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Guignard S, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Motahhary M, Savignac M, Guiraud L, Sagnat D, Sebbag M, Khou S, Rolland C, Edir A, Bournet B, Buscail L, Buscail E, Alric L, Camare C, Ambli M, Vergnolle N, Hollenberg MD, Deraison C, Bonnart C. Chymotrypsin activity signals to intestinal epithelium by protease-activated receptor-dependent mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2725-2749. [PMID: 38637276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic protease secreted into the lumen of the small intestine to digest food proteins. We hypothesized that chymotrypsin activity may be found close to epithelial cells and that chymotrypsin signals to them via protease-activated receptors (PARs). We deciphered molecular pharmacological mechanisms and gene expression regulation for chymotrypsin signalling in intestinal epithelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The presence and activity of chymotrypsin were evaluated by Western blot and enzymatic activity tests in the luminal and mucosal compartments of murine and human gut samples. The ability of chymotrypsin to cleave the extracellular domain of PAR1 or PAR2 was assessed using cell lines expressing N-terminally tagged receptors. The cleavage site of chymotrypsin on PAR1 and PAR2 was determined by HPLC-MS analysis. The chymotrypsin signalling mechanism was investigated in CMT93 intestinal epithelial cells by calcium mobilization assays and Western blot analyses of (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. The transcriptional consequences of chymotrypsin signalling were analysed on colonic organoids. KEY RESULTS We found that chymotrypsin was present and active in the vicinity of the colonic epithelium. Molecular pharmacological studies have shown that chymotrypsin cleaves both PAR1 and PAR2 receptors. Chymotrypsin activated calcium and ERK1/2 signalling pathways through PAR2, and this pathway promoted interleukin-10 (IL-10) up-regulation in colonic organoids. In contrast, chymotrypsin disarmed PAR1, preventing further activation by its canonical agonist, thrombin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results highlight the ability of chymotrypsin to signal to intestinal epithelial cells via PARs, which may have important physiological consequences in gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Guignard
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Majid Motahhary
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Magali Savignac
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5051, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Guiraud
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - David Sagnat
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mireille Sebbag
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sokchea Khou
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Anissa Edir
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Bournet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Buscail
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Rangueil, Toulouse III University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Camare
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1297, INSERM/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mouna Ambli
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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2
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Vergnolle N. Thrombin stories in the gut. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00065-8. [PMID: 38521125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the involvement of proteases in gut physiology and pathophysiology over the recent years. Among them, thrombin has appeared for a long time as an old player only involved in blood clotting upon tissue injury. The fact that thrombin receptors (Protease-Activated Receptors-1 and -4) are expressed and functional in almost all cell types of the gut, contributing to barrier, immune or motility functions, suggested that thrombin could actually be at the crossroad of intestinal physiology. Recent work has unraveled the constitutive release of active thrombin by intestinal epithelial cells, opening new research avenues on the role of thrombin in the gut. These roles are considered in the present review, as well as the regulation of thrombin in the gut. The potential of thrombin as a target for treatments of intestinal pathologies is also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), CS60039, Toulouse, Cedex 03, 31024, France; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Ab T2N 4N1, Canada.
