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Mr V, P RP. The Validation of Beck's Depression Inventory in Patients With Systemic Diseases: A Psychometric Study at a Dental Institute. Cureus 2023; 15:e49830. [PMID: 38164320 PMCID: PMC10758205 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression seriously threatens the world's public health, manifesting symptoms like loss of interest, fatigue, guilt, and impaired focus. Major depressive disorder is a common problem for those with chronic systemic illnesses. Since this illness has an impact on psychosocial well-being and interacts with anxiety and stress, it is crucial to assess psychological functioning. Depression-related issue has a negative impact on oral health and can cause cognitive dysfunction, social interaction problems, and low self-esteem. For the purpose of identifying and effectively managing depression in patients with systemic illnesses undergoing dental procedures, screening tools like the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) were used. The BDI's benefits include its strong internal consistency, sensitivity to change, broad concept validity, adaptable criteria validity for separating depressed and nondepressed people, and global dissemination. Materials and methods A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out after receiving the necessary institutional ethical approvals, and the participant's agreement was also obtained. The questionnaire was explained to the patients. The entire participation was voluntary. Results In the current study patient's ages ranged from 34 years to maximum age of 83 years with a mean age of 59.70±13.16 years, with 40% of the population falling into the 51-65 years age group. According to the results, participants who had multiple systemic disorders were more likely to experience depression than people who had one systemic illness. The chi-square test showed no statistically significant results between the depression scores and the number of systemic diseases (p-0.574). Seventy-five per cent of individuals with depression required tooth extractions. Conclusion Those with systemic disorders who were receiving dental care in the current study showed elevated levels of depression. An important finding was the correlation between depression and tooth extraction, highlighting the need for proactive mental health assessments in dental care. Tailored interventions can mitigate the impact, enhancing the holistic well-being of patients suffering from systemic diseases and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalachi Mr
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Roland Prethipa P
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Teja KV, Ramesh S, Janani K, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D, Natoli V, Di Blasio M, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Clinical correlation of salivary alpha-amylase levels with pain intensity in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:562. [PMID: 37573306 PMCID: PMC10423407 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is usually subjective and thus it is challenging to describe its characteristics such as nature, intensity, and origin. Non-invasive methods such as assessing salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) may aid the practitioner to evaluate the pain intensity. Hence, the current study aimed to correlate the levels of SAA with the pain intensity in patients presenting with varied endodontic pain levels. METHODS Sixty patients who presented with varied intensities of endodontic pain were selected for the present study out of which seven patients were excluded/dropped, leaving a total sample of fifty-five patients for assessment. Mandibular molar with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis without periapical pathology were included in the study. A 5ml of un-stimulated was obtained from the patients, following which the local anesthesia was administered. Root canal treatment was then performed and the pain scores at pre-operative and post-operative were recorded. Additionally, salivary samples were collected after emergency endodontic treatment and sent for sialochemical analysis. IBM.SPSS statistics software 23.0 was employed to assess the obtained data. RESULTS A statistically significant drop in the pain score (P < 0.001) and SAA levels (P < 0.001) were observed post-operatively in the contract to pre-operative state. A strong positive correlation was reported between SAA levels and pain scores in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment at both time intervals namely pre-operative (P < 0.001) and post-operative (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary showed a strong association between the pain score and SAA levels in patients undergoing an emergency endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hopitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hopitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnamachari Janani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 602105, Chennai, India.
| | - Valentino Natoli
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, 28670, Spain
- Private Dental Practice, Fasano, 72015, Italy
| | - Marco Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Catania, 95123, CT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, 80138, Italy
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Stendelyte L, Malinauskas M, Grinkeviciute DE, Jankauskaite L. Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111929. [PMID: 37296781 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common complaints leading to a pediatric emergency department visit and is associated with various painful procedures, leading to increased anxiety and stress. Assessing and treating pain in children can be challenging, so it is crucial to investigate new methods for pain diagnosis. The review aims to summarize the literature on non-invasive salivary biomarkers, such as proteins and hormones, for pain assessment in urgent pediatric care settings. Eligible studies were those that included novel protein and hormone biomarkers in acute pain diagnostics and were not older than 10 years. Chronic pain studies were excluded. Further, articles were divided into two groups: studies in adults and studies in children (<18 years). The following characteristics were extracted and summarized: study author, enrollment date, study location, patient age, study type, number of cases and groups, as well as tested biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers, such as cortisol, salivary α-amylase, and immunoglobulins, among others, could be appropriate for children as saliva collection is painless. However, hormonal levels can differ among children in different developmental stages and with various health conditions, with no predetermined levels of saliva. Thus, further exploration of biomarkers in pain diagnostics is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stendelyte
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Malinauskas
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Evalda Grinkeviciute
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Jankauskaite
