insulin sensitivity of lipolysis and HCL, without affecting muscle and liver insulin sensitivity. It appears that metabolic PIO action in T2DM is primarily mediated via a decline in HCL associated with greater sensitivity of lipolysis to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Phielix
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Rao RP, Singh A, Jain AK, Srinivasan BP. Dual therapy of rosiglitazone/pioglitazone with glimepiride on diabetic nephropathy in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes rats. J Biomed Res 2013; 25:411-7. [PMID: 23554718 PMCID: PMC3596720 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the general population. It is estimated that diabetic nephropathy will eventually develop in about 40% of all patients with diabetes; therefore, prevention is critical for delaying the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Despite extensive efforts, medical advances are still not successful enough to prevent the progression of the disease. In the present study, we focused on the comparison of combination therapies and whether they offered additional renoprotection. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneally administering streptozotocin (90 mg/kg) in neonatal rats and then these rats were treated with rosiglitazone (1.0 mg/kg) in combination with glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg) or with pioglitazone (2.5 mg/kg) in combination with glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg). Diabetic nephropathy markers were evaluated by biochemical and ELISA kits and renal structural changes were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the combination of pioglitazone with glimepiride is more effective in amelioration of diabetic nephropathy than rosiglitazone with glimepiride drug therapy due to glycemic control, suppressing albumin excretion rate, total protein excretion rate and augmented TNF-a signaling during the development of streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi 110017, India
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Akbar DH, Hagras MM, Amin HA, Khorshid OA. Comparison between the effect of glibenclamide and captopril on experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:103-15. [PMID: 23077081 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312460881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This study aimed to elucidate the role of glibenclamide in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy and to compare it with a reference drug captopril in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were two main groups of rats. Control group (I) was subdivided into four subgroups which received distilled water, vehicle of streptozotocin, glibenclamide or captopril. The streptozotocin-diabetic Group (II) was subdivided into three subgroups: untreated, glibenclamide or captopril treated. Measurement of arterial blood pressure, serum glucose and creatinine levels, 24 h urinary protein and albumin/creatinine ratio, kidney weight and its histological examination were done after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS In treated diabetic rats captopril reduced blood pressure significantly, while no significant change in the mean arterial blood pressure or blood glucose level was recorded with glibenclamide treatment. Glibenclamide and captopril-treated diabetic rats showed significant decrease in serum creatinine level, urine volume, urinary protein excretion, albumin:creatinine ratio and kidney:body weight ratio compared with the diabetic non-treated group. Histological examination of diabetic kidneys treated with either glibenclamide or captopril showed reduced glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, tubular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis compared with untreated diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Glibenclamide attenuated some biochemical and histological changes produced by diabetic nephropathy, despite persistent hyperglycemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daad H Akbar
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz, University, Saudi Arabia
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Glatstein M, Scolnik D, Bentur Y. Octreotide for the treatment of sulfonylurea poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:795-804. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.734626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Basit A, Riaz M, Fawwad A. Glimepiride: evidence-based facts, trends, and observations (GIFTS). [corrected]. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:463-72. [PMID: 23028231 PMCID: PMC3448454 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s33194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive β cell failure; therefore, β cell secretagogues are useful for achieving sufficient glycemic control. Glimepiride is a second-generation sulfonylurea that stimulates pancreatic β cells to release insulin. Additionally, is has been shown to work via several extra pancreatic mechanisms. It is administered as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in whom glycemic control is not achieved by dietary and lifestyle modifications. It can also be combined with other antihyperglycemic agents, including metformin and insulin, in patients who are not adequately controlled by sulfonylureas alone. The effective dosage range is 1 to 8 mg/day; however, there is no significant difference between 4 and 8 mg/day, but it should be used with caution in the elderly and in patients with renal or hepatic disease. In clinical studies, glimepiride was generally associated with lower risk of hypoglycemia and less weight gain compared to other sulfonylureas. Glimepiride use may be safer in patients with cardiovascular disease because of its lack of detrimental effects on ischemic preconditioning. It is effective in reducing fasting plasma glucose, post-prandial glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and is a useful, cost-effective treatment option for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Medicine, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Briscoe VJ, Griffith ML, Davis SN. The role of glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:225-35. [PMID: 20055691 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903512955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent throughout the world; controlling glycemia is an important part of preventing serious complications of diabetes. Sulfonylureas have been used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes for many years. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article reviews the pharmacological and clinical aspects of glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, and articles selected for relevance to pharmacology or clinical efficacy data from 1994 to 2009, with older references sought as indicated. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Pharmacology of glimepiride, data regarding clinical efficacy, key comparisons to other agents and emerging concepts related to glimepiride are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Therapy with glimepiride improves the relative insulin secretory deficit found in T2DM, has antihyperglycemic efficacy equal to other secretagogues with reduced potential for hypoglycemia and may have additional actions contributing to glycemic control in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Briscoe
- Vanderbilt University, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 7465 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA.