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3
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Huang S, Cao G, Dai D, Xu Q, Ruiz S, Shindo S, Nakamura S, Kawai T, Lin J, Han X. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles exacerbate retinal microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167160. [PMID: 37250057 PMCID: PMC10213754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness. Periodontitis is one of the highest oral incidences and has been closely related to various systemic conditions through Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). P. gingivalis OMVs, derived from P. gingivalis, can cause endothelial dysfunction and potentially affect microvascular diseases. Current epidemiological studies provide limited evidence suggesting that periodontitis is associated with DR. However, there is a lack of basic research elucidating how periodontitis affects the severity of DR. This study aimed to explore the potential of P. gingivalis OMVs to contribute to the pathogenesis of DR and explore how it affect the retinal microvascular endothelium. The results demonstrated that P. gingivalis OMVs accelerated the blood-retinal barrier damage in DR mice. In vitro studies showed that the expression of inflammatory factors in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) was increased after P. gingivalis OMVs stimulation, and the increased reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and altered endothelial permeability were observed in HRMECs under P. gingivalis OMVs stimulation. In addition, we found that protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) regulated OMVs-induced TNF-α, MMP-9 mRNA expression, cell death, and endothelial permeability. Overall, we suggested that P. gingivalis OMVs induced mitochondria-related cell death of HRMECs and accelerated endothelial dysfunction, thus aggravating DR, in which PAR-2 plays a potential role. This study is the first research report to delineate the potential molecular mechanism of P. gingivalis OMVs on DR pathogenesis, which uniquely focused on elucidating the possible impact of periodontal pathogen derivatives on DR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Guoqin Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sunniva Ruiz
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Satoru Shindo
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Shin Nakamura
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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4
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Francis N, Sanaei R, Ayodele BA, O'Brien‐Simpson NM, Fairlie DP, Wijeyewickrema LC, Pike RN, Mackie EJ, Pagel CN. Effect of a protease‐activated receptor‐2 antagonist (
GB88
) on inflammation‐related loss of alveolar bone in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:544-552. [PMID: 37002616 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2 ), a pro-inflammatory G-protein coupled receptor, has been associated with pathogenesis of periodontitis and the resulting bone loss caused by oral pathogens, including the keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). We hypothesised that administration of a PAR2 antagonist, GB88, might prevent inflammation and subsequent alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of periodontal disease. METHODS Periodontitis was induced in mice by oral inoculations with P. gingivalis for a total of eight times over 24 days. The infected mice were treated with either GB88 or vehicle for the duration of the trial. Following euthanasia on day 56, serum was collected and used for the detection of mast cell tryptase. The right maxillae were defleshed and stained with methylene blue to measure the exposed cementum in molar teeth. The left maxillae were prepared for cryosections followed by staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase to identify osteoclasts or with toluidine blue to identify mast cells. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantify the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gingival tissue. Supernatants of T-lymphocyte cultures isolated from the regional lymph nodes were assayed using a cytometric bead array to measure the Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine levels. RESULTS Measurement of the exposed cementum showed that GB88 reduced P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss by up to 69%. GB88 also prevented the increase in osteoclast numbers observed in the infected mice. Serum tryptase levels were significantly elevated in both the infected groups, and not altered by treatment. RT-qPCR showed that GB88 prevented the upregulation of Il1b, Il6, Ifng and Cd11b. In T-lymphocyte supernatants, only IFNγ and IL-17A levels were increased in response to infection, but this was prevented by GB88 treatment. CONCLUSIONS GB88 significantly reduced osteoclastic alveolar bone loss in mice infected with P. gingivalis, seemingly by preventing the upregulation of several inflammatory cytokines. PAR2 antagonism may be an effective treatment strategy for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhish Francis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Reza Sanaei
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Babatunde A. Ayodele
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Neil M. O'Brien‐Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School and The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lakshmi C. Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Robert N. Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Eleanor Jean Mackie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Charles Neil Pagel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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5