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Does Modifying the Consent Process Based on the Dominant Intelligence Type Reduce Anxiety During 3rd Molar Operations? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023:S0278-2391(23)00212-4. [PMID: 36934772 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Third molar surgery is one of the most commonly performed operations, usually associated with high anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine if patients' anxiety would reduce if consent was modified to match their dominant intelligence type (DIT). METHODS AND MATERIALS A singlecenter, prospective randomized clinical study was conducted in the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of Ordu University on patients admitted for lower third molar removal between October 2020 and June 2021. The participants were randomly assigned to a study group where consent was based on DIT or a control group where consent was obtained in the standard fashion. DIT was determined using the multiple intelligence test and was further categorized as visual/spatial, verbal/linguistic, and bodily/kinesthetic. The consent method was the primary and the type of DIT was the secondary predictor variable. The primary and secondary outcome variables were the salivary cortisol level and Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) scores measured before and after the consent, and after the operation. Mann-Whitney U, Friedman, Pearson correlation, and χ2tests were conducted for statistical analysis. RESULTS Eighty patients (55 females and 25 males; mean age 23.5 ± 6.2) were included. No significant difference was observed between the study and control groups for the change in cortisol levels and MDAS scores before-after consent (-11.15 ± 62.64; -6.84 ± 32.9) (P = .389), -0.6 ± 3.46; -0.7 ± 2.49) (P = .832) and before consent-after operation (-39.80 ± 108.2; -39.72 ± 77.04) (P = .987), (-4.31 ± 5.97; -3 ± 4.34) (P = .867). The change in MDAS scores and cortisol levels was not correlated after consent (P = .587, r = 0.62) and operation (P = .406, r = 0.94). CONCLUSION Providing consent based on DIT is not statistically different than providing consent in the standard fashion. The role of consent strategy in managing anxiety and lack of correlation between salivary cortisol and MDAS requires further investigation.
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The Effect of Dental Treatments in Caries Management on Stress and Salivary Protein Levels. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154350. [PMID: 35893440 PMCID: PMC9332813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A great burden is put on healthcare systems by dental caries and understanding patients’ treatment needs is of utmost importance. The aim of this pre−post study was to assess dental anxiety and the psychological stress induced by two different types of dental treatment (prophylaxis and cavity preparation), by combining psychometric evaluations with salivary biomarkers, in a group of 28 schoolchildren presenting in a university clinic. Pre- and post-treatment unstimulated whole saliva was collected and levels of cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA) and total protein content were measured. The State−Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale (FBRS) were applied. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata/IC 16 (StataCorp) programme. All salivary parameters showed strong positive correlations between pre- and post-treatment levels. Post-treatment, salivary cortisol decreased (p = 0.008, paired t-test), sAA did not change significantly (p = 0.572, sign test), while the sAA/cortisol ratio (AOC) increased (p = 0.036, sign test). There were no correlations between state and trait anxiety levels. State anxiety scores registered significantly higher values for children with an FBRS score of 3 compared with a score of 4 (p < 0.001, unpaired t-test). The post-treatment decrease in the salivary cortisol level was higher for prophylaxis compared with the cavity preparation group (p = 0.024, t-test). These results demonstrate that sAA and cortisol levels are altered differently by psychological stress induced by two different types of dental treatment.
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Gomes HDS, Anabuki AA, Viana KA, Abreu LG, Batista AC, Hosey MT, Costa LR. Assessment of child's dental anxiety/fear and stress during dental treatment: a systematic review by CEDACORE. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e067. [PMID: 36507754 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence on the correlation between salivary biomarkers and subjective measures of dental fear and anxiety in children. This systematic review aimed to retrieve the scientific evidence comparing the results of dental anxiety measured by salivary biomarkers with patient-reported outcomes in pediatric dental setting. The PECOS was as follows: population: pediatric patients aged ≤ 18 years; exposure: patient-reported outcome measures, such as scales and/or questionnaires; comparator: salivary biomarkers; outcome: anxiety, fear, phobia or stress during dental treatment; study design: observational studies or controlled trials. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid databases. Studies that compared scales/questionnaires and salivary biomarkers for the evaluation of dental anxiety, fear, and stress in children/adolescents during dental treatment were included. Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with the Cochrane tool or the University of Adelaide tool. From the 314 studies identified, eight were included. Participants' age ranged from three to 13 years. The most used salivary biomarkers and instruments were cortisol and the Dental Subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule, respectively. Most studies showed a weak correlation between objective and subjective measures. The main issues regarding bias were on allocation concealment, blinding of assessors, follow up, and exposure assessment. Certainty of evidence was low/very low. Evidence of salivary biomarkers and patient-reported outcome measures to investigate anxiety, fear and stress in children during in the dental environment is limited. There was no correlation between subjective and objective measures in almost all included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa de Sousa Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Anna Alice Anabuki
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Karoline Alves Viana
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, School of Dentistry, Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Marie Therese Hosey
- King's College London, Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luciane Rezende Costa