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Xu DY, Zhao SP, Huang QX, Du W, Liu YH, Liu L, Xie XM. Effects of Glimepiride on metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88:71-5. [PMID: 20045213 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of Glimepiride on blood glucose in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in connection with plasma lipoproteins and plasminogen activity. METHODS A total of 565 T2DM patients were received Glimepiride (n=333) or Glibenclamide (n=232) for 12 weeks. We observed the level of blood glucose (BG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), the insulin resistance (IR) state, plasma lipoproteins, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) before and after a 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS After 12 weeks with Glimepiride treatment, significant reductions were observed in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-h postprandial BG(PBG), HbA1C (from 8.60+/-3.10 to 7.10+/-1.60%) and HOMA-IR (from 4.11+/-0.85 to 2.42+/-0.91%). The level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased, whereas that of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased markedly with statistical significance. In addition, there was an obvious improvement in t-PA activity (from 0.225+/-0.11 to 0.457+/-0.177IU/ml); whereas the PAI-1 activity was decreased significantly (from 0.898+/-0.168 to 0.533+/-0.215AU/ml). No significant changes were observed in plasma lipoprotein profiles and plasminogen activity in Glibenclamide receiving group. CONCLUSIONS Glimepiride can rapidly and stably improve glycemic control and lipoprotein metabolism, significantly alleviate insulin resistance and enhance fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-yan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, PR China.
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Holstein A, Beil W. Oral antidiabetic drug metabolism: pharmacogenomics and drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:225-41. [PMID: 19331589 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902806424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is progressive in nature and so to control cardiovascular risk, most patients need combinations of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) plus or minus insulin. Thus, drug-drug interactions may substantially contribute to harmful effects of intensive glucose lowering therapy. METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed to select the most recent and relevant publications examining OAD metabolism and the effects of concomitant use of OADs. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Considering the individual sensitivity to OADs, pharmacogenetic factors could be of critical importance. The therapeutic range and efficacy as well as adverse effects of OADs may be significantly affected by genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 drug metabolising enzymes, organic cation transporters or organic anion transporting polypeptides. Although current data suggest that modest pharmacokinetics interferences among some OAD combinations exist, they do not seem to have substantial clinical consequences. As long-term adherence to multi-drug treatment is poor in diabetic patients, the future will show a strong move towards earlier treatment with combination therapies. As metformin is cardiovascular protective and is not metabolised through the hepatic cytochrome P450 system, it is a key compound for any OAD combination. There is an overwhelming amount of small-sized in vitro studies and investigations mostly including healthy volunteers dealing with short-term effects and surrogate parameters of concomitant OAD use. Further evidence from large-scale studies including typical subjects with type 2 diabetes, in particular multimorbid and geriatric patients with polypharmacy, is needed. Postmarketing surveillance using large patients' registries could be helpful to improve the early detection of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Holstein
- First Department of Medicine, Klinikum Lippe-Detmold, Röntgenstr. 18, D-32756 Detmold, Germany.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden remains the predominant cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States and in most of the developed world. The ongoing twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus provide a groundswell source for sustaining this trend for the foreseeable future (increasing the prevalence of CVD by 2-4 times), unless radical changes are made in public health policy. Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) remain a mainstay for management of type 2 diabetes in most practice settings. Although these agents are primarily prescribed to achieve better glycemic control, it is important to evaluate what effects they have on cardiovascular risk and whether there are significant differences in effects among the different OHAs. This review presents the available data on the effects of the various OHAs on cardiovascular risk surrogates and actual events in retrospective and prospective study design settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Uwaifo
- Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20003, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Bell
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA.