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Grobler C, van Tongeren M, Gettemans J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Alzheimer's Disease: A Systems View Provides a Unifying Explanation of Its Development. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:43-70. [PMID: 36442193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 50 million people globally. It is characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, respectively. Despite global research efforts, there is currently no cure available, due in part to an incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Numerous possible mechanisms, or hypotheses, explaining the origins of sporadic or late-onset AD have been proposed, including the amyloid-β, inflammatory, vascular, and infectious hypotheses. However, despite ample evidence, the failure of multiple trial drugs at the clinical stage illuminates the possible pitfalls of these hypotheses. Systems biology is a strategy which aims to elucidate the interactions between parts of a whole. Using this approach, the current paper shows how the four previously mentioned hypotheses of AD pathogenesis can be intricately connected. This approach allows for seemingly contradictory evidence to be unified in a system-focused explanation of sporadic AD development. Within this view, it is seen that infectious agents, such as P. gingivalis, may play a central role. The data presented here shows that when present, P. gingivalis or its virulence factors, such as gingipains, may induce or exacerbate pathologies underlying sporadic AD. This evidence supports the view that infectious agents, and specifically P. gingivalis, may be suitable treatment targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corlia Grobler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marvi van Tongeren
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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França BND, Gasparoni LM, Rovai ES, Ambrósio LMB, Mendonça NFD, Hagy MH, Mendoza AH, Sipert CR, Holzhausen M. Protease-activated receptor type 2 activation downregulates osteogenesis in periodontal ligament stem cells. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e002. [PMID: 36629588 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases with inflammatory characteristics, including periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate how the activation of PAR2 can affect the osteogenic activity of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in vitro. PDLSCs collected from three subjects were treated in osteogenic medium for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days with trypsin (0.1 U/mL), PAR2 specific agonist peptide (SLIGRL-NH2) (100 nM), and PAR2 antagonist peptide (FSLLRY-NH2) (100 nM). Gene (RT-qPCR) expression and protein expression (ELISA) of osteogenic factors, bone metabolism, and inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red S staining, and supernatant concentration were assessed. Statistical analysis of the results with a significance level of 5% was performed. Activation of PAR2 led to decreases in cell proliferation and calcium deposition (p < 0.05), calcium concentration (p < 0.05), and ALP activity (p < 0.05). Additionally, PAR2 activation increased gene and protein expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased the gene and protein expression of osteoprotegerin (p <0. 05). Considering the findings, the present study demonstrated PAR2 activation was able to decrease cell proliferation, decreased osteogenic activity of PDLSCs, and upregulated conditions for bone resorption. PAR2 may be considered a promising target in periodontal regenerative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes de França
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Silva Rovai
- Universidade de Taubaté - Unitau, School of Dentistry, Periodontics Division, Taubaté, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Hideki Hagy
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aldrin Huamán Mendoza
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Renata Sipert
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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7
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Downregulation of Matriptase Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3865844. [PMID: 36246974 PMCID: PMC9553488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3865844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matriptases are cell surface proteolytic enzymes belonging to the type II transmembrane serine protease family that mediate inflammatory skin disorders and cancer progression. Matriptases may affect the development of periodontitis via protease-activated receptor-2 activity. However, the cellular mechanism by which matriptases are involved in periodontitis is unknown. In this study, we examined the antiperiodontitis effects of matriptase on Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Matriptase small interfering RNA-transfected HGFs were treated with PG-LPS. The mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Western blot analyses were performed to measure the levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)/transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), p65, and p50 in PG-LPS-stimulated HGFs. Matriptase downregulation inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression, including the expression of IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-Iβ. Moreover, matriptase downregulation inhibited PG-LPS-stimulated MMP-1 expression. Additionally, we confirmed that the mechanism underlying the effects of matriptase downregulation involves the suppression of PG-LPS-induced IRAK1/TAK1 and NF-κB. These results suggest that downregulation of matriptase PG-LPS-induced MMP-1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression via TLR4-mediated IRAK1/TAK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in HGFs.