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Boyanov N, Georgiou K, Thanasas D, Deneva T, Oussi N, Marinov B, Enochsson L. Use of saliva stress biomarkers to estimate novice male endoscopist's stress during training in a high-end simulator. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1380-1385. [PMID: 34424793 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1965208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simulated endoscopic training can be challenging and stressful for the novice trainee. The absence of a reliable stress detection method during simulated endoscopic training makes estimating trainees' mental stress difficult to quantify. This study concomitantly measures the responses of four saliva stress biomarkers and compares them to the video score (VS) achieved by novice endoscopists in a reproducibly stressful simulation environment. METHODS Thirty-six male endoscopy naïve surgery residents were enrolled. After an orientation phase, a saliva specimen was collected for cortisol (sC), alpha-amylase (sAA), Chromogranin A (sCgA), and immunoglobulin A (sIgA) measurements (baseline phase, BL). Thereafter, the simulation exercise phase (E) started, practicing in the Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery Skills module (GI-Bronch Mentor). Immediately after, a second saliva sample for measuring the above-cited biomarkers was collected. The whole experiment was videotaped, and the VS was calculated. The percentage (E-BL)diff of each of the four saliva biomarkers was calculated and examined for correlation to VS. RESULTS sCgAdiff showed the best correlation with VS, followed by sAAdiff. CONCLUSIONS sCgA and sAA, are saliva stress biomarkers that are easy to collect non-invasively and showed the best correlation with novice endoscopist's performance in our simulation setting, and therefore, they could be used for monitoring stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Boyanov
- Medical Simulation Training Center at Research Institute of Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantinos Georgiou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Thanasas
- Medical Physics Laboratory Simulation Center, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tanya Deneva
- Central Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ninos Oussi
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Blagoi Marinov
- Medical Simulation Training Center at Research Institute of Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lars Enochsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Sivrikaya EC, Yilmaz O, Sivrikaya P. Dentist-patient communication on dental anxiety using the social media: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:780-786. [PMID: 34333783 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of dentist-patient communication via social media on dental anxiety and to determine the appropriate timing of such communications. In this randomized, double-blinded and controlled trial, we used Instagram's quick replies system to answer patients' questions to alleviate dental anxiety for patients undergoing impacted teeth extraction under local anesthesia. Patients were assigned randomly into four groups according to the timing of such communications: only after (group 1, n = 36), only before (group 2, n = 35), before and after the operation (group 3, n = 36), and a control group who received no communication on social media (group 4, n = 36). Dental anxiety was evaluated one week before (pre-op) and after the operation (post-op) using recognized assessment scales -the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The results showed that the post-op values of group 4 had higher anxiety scores than the groups 2 and 3 according to VAS (p < 0.05). Within the groups, the anxiety levels showed a decreasing trend after surgery according to MDAS and VAS scores (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that communication with patients before the operation is sufficient to reduce their dental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efe Can Sivrikaya
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Onur Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Pinar Sivrikaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Canigur Bavbek N, Bozkaya E, Isler SC, Elbeg S, Uraz A, Yuksel S. Assessment of salivary stress and pain biomarkers and their relation to self-reported pain intensity during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal and prospective study. J Orofac Orthop 2021; 83:339-352. [PMID: 34170330 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationship between pain intensity and concentrations of salivary pain and stress biomarkers during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS Eighteen patients (8 males, 10 females; mean age 14.57 ± 2.39 years) who needed orthodontic treatment with maxillary premolar extraction and segmental canine distalization participated in this study. Baseline samples were collected (T1), and orthodontic attachments were placed to maxillary first molars, second premolars, and canines. Then extractions were performed. After 1‑month follow-up, canine distalization started with a segmental wire (T2). Concentrations of salivary α‑amylase (sAA), cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and chromogranin A (CgA) were examined at T1, T2, and on days 4 (T3), 7 (T4), 14 (T5), and 30 (T6) after starting retraction. Participants also scored their pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain catastrophizing behavior and dental anxiety levels of the participants were evaluated by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (C-DAS), respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis were used for statistical evaluations (p < 0.05). RESULTS The maximum values for sAA were seen at T1. Males had higher sAA levels than females with statistical differences at T1, T3, and T4. No significant differences for cortisol, sIgA, and CgA concentrations were observed. The highest mean VAS score was recorded at T3. No correlations were detected between any salivary biomarkers, VAS, C‑DAS, and PCS scores. CONCLUSIONS The stress of starting orthodontic treatment increased sAA levels more than the pain that was experienced during orthodontic tooth movement. Being male was a predictor of higher sAA concentrations. Orthodontic tooth movement did not cause significant alterations in salivary pain and stress biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Canigur Bavbek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Bozkaya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sehri Elbeg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahu Uraz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Yuksel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
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The calming effect of roasted coffee aroma in patients undergoing dental procedures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1384. [PMID: 33446795 PMCID: PMC7809118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee beverage consumption is well-known to exert various health benefits; however, the effects of coffee aroma are rarely explored. This study aimed to investigate the calming effect of inhaling coffee aroma while the patients underwent dental procedures (probing and scaling). Salivary α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol (sCort) levels were measured as proxies of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to stress respectively. Blood pressures and pulse rates were recorded. The results showed that undergoing dental procedures could increase sAA and sCort levels of the patients inhaling sham aroma while those inhaling coffee aroma had significantly decreased sAA and sCort levels (40% and 25% differences, respectively). The pulse rates of those inhaling coffee aroma were also lower. Subjective assessment using visual analog scale was in line with objective measures as well. The preference for coffee aroma or the frequency of coffee drinking had no effect on the sAA and sCort responses. This is the first study to provide evidence on the effect of coffee aroma on sAA and sCort levels in patients undergoing dental procedures.
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11
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Rajagopal S, Chander NG, Anitha KV, Balasubramaniam M. Evaluation of Psychological Stress Marker in Partially Edentulous Indian Adults Restored with Fixed Dental Prosthesis - A Prospective Cohort Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 11:116-120. [PMID: 33110322 PMCID: PMC7583530 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_63_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies have established mastication as a stress relaxation behavior in humans. Absence of teeth compromises mastication, increasing psychologic stress in individuals depicted by many physiologic changes in body. Quantitative level of psychologic stress bio-markers serve as indicators of underlying physical ailment. Lesser literatures are available in determining the role of alpha amylase stress bio marker in partially edentulous clinical situations. Aim The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the levels of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) stress biomarker in partially edentulous subjects before and after restoration with fixed dental prosthesis. Material and Methods Forty partially edentulous patients with missing mandibular first molar were selected for this study. Two questionnaires, state trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and perceived stress scale (PSS) was used to evaluate stress and anxiety levels of participants. The recruited participants were treated with metal ceramic fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to determine the patient satisfaction .Unstimulated salivary samples were collected preoperative, 3rd and 6th month post FDP placement. Level of sAA was estimated. Data obtained in the form of mean ± SD was subjected to statistical analysis using paired sample t-test (α=.05). Results The salivary alpha amylase level was highest with mean of 36.73 μM/min/mg ptn before restoration with FDP. In the third month after prosthesis placement, the enzyme values decreased to16.62 μM/min/mg ptn and least value of 8.58 μM/min/mg ptn was detected in sixth month (P < 0.05). Conclusion The salivary alpha amylase stress biomarker decreased after tooth replacement with FDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Gopi Chander
- Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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AlMaummar M, AlThabit HO, Pani S. The impact of dental treatment and age on salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels of patients with varying degrees of dental anxiety. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:211. [PMID: 31492133 PMCID: PMC6731601 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase levels in children aged between 6 and 9 years, 3 months and 1 year after the successful completion of dental treatment through either pharmacological or non-pharmacological behavior management techniques. Methods A total of 1567 patients aged between 6 and 9 years who had completed dental treatment were screened. A total of 703 patients who were caries free at the end of 3 months were classified based on Frankl behavior score and administered the Arabic version of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and accordingly allocated to one of three groups; (Phobic Patients, Anxious Patients, Control Group). A total of 183 patients met the inclusion criteria and were followed up for 1 year. A total of 151 patients completed the study. Patients’ heart rate on recall, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase were compared between the groups. Results The results of the study showed that amylase and cortisol levels had a significant association with the level of dental fear. The phobic patients had the highest levels of salivary amylase and salivary cortisol levels with no significant associations observed with either heart rate or extent of dental treatment. Control and anxious patients had significantly lower amylase levels when compared to phobic patients. There was no significant difference between the salivary cortisol levels of anxious and phobic patients. These findings were replicated on 1-year recall. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study we can conclude that salivary amylase is an indicator of of acute stress that can differentiate between anxiety and dental fear; while salivary cortisol appears to be a marker of long-term stress that lacks the sensitivity to differentiate between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda Othman AlThabit
- Resident in Pediatric Dentistry, Saudi Board in Pediatric Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharat Pani
- Room No 1012, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Salas Huamani JR, Barbosa TDS, de Freitas CN, de Sousa KG, Gavião MBD, Leal SC, Mialhe FL, Castelo PM. Assessment of anxiety and stress markers in children submitted to educational strategies and ART-restoration: A randomized clinical trial. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 97:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hepp P, Hagenbeck C, Gilles J, Wolf OT, Goertz W, Janni W, Balan P, Fleisch M, Fehm T, Schaal NK. Effects of music intervention during caesarean delivery on anxiety and stress of the mother a controlled, randomised study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:435. [PMID: 30390639 PMCID: PMC6215648 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress and anxiety during pregnancy and childbirth have negative consequences for both mother and child. There are indications that music has a positive effect in this situation. The present study investigates the influence of music during the caesarean on anxiety and stress of the expectant mother. Methods The SAMBA study is a single-centre, controlled, randomized study including 304 patients. Women in the intervention group heard music via loudspeakers from one of four self-selected genres. The control group had standard treatment without music. The caesarean was performed in regional Anesthesia. At admission, at skin incision, during skin suture and two hours after completion of surgery, different subjective (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, visual analogue scale for anxiety) and objective parameters (salivary cortisol/amylase, heart rate, blood pressure) were collected. Mixed-factorial Analysis of variances as well as independent sample t-tests were applied for data analysis. Results At skin suture, significantly lower anxiety levels were reported in the intervention group regarding State anxiety (31.56 vs. 34.41; p = .004) and visual analogue scale for anxiety (1.27 vs. 1.76; p = .018). Two hours after surgery, the measured visual analogue scale for anxiety score in the intervention group was still significantly lower (0.69 vs. 1.04; p = .018). The objective parameters showed significant differences between the groups in salivary cortisol increase from admission to skin suture (12.29 vs. 16.61 nmol/L; p = .043), as well as systolic blood pressure (130.11 vs. 136.19 mmHg; p = .002) and heart rate (88.40 vs. 92.57/min; p = .049) at skin incision. Conclusions Music during caesarean is an easy implementable and effective way of reducing stress and anxiety of the expectant mother. Trial registration German registry for clinical trials (DRKS00007840). Registered 16/06/2015. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hepp
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstr 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. .,Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julius Gilles
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Goertz
- Musikerambulanz, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Janni
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Percy Balan
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Fleisch
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstr 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nora K Schaal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Chaturvedi Y, Chaturvedy S, Marwah N, Chaturvedi S, Agarwal S, Agarwal N. Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase-Biomarkers of Stress in Children undergoing Extraction: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:214-218. [PMID: 30131644 PMCID: PMC6102441 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The anxiety of dental procedure evokes physiological response in the human body similar to fear. The level of cortisol and alpha-amylase in saliva can be considered as one of the major biomarkers of stress and anxiety. Our study was aimed to correlate the stress and anxiety with the levels of salivary cortisol (SC) and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) in patients undergoing routine dental extraction. Materials and methods The levels of SC and SAA were assessed pre- and postextraction in the salivary samples of 20 children. Results The values of cortisol and alpha-amylase showed a significant increase postextraction. Conclusion Salivary cortisol and SAA can be considered an important and noninvasive tool for assessment of anxiety, such as dental extraction, in children. Clinical significance Increase in the stress levels of a child in the dental operatory procedures like tooth extraction suggests the use of some behavior modification and shaping techniques by dentists to overcome the anxiety of the child before commencement of the procedure. This can aid in better cooperation of the child during treatment as well as helps in internal motivation toward future dental treatment. How to cite this article: Chaturvedi Y, Chaturvedy S, Marwah N, Chaturvedi S, Agarwal S, Agarwal N. Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase—Biomarkers of Stress in Children undergoing Extraction: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11(3):214-218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Chaturvedi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Shefali Chaturvedy
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Nikhil Marwah
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Saurabh Chaturvedi
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Government Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Neha Agarwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
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Evaluation of Salivary Alpha Amylase as a Biomarker for Dental Anxiety. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.9350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lindenberger BL, Plag J, Schumacher S, Gaudlitz K, Bischoff S, Bobbert T, Dimeo F, Petzold MB, Kirschbaum C, Dudás Z, Ströhle A. Clinical and neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise in dental phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:1040-1048. [PMID: 28556577 DOI: 10.1002/da.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has shown to be effective in anxiety disorders. For specific phobia, no studies are available that systematically examined the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention on phobic fear within a randomized-controlled design. Therefore, we investigated the acute effect of a standardized aerobic training on clinical symptoms of dental phobia as well as on stress-related neurobiological markers. METHODS Within a crossover design, 30 patients with dental phobia (mean age: 34.1 years; mean score of the Dental Anxiety Scale: 18.8) underwent two minor dental interventions separated by 7 days. Dental treatment was performed after 30 min of physical activity at either 20% VO2 max (control) or 70% VO2 max (intervention), respectively. To control for habituation, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions prior to the first intervention. Moreover, saliva samples were collected at five times in order to determine changes in salivary cortisol (sC) and alpha-amylase (sAA) due to treatment. RESULTS In comparison to baseline, aerobic exercise within 70% VO2 max significantly reduced clinical anxiety and sC concentrations before, during, and after the dental treatment. In contrast, the control condition led to decreased sAA levels at different time points of measurement. Habituation occurred at the second study day, independent of the order. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for an effect of moderate-intense exercise on clinical symptoms and sC in patients with dental phobia. Therefore, acute aerobic exercise might be a simple and low-cost intervention to reduce disorder-specific phobic fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitt L Lindenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Schumacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Gaudlitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Bischoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Bobbert
- Department of Endocrinology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando Dimeo
- Section of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz B Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Dudás
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Dušková M, Vašáková J, Dušková J, Kaiferová J, Broukal Z, Stárka L. The role of stress hormones in dental management behavior problems. Physiol Res 2017; 66:S317-S322. [PMID: 28948815 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental management behavior problems are thought to be both multifactorial and multidimensional, consisting of physiological, behavioral and cognitive components. The stress response to pain or even the anticipation of distress initiates activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and causes an increase of cortisol and catecholamines. The literature on the role of hormones in dental management behavior problems comprises about one hundred papers, which have mainly been focused on this activation of the HPA axis in various situations in dental care. They have generally used salivary cortisol as a marker of the activity of the HPA axis, sometimes combined with salivary alpha amylase. Here we summarize the literature data on the role of stress hormones in dental management behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dušková
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Georgiou K, Larentzakis A, Papavassiliou AG. Surgeons' and surgical trainees' acute stress in real operations or simulation: A systematic review. Surgeon 2017; 15:355-365. [PMID: 28716368 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute stress in surgery is ubiquitous and has an immediate impact on surgical performance and patient safety. Surgeons react with several coping strategies; however, they recognise the necessity of formal stress management training. Thus, stress assessment is a direct need. Surgical simulation is a validated standardised training milieu designed to replicate real-life situations. It replicates stress, prevents biases, and provides objective metrics. The complexity of stress mechanisms makes stress measurement difficult to quantify and interpret. This systematic review aims to identify studies that have used acute stress estimation measurements in surgeons or surgical trainees during real operations or surgical simulation, and to collectively present the rationale of these tools, with special emphasis in salivary markers. METHODS A search strategy was implemented to retrieve relevant articles from MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. The 738 articles retrieved were reviewed for further evaluation according to the predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included in this systematic review. The methods for acute stress assessment varied greatly among studies with the non-invasive techniques being the most commonly used. Subjective and objective tests for surgeons' acute stress assessment are being presented. CONCLUSION There is a broad spectrum of acute mental stress assessment tools in the surgical field and simulation and salivary biomarkers have recently gained popularity. There is a need to maintain a consistent methodology in future research, towards a deeper understanding of acute stress in the surgical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Andreas Larentzakis
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Gutiérrez-Corrales A, Campano-Cuevas E, Castillo-Dalí G, Torres-Lagares D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL. Ability of salivary biomarkers in the prognostic of systemic and buccal inflammation. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e716-e722. [PMID: 28512552 PMCID: PMC5429487 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a growing interest in using saliva as an alternative sample for the diagnosis, prediction and progression of several diseases. It has been established that some molecules found in saliva are related to oral inflammatory processes and systemic health status. Furthermore, it is known that saliva is crucial for the carrying out of different functions in the oral cavity and its role in the local modulation of inflammatory and immune response is being thoroughly studied by the health research community. The aim of this review is to analyze the most important biomarkers which have been utilized in biomedicine during the last two decades in order to establish a correlation between certain specific salivary biomarkers and systemic inflammation. Then, we discuss the utility of total proteins, immunoglobulin A and alpha-amylase as biomarkers for the prognostic of local inflammation after oral surgery.
Key words:Inflammation, salivary biomarkers, systemic disease, buccal surgery, total proteins, inmunoglobulin A, Alpha-amylase.
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Gutiérrez-Corrales A, Campano-Cuevas E, Castillo-Dalí G, Serrera-Figallo MÁ, Torres-Lagares D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL. Relationship between salivary biomarkers and postoperative swelling after the extraction of impacted lower third molars. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:243-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Salient Public Beliefs Underlying Disaster Preparedness Behaviors: A Theory-Based Qualitative Study. Prehosp Disaster Med 2017; 32:124-133. [PMID: 28134062 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x16001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Given the increasing importance of disaster preparedness in Tehran, the capital of Iran, interventions encouraging disaster preparedness behavior (DPB) are needed. This study was conducted to show how an elicitation method can be used to identify salient consequences, referents, and circumstances about DPB and provide recommendations for interventions and quantitative research. METHOD A theory-based qualitative study using a semi-structured elicitation questionnaire was conducted with 132 heads of households from 22 districts in Tehran, Iran. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), six open-ended questions were used to record the opinion of people about DPB: advantages of engaging in DPB; disadvantages of doing so; people who approve; people who disapprove; things that make it easy; and things that make it difficult. Content analysis showed the categories of salient consequences, reference groups, and circumstances. RESULTS The three most frequently mentioned advantages obtained from inhabitants of Tehran were health outcomes (eg, it helps us to save our lives, it provides basic needs, and it protects us until relief workers arrive); other salient advantages were mentioned (eg, helps family reunification). The main disadvantage was preparedness anxiety. Family members were the most frequently mentioned social referent when people were asked who might approve or disapprove of their DPB. The two main circumstances perceived to obstruct DPB included not having enough knowledge or enough time. CONCLUSION The results of this qualitative study suggest that interventions to encourage DPB among Tehran inhabitants should address: perceived consequences of DPB on health and other factors beyond health; barriers of not having enough knowledge and time perceived to hinder DPB; and social approval. More accurate research on salient beliefs with close-ended items developed from these open-ended data and with larger sample sizes of Tehran inhabitants is necessary. Research with other stakeholder groups is needed to understand their perceptions about DPB in creating the people's social environment. Najafi M , Ardalan A , Akbarisari A , Noorbala AA , Elmi H . Salient public beliefs underlying disaster preparedness behaviors: a theory-based qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):124-133 .
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Lee KC, Bassiur JP. Salivary Alpha Amylase, Dental Anxiety, and Extraction Pain: A Pilot Study. Anesth Prog 2017; 64:22-28. [PMID: 28128662 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-63-03-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary intention of this study was to determine whether salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) factors or the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was a better predictor of dental extraction pain. This study followed a cross-sectional design and included a convenience sample (n = 23) recruited from an outpatient oral surgery clinic. While waiting for their scheduled appointments, consenting patients completed both basic demographic/medical history questionnaires and Corah's DAS as well as submitted sublingual saliva samples. After their extractions, patients marked visual analog scales (VAS) to indicate the intensity of their intraoperative discomfort. Results of this study confirm that there is a relationship between a patient's dental anxiety and intraoperative extraction pain (r[21] = .47, P = .02). This study did not find that preoperative sAA factors (concentration and output rate) were related to either VAS extraction pain or DAS score. A strong positive relationship was observed between the concentration of sAA and the rate of sAA output (r[21] = .81, P < .001). Based on the results of our study, we conclude that dental anxiety has a moderate but significant correlation with intraoperative dental pain. Factors of sAA do not appear to be predictive of this experience. Therefore, simply assessing an anxious patient may be the best indication of that patient's extraction pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Lee
- Center for Oral, Facial and Head Pain, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer P Bassiur
- Center for Oral, Facial and Head Pain, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Gomes HS, Vieira LAC, Costa PS, Batista AC, Costa LR. Professional dental prophylaxis increases salivary cortisol in children with dental behavioural management problems: a longitudinal study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:74. [PMID: 27539128 PMCID: PMC4989520 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental procedures may cause stress and increase the salivary cortisol levels. It is important to known if apparently simple procedures such as professional dental prophylaxis at low speed (DP) are stressful for children with dental behaviour management problems (DBMP) to help with behaviour guidance strategies. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate if DP changes a physiological marker of stress (salivary cortisol) in children with DBMP who were referred to dental treatment under sedation. Methods One paediatric dentist carried out a DP with rubber cup and pumice followed by dental examination in 39 children aged 2–5 years, prior to the dental sedation appointment. Children’s saliva was collected at three different moments: upon waking (UW), on arrival at the dental office reception area (RA) and 25 min after the dental prophylaxis (DP). The saliva samples were analysed using an enzyme immunoassay kit. The Wilcoxon test was used in paired comparison (P < 0.05). Results Salivary cortisol levels decreased from UW (0.34; 0.15–0.54) to RA (0.14; 0.08–0.56) (P = 0.019) and increased from RA to DP (0.25; 0.06–1.48) (P = 0.008). Higher salivary cortisol levels were observed at DP when compared to RA in children who did not have previous dental treatment (P = 0.007), had toothache (P = 0.006), presented some protest behaviour during DP (P = 0.008), or needed protective stabilisation by parents for the dental examination (P = 0.005). Conclusions Paediatric dentists should be aware that even simple procedures such as professional dental prophylaxis are related to stress in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Sousa Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Av. Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida s/n, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Liliani Aires Candido Vieira
- Departamento de Saúde Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia/UFG, Av. Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida s/n, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sucasas Costa
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina/UFG, Rua 235 c/ 1a. s/n - S. Universitário, CEP 74605-020, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia/UFG, Av. Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida s/n, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciane Rezende Costa
- Departamento de Saúde Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia/UFG, Av. Universitária Esquina com 1ª Avenida s/n, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Primeira Avenida, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74605-220, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Naumova EA, Faber S, Lindner P, Wannemueller A, Sandulescu T, Joehren P, Arnold WH. Parallel study about the effects of psychotherapy on patients with dental phobia determined by anxiety scores and saliva secretion and composition. BMC Oral Health 2016; 17:32. [PMID: 27485732 PMCID: PMC4970277 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the success of psychotherapeutic treatment for dental phobia by measurement of anxiety using the dental anxiety score (DAS), the state trait anxiety score (STAI state), salivary cortisol and protein concentrations and the salivary secretion rate. Primary endpoint of the study was the comparison of the data before and after psychotherapeutic treatment. Methods Forty patients were included into the study. Twenty-four were allocated to the phobic group, 16 to the control group. Saliva was collected upon entering the dental clinic and again after three weeks of psychotherapy. The results were compared with those of a control group. The DAS and STAI questionnaires were completed at each visit. Results A reduction in DAS values was found after psychotherapy. However, the values remained significantly higher in the phobic group than in the controls. Similar results were found for STAI scores. A slightly higher salivary cortisol level was found in the phobic group. No changes occurred in cortisol or protein concentrations. The salivary secretion rate increased in the phobic patients after psychotherapy. Conclusions It could be concluded that psychotherapy is effective in the treatment of dental phobic patients. Trial registration This study has been retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (# DRKS00009552) on 10/19/15. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0264-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Naumova
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - S Faber
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - P Lindner
- Dental Clinic Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Sandulescu
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - P Joehren
- Dental Clinic Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - W H Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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Peng HT, Savage E, Vartanian O, Smith S, Rhind SG, Tenn C, Bjamason S. Performance Evaluation of a Salivary Amylase Biosensor for Stress Assessment in Military Field Research. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:223-30. [PMID: 25600820 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A convenient biosensor for real-time measurement of biomarkers for in-field psychophysiological stress research and military operations is desirable. We evaluated a hand-held device for measuring salivary amylase as a stress marker in medical technicians undergoing combat casualty care training using two different modalities in operating room and field settings. METHODS Salivary amylase activity was measured by two biosensor methods: directly sampling saliva with a test strip placed under the tongue or pipetting a fixed volume of precollected saliva onto the test strip, followed by analyzing the sample on the strip using a biosensor. The two methods were compared for their accuracy and sensitivity to detect the stress response using an enzyme assay method as a standard. RESULTS The measurements from the under-the-tongue method were not as consistent with those from the standard assay method as the values obtained from the pipetting method. The under-the-tongue method did not detect any significant increase in the amylase activity due to stress in the operating room (P > 0.1), in contrast to the significant increases observed using the pipetting method and assay method with a significance level less than 0.05 and 0.1, respectively. Furthermore, the under-the-tongue method showed no increased amylase activity in the field testing, while both the pipetting method and assay method showed increased amylase activity in the same group (P < 0.1). CONCLUSION The accuracy and consistency of the biosensors need to be improved when used to directly measure salivary amylase activity under the tongue for stress assessment in military medical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Savage
- Canadian Forces Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oshin Vartanian
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane Smith
- Canadian Forces Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Tenn
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Bjamason
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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Marrelli M, Gentile S, Palmieri F, Paduano F, Tatullo M. Correlation between Surgeon's experience, surgery complexity and the alteration of stress related physiological parameters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112444. [PMID: 25379944 PMCID: PMC4224481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the present work we analyzed the hormonal (salivary Cortisol; sC), immune (salivary Immunoglobulin A; sIgA) and cardiovascular (Heart rate, HR, and systolic blood pressure, SBP) responses induced by stress conditions in oral surgeons, randomly recruited according to their expertise level. Materials and methods Each surgeon performed three different surgical procedures with increasing degrees of technical difficulty and under time-limited conditions, to assess whether these variants may influence the risks of stress-induced secondary hypertension among the involved health professionals. sC and sIgA samples and cardiovascular function measurements were taken up before, during, and two hours after every surgery. Salivary samples and cardiovascular measurements were taken also during non-surgical days, as baseline controls. Results We observed that more experienced surgeons showed a higher stress management ability compared to those with less experience or, generally, younger, which are more exposed to the risks of developing secondary hypertension. Nevertheless, indipendently of sex and experience, oral surgeons are constantly exposed to high risks of developing stress-related diseases. Conclusions On the basis of the issues addressed and the results obtained, we have highlighted the importance of the investigated stress biomarkers to monitor and to prevent stress-related pathologies among oral surgeons. This approach is aimed to emphasize the significance of these specific stress-biomarkers, which represent a powerful instrument to evaluate stress levels in oral surgeons, and that may help to reduce the most severe life-threatening risks to which they are daily exposed. In conclusion, final goal of this study is to suggest an useful guideline to monitor the stress levels of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in order to improve their quality of life, which is inevitably reflected on the quality of the performances provided and, finally, to prevent possible mistakes in their daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marrelli
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Calabrodental, Crotone, Italy; Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
| | - Stefano Gentile
- Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Tatullo
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Calabrodental, Crotone, Italy; Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
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Yfanti K, Kitraki E, Emmanouil D, Pandis N, Papagiannoulis L. Psychometric and biohormonal indices of dental anxiety in children. A prospective cohort study. Stress 2014; 17:296-304. [PMID: 24766350 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.918602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress of dental treatment often elicits negative emotions in children, expressed as dental fear or anxiety. Highly anxious children obstruct treatment and avoid therapy, further amplifying oral health problems. The aim of this study was to examine the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system responses to dental treatment and their possible interactions and associations with psychometric indices of anxiety, caries, previous dental experience, anesthesia, age and gender in school children. Upon informed consent, saliva was obtained from 97 children (59% males, mean age ± SD: 89.73 ± 15 months) in the Clinic of pediatric dentistry before treatment, immediately post-treatment and at the recall visit to determine cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels. Dental and general anxiety was assessed through specific questionnaires completed by the children. Compared to pre-treatment, cortisol levels were increased following treatment, while sAA levels were higher at the recall. Pre- and post-treatment cortisol and sAA responses were positively correlated. Dental and general anxiety questionnaire scores were also significantly correlated with each other. The integrated autonomic and neuroendocrine responses prior to treatment were correlated with state anxiety and those following treatment with dental anxiety. However, univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis associated post-treatment cortisol, but not sAA, levels with dental anxiety. No associations of cortisol or sAA responses with caries, age, gender, previous dental experience or anesthesia were detected. These data provide some evidence that both sAA and cortisol levels are altered in children in anticipation or during dental treatment, but only cortisol levels are associated to dental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Yfanti
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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