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Kabadi UM, Kabadi M. Comparative efficacy of glimepiride and/or metformin with insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72:265-70. [PMID: 16406190 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The data regarding comparison of efficacy of metformin with glimepiride, newest Sulfonylurea, or with the use of both drugs in combination with insulin is rare in the literature. Therefore, we assessed the daily insulin dose, hypoglycemic events and body weight on achieving desirable glycemic control after addition of insulin, to glimepiride 8 mg and/or metformin 2500 mg, in subjects with type 2 DM manifesting lapse of glycemic control. METHODS S.C. insulin Novolog Mix [70/30], pre-supper was initiated in 12 subjects on metformin, 14 subjects on glimepiride, and 12 subjects receiving both drugs, with HbA1C > 7.5% and eight subjects receiving placebo. Insulin dose was increased by 4 U at weekly interval until fasting blood sugar [FBS] between 6.6 and 8 mM/l was attained and then further titrated by 2 U every week to attain and maintain FBS between 4.5 and 6.7 mM/l over the next 4 months. The comparisons were conducted between these groups for HbA1C, the daily insulin dose, body weight noted at the end of this study period as well as the hypoglycemic episodes per patient during the last 4 weeks of the study period. RESULTS HbA1C levels were < 7.0% in all subjects at the end of the study. The daily insulin dose (units), total and per kg/BW was significantly lower [p < 0.001] with metformin (51 +/- 5, 0.51 +/- 0.10), glimepiride (40 +/- 4, 0.42 +/- 0.09) as well as with both drugs (23 +/- 7, 0.21 +/- 0.07) in comparison to placebo (82 +/- 10, 0.82 +/- 0.12). The insulin dose was also significantly lower [p < 0.05] in subjects on both drugs than subjects receiving them individually. Weight gain was less [p < 0.001] with metformin [2.5 +/- 0.74 kg], glimepiride [2.3 +/- 0.7 kg], and both drugs [2.2 +/- 0.61 kg] in comparison to placebo [5.2 +/- 1.4 kg] whereas the hypoglycemic episodes were lesser with metformin (3.8 +/- 1.2) and glimepiride (3.3 +/- 0.9) and least with both drugs (2.5 +/- 0.6) in comparison to placebo (5.2 +/- 1.0). CONCLUSION Glimepiride and metformin are effective individually in achieving a glycemic goal with a less daily insulin dose, weight gain, and hypoglycemic episodes in comparison to insulin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus with further marked reduction in these parameters when used concurrently.
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Bloomgarden ZT. Insulin resistance: causes and consequences. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 65:1-24. [PMID: 16140051 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(04)65001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bloomgarden
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10028, USA
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Abstract
Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the metabolic syndrome represent a major clinical challenge, because effective strategies such as fat restriction and exercise are difficult to implement into diabetes treatment. Based on the increasing knowledge on the pathogenesis of T2DM, new therapeutic approaches are currently under investigation. Potential targets of new therapeutic approaches include: (i) Inhibition of hepatic glucose production, (ii) stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, (iii) enhancement of insulin signal transduction, and (iv) reduction of body fat mass. Agonists of glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and antagonists of dipeptidylpeptidase IV, which inactivates GLP-1, stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, improve hyperglycemia and are already tested in clinical trials. In humans, glucagon antagonists and an amylin analogue reduce glucagon-dependent glucose production. The glucose-lowering effect of current modulators of lipid oxidation is not pronounced and their use could be limited by side effects. In addition to clinically approved thiazolidendiones, new agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) as well as combined PPAR alpha/gamma agonists are developed at present. The direct modulation of insulin signal transduction is still limited to experimental studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Forecasting
- Glucagon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucagon/therapeutic use
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
- Glucose/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/administration & dosage
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/therapy
- Mice
- Oxazines/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Phenylpropionates/therapeutic use
- Protein Precursors/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Receptor, Insulin/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Rosiglitazone
- Signal Transduction
- Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Stingl
- Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Medizinische Universität Wien, Osterreich
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Kabadi MU, Kabadi UM. Effects of glimepiride on insulin secretion and sensitivity in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2004; 26:63-9. [PMID: 14996518 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism of the efficacy of glimepiride in the achievement of glycemic control has not yet been clearly defined. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to examine the influence of glimepiride on insulin secretion and sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) of recent onset. METHODS This 24-week, open-label, controlled trial was conducted at the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Phoenix, Arizona). Study participants were aged 32 to 75 years and had recent-onset (established by a short duration of symptoms 6 weeks to 6 months prior to the study) type 2 DM, or were age-matched healthy volunteers (control group). In the diabetic patients, glimepiride tablets were administered orally, initially at 2 mg once daily in the morning, with the dosage increased by 1 mg every 2 weeks until fasting plasma glucose (FPG) decreased to 6.7 mmol/L; the dosage was then maintained for the remainder of the 24-week study period. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted in the control group and before treatment and at 24 weeks after the achievement and maintenance of glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin <7.0%) in the diabetic group. For OGTT, plasma insulin and glucose levels were determined after the subjects fasted overnight and then at every 15 minutes for 2 hours after glucose challenge. RESULTS Fourteen diabetic men (mean [SEM] age, 50 [6] years; range, 32-75 years) and 10 male healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 48 [5] years; range, 30-68 years) were enrolled. In the DM group, FPG decreased significantly after treatment ( P<0.001); fasting plasma insulin was markedly elevated before treatment (P<0.001 vs controls) and decreased after treatment ( P<0.01) but did not normalize; first-phase insulin secretion was markedly inhibited before treatment ( P<0.001 vs controls) and normalized after treatment ( P<0.001) total insulin secretion significantly improved after treatment ( P<0.01) but did not normalize. Finally, the pretreatment insulin sensitivity index decreased significantly (P<0.01) after treatment and normalized in 6 of 14 patients (42.9%) with type 2 DM. CONCLUSIONS In this study, glimepiride achieved desirable glycemic control in patients with recent-onset type 2 DM through improvement in insulin secretion and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary U Kabadi
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, USA.
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Martin S, Kolb H, Beuth J, van Leendert R, Schneider B, Scherbaum WA. Change in patients' body weight after 12 months of treatment with glimepiride or glibenclamide in Type 2 diabetes: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1611-7. [PMID: 14600814 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Our study compared the effects of glimepiride or glibenclamide treatment on body weight over 12 months of treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes in routine outpatient practice. METHODS This new retrospective study design used data from physicians in a restricted manner (retrolective). Data from case report forms from 520 patients from 91 randomly selected centres were assessed and covariance analysis performed. RESULTS The influence of practice and patient characteristics on treatment assignment was low, reflecting the design of randomised controlled trials. Mean weight loss and reduction in body mass index from baseline to study endpoint were greater with glimepiride than with glibenclamide (-2.04+/-3.99 kg vs -0.58+/-3.65 kg, p<0.001; -0.71+/-1.38 kg/m(2) vs -0.20+/-1.28 kg/m(2), p<0.001). Duration of treatment at baseline influenced treatment outcome, but propensity score, sex, age and fasting blood glucose at baseline did not. Both glimepiride and glibenclamide led to decreases in fasting blood glucose (-2.43+/-0.24 mmol/l vs -3.03+/-0.24 mmol/l; p<0.001 vs baseline) and HbA(1c) (-1.23+/-0.09% vs -1.26+/-0.09%; p<0.001 vs baseline). Both treatments were associated with a decrease in serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglycerides were lower in the glibenclamide group and high density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in the glimepiride group only. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Initial treatment of Type 2 diabetes with glimepiride was associated with a significantly greater decrease in body weight and body mass index than treatment with glibenclamide, while providing equivalent glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- Clinical Department, German Diabetes Centre at the Heinrich-Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Massi-Benedetti M. Glimepiride in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of the worldwide therapeutic experience. Clin Ther 2003; 25:799-816. [PMID: 12852703 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfonylureas (SUs) have been used for many years as first-line therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose blood glucose levels have not been effectively controlled by diet and exercise alone. Glimepiride is a once-daily SU that was introduced in 1995. Since then, a considerable body of evidence has been amassed regarding its use in type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE This review provides a comprehensive summary of available data on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety profile of glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It also examines the use of glimepiride to achieve and maintain good glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in current clinical practice. METHODS Relevant articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE for English-language studies published from 1990 to 2002. The search terms used were glimepiride, sulfonylureas, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The manufacturer of glimepiride provided additional information. RESULTS Glimepiride differs from other SUs in a number of respects. In clinical studies, glimepiride was generally associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia and less weight gain than other SUs. Results of other studies suggest that glimepiride can be used in older patients and those with renal compromise. There is evidence that glimepiride preserves myocardial preconditioning, a protective mechanism that limits damage in the event of an ischemic event. Glimepiride can be used in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin to optimize glycemic control. CONCLUSION Based on the evidence to date, glimepiride is an effective and well-tolerated once-daily antidiabetic drug and provides an important treatment option for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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