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8
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Pourhajibagher M, Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M, Miri Mousavi RS, Bahador A. DNA-aptamer-nanographene oxide as a targeted bio-theragnostic system in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12161. [PMID: 35842460 PMCID: PMC9288515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the specificity of a targeted bio-theragnostic system based on DNA-aptamer-nanographene oxide (NGO) against Porphyromonas gingivalis during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Following synthesis and confirmation of NGO, the binding of selected labeled DNA-aptamer to NGO was performed and its hemolytic activity, cytotoxic effect, and release times were evaluated. The specificity of DNA-aptamer-NGO to P. gingivalis was determined. The antimicrobial effect, anti-biofilm potency, and anti-metabolic activity of aPDT were then assessed after the determination of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of DNA-aptamer-NGO against P. gingivalis. Eventually, the apoptotic effect and anti-virulence capacity of aPDT based on DNA-aptamer-NGO were investigated. The results showed that NGO with a flaky, scale-like, and layered structure in non-cytotoxic DNA-aptamer-NGO has a continuous release in the weak-acid environment within a period of 240 h. The binding specificity of DNA-aptamer-NGO to P. gingivalis was confirmed by flow cytometry. When irradiated, non-hemolytic DNA-aptamer-NGO were photoactivated, generated ROS, and led to a significant decrease in the cell viability of P. gingivalis (P < 0.05). Also, the data indicated that DNA-aptamer-NGO-mediated aPDT led to a remarkable reduction of biofilms and metabolic activity of P. gingivalis compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the number of apoptotic cells increased slightly (P > 0.05) and the expression level of genes involved in bacterial biofilm formation and response to oxidative stress changed significantly after exposure to aPDT. It is concluded that aPDT using DNA-aptamer-NGO as a targeted bio-theragnostic system is a promising approach to detect and eliminate P. gingivalis as one of the main bacteria involved in periodontitis in periopathogenic complex in real-time and in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvaneh Sadat Miri Mousavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, BioHealth Lab, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Kumar R, Rojas IG, Edgerton M. Candida albicans Sap6 Initiates Oral Mucosal Inflammation via the Protease Activated Receptor PAR2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912748. [PMID: 35844627 PMCID: PMC9277060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans Sap6, a secreted aspartyl protease (Sap), contributes to fungal virulence in oral candidiasis. Beside its protease activity, Sap6 contains RGD (RGDRGD) motif required for its binding to host integrins. Sap6 activates immune cells to induce proinflammatory cytokines, although its ability to interact and activate human oral epithelial cells (OECs) remain unknown. Addition of purified recombinant Sap6 (rSap6) to OECs resulted in production of IL-1β and IL-8 cytokines similar to live hyphal C. albicans. OECs exposed to rSap6 showed phosphorylation of p38 and MKP1 and expression of c-Fos not found with C. albicans Δsap6, heat-inactivated Sap6, or rSap6ΔRGD . Heat inactivated rSap6 was able to induce IL-1β but not IL-8 in OECs, while rSap6ΔRGD induced IL-8 but not IL-1β suggesting parallel signaling pathways. C. albicans hyphae increased surface expression of Protease Activated Receptors PAR1, PAR2 and PAR3, while rSap6 increased PAR2 expression exclusively. Pretreatment of OECs with a PAR2 antagonist blocked rSap6-induced p38 MAPK signaling and IL-8 release, while rSap6ΔRGD had reduced MKP1 signaling and IL-1β release independent from PAR2. OECs exposed to rSap6 exhibited loss of barrier function as measured by TEER and reduction in levels of E-cadherin and occludin junctional proteins that was prevented by pretreating OECs with a PAR2 antagonist. OECs treated with PAR2 antagonist also showed reduced rSap6-mediated invasion by C. albicans cells. Thus, Sap6 may initiate OEC responses mediated both through protease activation of PAR2 and by its RGD domain. This novel role of PAR2 suggests new drug targets to block C. albicans oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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10
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Gonzalez OA. Oral microbiome interactions with gingival gene expression patterns for apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways in progressing periodontitis. Immunology 2021; 162:405-417. [PMID: 33314069 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal tissues must react with and respond to microbes comprising the oral microbiome ecology. This study examined the interaction of the microbiome with transcriptomic footprints of apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways during periodontitis. Adult Macaca mulatta (n = 18; 12-23 years of age) exhibiting a healthy periodontium at baseline were used to induce progressing periodontitis through ligature placement around premolar/molar teeth. Gingival tissue samples collected at baseline, 0·5, 1 and 3 months of disease and at 5 months for disease resolution were analysed via microarray. Bacterial samples were collected at identical sites to the host tissues and analysed using MiSeq. Significant changes in apoptosis and hypoxia gene expression occurred with initiation of disease, while autophagy gene changes generally emerged later in disease progression samples. These interlinked pathways contributing to cellular homeostasis showed significant correlations between altered gene expression profiles in apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia with groups of genes correlated in different directions across health and disease samples. Bacterial complexes were identified that correlated significantly with profiles of host genes in health, disease and resolution for each pathway. These relationships were more robust in health and resolution samples, with less bacterial complex diversity during disease. Using these pathways as cellular responses to stress in the local periodontal environment, the data are consistent with the concept of dysbiosis at the functional genomics level. It appears that the same bacteria in a healthy microbiome may be interfacing with host cells differently than in a disease lesion site and contributing to the tissue destructive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Her JY, Lee Y, Kim SJ, Heo G, Choo J, Kim Y, Howe C, Rhee SH, Yu HS, Chung HY, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Blockage of protease-activated receptor 2 exacerbates inflammation in high-fat environment partly through autophagy inhibition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G30-G42. [PMID: 33146548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) regulates inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. However, its precise role in colitis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of PAR2 in high-fat diet-fed mice with colitis and its potential role in autophagy. PAR2+/+ and PAR2-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 days before colitis induction with dextran sodium sulfate. Deletion of PAR2 and an HFD significantly exacerbated colitis, as shown by increased mortality, body weight loss, diarrhea or bloody stools, colon length shortening, and mucosal damage. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were elevated in HFD-fed PAR2-/- mice and in cells treated with the PAR2 antagonist GB83, palmitic acid (PA), and a cytokine cocktail (CC). Damaging effects of PAR2 blockage were associated with autophagy regulation by reducing the levels of YAP1, SIRT1, PGC-1α, Atg5, and LC3A/B-I/II. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction was demonstrated only in cells treated with GB83, PA, and CC. Reduced cell viability and greater induction of apoptosis, as shown by increased levels of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were observed in cells treated with GB83, PA, and CC but not in those treated with only PA and CC. Collectively, protective effects of PAR2 were elucidated during inflammation accompanied by a high-fat environment by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis, suggesting PAR2 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease co-occurring with metabolic syndrome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Deletion of PAR2 with high-fat diet feeding exacerbates colitis in a murine colitis model. Proinflammatory effects of PAR2 blockage in a high-fat environment were associated with an altered balance between autophagy and apoptosis. Increased colonic levels of PAR2 represent as a therapeutic strategy for IBD co-occurring with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Her
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cody Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Neilands J, Kinnby B. Porphyromonas gingivalis initiates coagulation and secretes polyphosphates - A mechanism for sustaining chronic inflammation? Microb Pathog 2020; 162:104648. [PMID: 33242642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation resulting in destruction of tooth-supporting bone. Chronic inflammation is characterized by extravascular fibrin deposition. Fibrin is central to destruction of bone; monocytes bind to fibrin and form osteoclasts, thus providing a link between coagulation and the tissue destructive processes in periodontitis. The oral microbiome is essential to oral health. However, local ecological changes, such as increased biofilm formation, result in a dysbiotic microbiome characterized by an increase of protease-producing species e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis. Proteases initiate inflammation and may cleave coagulation factors. Polyphosphates (polyP) may also provide bacteria with procoagulant properties similar to platelet-released polyP. P. gingivalis has also been found in remote locations related to vascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate procoagulant activity of ten different species of oral bacteria present in oral health and disease as well as presence of polyP and fibrin formation in planktonic and biofilm bacteria. METHODS Oral bacteria were studied for protease production and procoagulant activity. The presence of polyP and formation of fibrin was observed using confocal microscopy. RESULTS P. gingivalis showed strong protease activity and was the only species exerting procoagulant activity. Confocal microscopy showed polyP intracellularly in planktonic bacteria and extracellularly after biofilm formation. Fibrin formation emanated from planktonic bacteria and from both bacteria and polyP in biofilm cultures. CONCLUSIONS The procoagulant activity of P. gingivalis could explain its role in chronic inflammation, locally in oral tissues as well as in remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Neilands
- Dept of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bertil Kinnby
- Dept of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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13
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Kriaa A, Jablaoui A, Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine proteases at the cutting edge of IBD: Focus on gastrointestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2020; 34:7270-7282. [PMID: 32307770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases have been long recognized to coordinate many physiological processes and play key roles in regulating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, their dysregulation has been regularly associated with several inflammatory disorders and suggested as a central mechanism in the pathophysiology of digestive inflammation. So far, studies addressing the proteolytic homeostasis in the gut have mainly focused on host serine proteases as candidates of interest, while largely ignoring the potential contribution of their bacterial counterparts. The human gut microbiota comprises a complex ecosystem that contributes to host health and disease. Yet, our understanding of microbially produced serine proteases and investigation of whether they are causally linked to IBD is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the emerging roles of host and bacterial serine proteases in digestive inflammation. We also discuss the application of available tools in the gut to monitor disease-related serine proteases. An exhaustive representation and understanding of such functional potential would help in closing existing gaps in mechanistic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Kriaa
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amin Jablaoui
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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14
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Nagasaki A, Sakamoto S, Chea C, Ishida E, Furusho H, Fujii M, Takata T, Miyauchi M. Odontogenic infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates fibrosis in NASH via hepatic stellate cell activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4134. [PMID: 32139740 PMCID: PMC7058079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontogenic infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), a major periodontal pathogen, exacerbates pathological progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we aimed to clarify the detailed mechanism in which P.g. induced hepatic stellate cells (HSCs; key effector cells in liver fibrosis) activation. In the liver of high fat diet-induced NASH mouse model with P.g. odontogenic infection, immunolocalization of P.g. was detected. The number of hepatic crown-like structure, which was macrophage aggregation and related to liver fibrosis, was drastically increased and fibrosis area was also increased through upregulating immunoexpression of Phosphorylated Smad2 (key signaling molecule of TGF-β1) and Galectin-3. P.g.-secreted trypsin-like enzyme [gingipain; an activator of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)] stimulated HSC proliferation and differentiation through Smad and ERK signaling induced by TGF-β1 produced from HSCs with P.g.-infection. Further, Galectin-3 produced from HSCs with P.g. infection and P.g.-derived LPS/lipoprotein stimulation stabilized TGFβ-receptor II resulting in increasing sensitivity for TGF-β1, finally leading to HSC differentiation via activating Smad and ERK signaling. In addition to them, hepatocytes (main component cells of liver) contributed to HSC activation through TGF-β1 and Galectin-3 production in paracrine manner. Collectively, P.g.-odontogenic infection exacerbates fibrosis of NASH by HSC activation through TGF-β1 and Gal-3 production from HSCs and hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Nagasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinnichi Sakamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chanbora Chea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eri Ishida
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisako Furusho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makiko Fujii
- Department of Global Dental Medicine & Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Tokuyama University, Tokuyama, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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15
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Bryzek D, Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Gasiorek A, Makarska A, Sarna M, Eick S, Puklo M, Lech M, Potempa B, Potempa J, Koziel J. Triggering NETosis via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 signaling as a mechanism of hijacking neutrophils function for pathogen benefits. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007773. [PMID: 31107907 PMCID: PMC6544335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived networks of DNA-composed extracellular fibers covered with antimicrobial molecules, referred to as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), are recognized as a physiological microbicidal mechanism of innate immunity. The formation of NETs is also classified as a model of a cell death called NETosis. Despite intensive research on the NETs formation in response to pathogens, the role of specific bacteria-derived virulence factors in this process, although postulated, is still poorly understood. The aim of our study was to determine the role of gingipains, cysteine proteases responsible for the virulence of P. gingivalis, on the NETosis process induced by this major periodontopathogen. We showed that NETosis triggered by P. gingivalis is gingipain dependent since in the stark contrast to the wild-type strain (W83) the gingipain-null mutant strain only slightly induced the NETs formation. Furthermore, the direct effect of proteases on NETosis was documented using purified gingipains. Notably, the induction of NETosis was dependent on the catalytic activity of gingipains, since proteolytically inactive forms of enzymes showed reduced ability to trigger the NETs formation. Mechanistically, gingipain-induced NETosis was dependent on proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). Intriguingly, both P. gingivalis and purified Arg-specific gingipains (Rgp) induced NETs that not only lacked bactericidal activity but instead stimulated the growth of bacteria species otherwise susceptible to killing in NETs. This protection was executed by proteolysis of bactericidal components of NETs. Taken together, gingipains play a dual role in NETosis: they are the potent direct inducers of NETs formation but in the same time, their activity prevents P. gingivalis entrapment and subsequent killing. This may explain a paradox that despite the massive accumulation of neutrophils and NETs formation in periodontal pockets periodontal pathogens and associated pathobionts thrive in this environment. Periodontitis, or gum disease, is characterized by chronic inflammation and erosion of the tooth-supporting tissues. The condition is fuelled by bacterial accumulation on the tooth surface below the gum line that resists the host innate immune response, including massive accumulation of neutrophils. Despite possessing a formidable array of bactericidal machineries, including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation whereby neutrophils release DNA-composed fibers decorated with bactericidal proteins and peptides to efficiently trap and kill bacteria. Nevertheless, neutrophils in periodontitis are unable to clear the infection due to the presence of key periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium secretes a variety of virulence factors, including proteases (gingipains) that allow the organism to manipulate the host immune response to benefit the entire dysbiotic microbial community. Here, we describe a unique strategy whereby P. gingivalis trigger NET formation through gingipain-dependent cleavage of Protease Activated Receptor (PAR)-2 on the neutrophil surface. Importantly, NETs formed in this way are deficient in antibacterial activity but instead, supports bacterial growth due to degradation of bactericidal components by gingipains. This finding may explain a paradox that dysbiotic bacteria flourished in periodontal pockets in spite of massive accumulation of neutrophils and abundant NETs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Bryzek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Makarska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Puklo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Department of Nephrology, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JP); (JK)
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail: (JP); (JK)
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16
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Dommisch H, Skora P, Hirschfeld J, Olk G, Hildebrandt L, Jepsen S. The guardians of the periodontium—sequential and differential expression of antimicrobial peptides during gingival inflammation. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:276-285. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic DentistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Oral Health SciencesUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Philipp Skora
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Josefine Hirschfeld
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- College of Medical and Dental SciencesPeriodontal Research GroupUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Gabriela Olk
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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18
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Sébert M, Sola-Tapias N, Mas E, Barreau F, Ferrand A. Protease-Activated Receptors in the Intestine: Focus on Inflammation and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:717. [PMID: 31708870 PMCID: PMC6821688 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Compared to other GPCRs, the specificity of the four PARs is the lack of physiologically soluble ligands able to induce their activation. Indeed, PARs are physiologically activated after proteolytic cleavage of their N-terminal domain by proteases. The resulting N-terminal end becomes a tethered activation ligand that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and thus induce PAR signal. PARs expression is ubiquitous and these receptors have been largely described in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review, after describing their discovery, structure, mechanisms of activation, we then focus on the roles of PARs in the intestine and the two main diseases affecting the organ, namely inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer.
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19
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Francis N, Ayodele BA, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Birchmeier W, Pike RN, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of protease-activated receptor 2 prevents gingival inflammation and bone loss in a mouse model of periodontal disease. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12891. [PMID: 30009515 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is characterised by gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. A major aetiological agent is Porphyromonas gingivalis, which secretes proteases that activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ). PAR2 expressed on oral keratinocytes is activated by proteases released by P. gingivalis, inducing secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), and global knockout of PAR2 prevents bone loss and inflammation in a periodontal disease model in mice. To test the hypothesis that PAR2 expressed on gingival keratinocytes is required for periodontal disease pathology, keratinocyte-specific PAR2 -null mice were generated using K14-Cre targeted deletion of the PAR2 gene (F2rl1). These mice were subjected to a model of periodontitis involving placement of a ligature around a tooth, combined with P. gingivalis infection ("Lig + Inf"). The intervention caused a significant 44% decrease in alveolar bone volume (assessed by microcomputed tomography) in wildtype (K14-Cre:F2rl1wt/wt ), but not littermate keratinocyte-specific PAR2 -null (K14-Cre:F2rl1fl/fl ) mice. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of PAR2 prevented the significant Lig + Inf-induced increase (2.8-fold) in the number of osteoclasts in alveolar bone and the significant up-regulation (2.4-4-fold) of the inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, interferon-γ, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b in gingival tissue. These data suggest that PAR2 expressed on oral epithelial cells is a critical regulator of periodontitis-induced bone loss and will help in designing novel therapies with which to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhish Francis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Babatunde A Ayodele
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Robert N Pike
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Thilagar S, