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Go YR, Kim KM, Park SH. Influence of inhomogeneity of the polymerization light beam on the microhardness of resin cement under a CAD-CAM block. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:802.e1-802.e10. [PMID: 35272842 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The beam profile of a light polymerization unit shows an inhomogeneous distribution. Therefore, the light passing through indirect restorations may be inhomogeneous and affect the polymerization of the resin cement. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of the inhomogeneous distribution of irradiance passing through a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) block on the microhardness of resin cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS IPS e.max CAD (A3 LT, A3 HT), Celtra Duo (A3 LT), LAVA Ultimate (A3 LT), and Vita Enamic (A3 T) blocks were tested and cut into 1.0-, 1.5-, 2.0-, and 4.0-mm thicknesses (N=100). The resin cements were Variolink N base (light-polymerized) and RelyX U200 (dual-polymerized). The light transmission, irradiance, and beam profile of each block were measured. For microhardness measurement, 5 points (-4 mm, -2 mm, 0 mm, +2 mm, and +4 mm) that coincided with the distance from the center to the periphery of the tip were marked on the specimen's surface. At each point, microhardness was measured 24 hours after polymerization. Repeated measured 1-way ANOVA with the LSD test was performed to analyze the effect of measuring points on the microhardness (α=.05). RESULTS The microhardness of the resin cements decreased with an increase of the CAD-CAM block thickness (P<.05). Resin cements under a 1-mm CAD-CAM block showed relatively uniform microhardness, whereas those under 2-mm and 4-mm blocks showed inhomogeneous microhardness (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Inhomogeneous light transmission from a light polymerization unit through CAD-CAM blocks resulted in the nonuniform microhardness of resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ra Go
- Post graduate student, Department of Conservative of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Resident, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Kim
- Professor, Department and research Institute of Dental Biomaterials & Bioengineering, BK21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Professor, Department of Conservative of Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lima VP, Machado JB, Zhang Y, Loomans BAC, Moraes RR. Laboratory methods to simulate the mechanical degradation of resin composite restorations. Dent Mater 2022; 38:214-229. [PMID: 34949477 PMCID: PMC9903973 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study reviewed the literature to identify in vitro approaches that have been used to simulate the mechanical degradation and fatigue of resin composite restorations. METHODS A search for articles was carried out in 4 databases and included studies in which composite restorations were bonded to teeth and subject to cyclic loading. Articles were assessed for eligibility, and the following items were the extracted from the included studies: authors, country, year, materials tested, simulation device and details including load magnitude and frequency, number of cycles, type of antagonist, test medium, and temperature. Data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS The 49 studies included showed a high level of heterogeneity in methods, devices, and test parameters. Nineteen different simulation devices were used, applying loads varying between 30 and 2900 N, and frequencies varying between 0.4 and 12 Hz. The load and frequency used most often were ~ 50 N (63.3%) and 1.5-1.7 Hz (32.7%). The number of cycles varied between 10 K and 2.4 M, 1.2 M was the most prevalent (40.8%). The majority of studies combined cyclic loading with at least one additional aging method: static liquid storage, thermo-mechanical cycling applied simultaneously, and thermal cycling as a discrete aging step were the three most frequent methods. The overall evidence indicated reporting problems, and suggested a lack of clinical validation of the research methods used. SIGNIFICANCE Validation studies, underlying clinical supporting data, and better reporting practices are needed for further improving research on the topic. Specific suggestions for future studies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bas A C Loomans
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Balhaddad AA, Marghalani AA, Raderman MA, Miginsky E, Massey W, Strassler H, Anne Melo M. Hands-on training based on quantifying radiant exposure improves how dental students cure composites: Skill retention at 2-year follow-up. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2021; 25:582-591. [PMID: 33220151 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The durability and longevity of composite restoration are much dependent on the accurate delivery of the energy required to polymerise the material. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which undergraduate dental students acquire and retain light-curing skills following hands-on training. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hands-on training comprises faculty tutoring for critical aspects of the light-curing procedure, such as distance and angulation of the light-curing tip. Assessments of the students' ability to deliver a specified radiant exposure to class III and I simulated RBCs using a dental simulator (MARC-PS® ) at three different time points after the training. Data were analysed using repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS Immediately after the training, students' performance on curing was improved (p < .05). Overall, the radiant exposure increased after training, but the students lost some of the benefits with time. For curing in the anterior section (anterior sensor-class III), the mean radiant exposure values increased by approximately 20% after the training. After 2 years, the values were 15% greater than baseline values. For curing in the posterior section (posterior sensor-class I), the mean radiant exposure values increased by approximately 150% after the training. A significant decrease (p < .05) was observed; however, the radiant exposure values were still 82% greater than the baseline after 2 years. CONCLUSION A hands-on training dedicated to light-curing procedures facilitated acquisition and retention up to a 2-year follow-up of skill on how light cure composite inside the mouth. The training was more relevant for curing in posterior areas, where orientation can significantly impact light-curing. A hands-on training where the radiant exposure can be measure gave objective measurement metrics to guide the curing performance. This approach is an effective means of teaching practical skills to dental students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Dental Biomedical Science PhD Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Marghalani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Um Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Raderman
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elaine Miginsky
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ward Massey
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard Strassler
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Anne Melo
- Dental Biomedical Science PhD Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Benetti AR, Michou S, Larsen L, Peutzfeldt A, Pallesen U, van Dijken JWV. Adhesion and marginal adaptation of a claimed bioactive, restorative material. Biomater Investig Dent 2019; 6:90-98. [PMID: 31998876 PMCID: PMC6964780 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2019.1696202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Adhesion and marginal adaptation of a claimed bioactive restorative material (ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative) to human teeth were compared with those of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC) and a control resin composite (Ceram X Mono). Material and Methods: Shear bond strength and marginal adaptation to enamel and dentine were assessed after no pretreatment of the hard tissues or after etching with phosphoric acid (ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative and Ceram X Mono) or polyacrylic acid (Fuji II LC). For ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative, the effect of applying a self-etch adhesive (Xeno Select, Dentsply Sirona) was also investigated. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests (α = 0.05). Results: Bond strength and marginal adaptation in enamel and dentine were significantly different among the investigated materials (p<.05). Due to loss of restorations, it was not possible to measure bond strength of ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative if no pretreatment was performed or if dentine was etched; however, use of the self-etch adhesive resulted in similar bond strength as Ceram X Mono. Etching improved adhesion of Fuji II LC to enamel and dentine. Regarding marginal adaptation, ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative showed the highest wall-to-wall contraction to enamel in all pretreatment groups and the overall highest wall-to-wall contraction to dentine after etching. Due to loss of restorations, no marginal assessment was possible on cavities with margins in dentine when no pretreatment was used. The use of a self-etch adhesive with ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative resulted in similar adaptation to dentine compared to the other materials. Conclusion: The self-adhesive property of ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative is nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Benetti
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Michou
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Larsen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Peutzfeldt
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Pallesen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hirai K, Tsujimoto A, Nojiri K, Ueta H, Takamizawa T, Barkmeier WW, Latta MA, Miyazaki M. Influence of photoirradiation conditions on dentin bond durability and interfacial characteristics of universal adhesives. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:747-754. [PMID: 28652552 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of photoirradiation conditions on dentin bond durability and interfacial characteristics of universal adhesives was investigated. Universal adhesives were applied to the dentin surfaces and photoirradiated with 100 mW/cm2 for 40 s, 200 mW/cm2 for 20 s, and 400 mW/cm2 for 10 s. A resin composite was bonded to dentin to determine shear bond strength after 24 h water storage and 30,000 thermal cycles, and water contact angle of cured adhesive were measured by the sessile drop method. Greater dentin bond strengths after 24 h water storage and 30,000 thermal cycles were achieved under these conditions at light intensity exceeding 200 mW/cm2. Universal adhesives photoirradiated above 200 mW/cm2 exhibited significantly higher water contact angles than those at 100 mW/cm2. The results of this study suggested that the photoirradiation conditions affect the dentin bond durability and interfacial characteristics of universal adhesives even at the same total energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirai
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Akimasa Tsujimoto
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of General Dentistry, Creighton University School of Dentistry
| | - Kie Nojiri
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Hirofumi Ueta
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Wayne W Barkmeier
- Department of General Dentistry, Creighton University School of Dentistry
| | - Mark A Latta
- Department of General Dentistry, Creighton University School of Dentistry
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Kramer MR, Edelhoff D, Stawarczyk B. Flexural Strength of Preheated Resin Composites and Bonding Properties to Glass-Ceramic and Dentin. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9020083. [PMID: 28787884 PMCID: PMC5456469 DOI: 10.3390/ma9020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To test the impact of preheating (25, 37, 54, or 68 °C) of TetricEvoCeram (TEC), FiltekSupremeXT (FSXT), and Venus (V) on flexural strength (FS), shear bond strength (SBS) and interfacial tension (IFT). FS was tested with TEC and FSXT. For SBS, glass-ceramic and human dentin substrate were fabricated and luted with the preheated resin composite (RC). SBSs of 1500 thermal cycled specimens were measured. For IFT, glass slides covered with the non-polymerized RC were prepared and contact angles were measured. Data were analyzed using 2/1-way ANOVA with Scheffé-test, and t-test (p < 0.05). Preheated TEC (37–68 °C) showed higher FS compared to the control-group (25 °C) (p < 0.001). FSXT presented higher FS than TEC (p < 0.001). For SBS to dentin higher values for FSXT than TEC were found. The preheating temperature showed no impact on SBS to dentin. SBS to glass-ceramic revealed a positive influence of temperature for TEC 25–68 °C (p = 0.015). TEC showed higher values than V and FSXT (p < 0.001). IFT values increased with the preheating temperature. A significant difference could be observed in every RC group between 25 and 68 °C (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Richard Kramer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniel Edelhoff
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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BEOLCHI RS, MOURA-NETTO C, PALO RM, TORRES CRG, PELISSIER B. Changes in irradiance and energy density in relation to different curing distances. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100257. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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NOJIRI K, TSUJIMOTO A, SUZUKI T, SHIBASAKI S, MATSUYOSHI S, TAKAMIZAWA T, MIYAZAKI M. Influence of light intensity on surface-free energy and dentin bond strength of single-step self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater J 2015; 34:611-7. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kie NOJIRI
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Akimasa TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Takayuki SUZUKI
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Syo SHIBASAKI
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Saki MATSUYOSHI
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Masashi MIYAZAKI
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Chang HS, Noh YS, Lee Y, Min KS, Bae JM. Push-out bond strengths of fiber-reinforced composite posts with various resin cements according to the root level. J Adv Prosthodont 2013; 5:278-86. [PMID: 24049569 PMCID: PMC3774942 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2013.5.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether the push-out bond strengths between the radicular dentin and fiber reinforced-composite (FRC) posts with various resin cements decreased or not, according to the coronal, middle or apical level of the root. MATERIALS AND METHODS FRC POSTS WERE CEMENTED WITH ONE OF FIVE RESIN CEMENT GROUPS (RELYX UNICEM: Uni, Contax with activator & LuxaCore-Dual: LuA, Contax & LuxaCore-Dual: Lu, Panavia F 2.0: PA, Super-Bond C&B: SB) into extracted human mandibular premolars. The roots were sliced into discs at the coronal, middle and apical levels. Push-out bond strength tests were performed with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the failure aspect was analyzed. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P>.05) in the bond strengths of the different resin cements at the coronal level, but there were significant differences in the bond strengths at the middle and apical levels (P<.05). Only the Uni and LuA cements did not show any significant decrease in their bond strengths at all the root levels (P>.05); all other groups had a significant decrease in bond strength at the middle or apical level (P<.05). The failure aspect was dominantly cohesive at the coronal level of all resin cements (P<.05), whereas it was dominantly adhesive at the apical level. CONCLUSION All resin cement groups showed decreases in bond strengths at the middle or apical level except LuA and Uni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Sang Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Leprince J, Lamblin G, Devaux J, Dewaele M, Mestdagh M, Palin W, Gallez B, Leloup G. Irradiation Modes’ Impact on Radical Entrapment in Photoactive Resins. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1494-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510384624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different irradiation protocols are proposed to polymerize dental resins, and discordances remain concerning their impact on the material. To improve this knowledge, we studied entrapment of free radicals in unfilled Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (50:50 wt%) resin after light cure. The tested hypothesis was that various irradiation parameters (curing time, irradiance, and radiant exposure) and different irradiation modes (continuous and pulse-delay) led to different amounts of trapped free radicals. The analysis of cured samples (n = 3) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed that the concentrations of trapped free radicals significantly differed according to the curing protocol. When continuous modes with similar radiant exposure were compared, higher concentrations of trapped free radicals were measured for longer times with lower irradiance. Concerning pulse modes, the delay had no influence on trapped radical concentration. These results give new insights into the understanding of the photopolymerization process and highlight the relevance of using EPR when studying polymerization of dimethacrylate-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.G. Leprince
- School of Dentistry and Stomatology
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Lamblin
- School of Dentistry and Stomatology
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of High Polymers
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Devaux
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of High Polymers
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Dewaele
- School of Dentistry and Stomatology
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Mestdagh
- Interfacial Chemistry Laboratory
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W.M. Palin
- Biomaterials Unit, University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, St Chad’s Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| | - B. Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Leloup
- School of Dentistry and Stomatology
- CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Avenue Hippocrate, 10/5721, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Braga RR, Meira JB, Boaro LC, Xavier TA. Adhesion to tooth structure: A critical review of “macro” test methods. Dent Mater 2010; 26:e38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Komori PCP, Paula AB, Martin AA, Tango RN, Sinhoreti MAC, Correr-Sobrinho L. Effect of Light Energy Density on Conversion Degree and Hardness of Dual-cured Resin Cement. Oper Dent 2010; 35:120-4. [DOI: 10.2341/09-126-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical Relevance
Light energy density can influence the curing of dual-cured resin cement. The ultimate physical properties of dual-cured resin cement depend on light energy delivered from the light-curing unit. It can guide the clinicians to select the appropriate curing unit for curing dual cement.
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SHINKAI K, SUZUKI S, KATOH Y. Effect of light intensity for adhesives on shear bond strength to dentin. Dent Mater J 2008; 27:660-5. [PMID: 18972781 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.27.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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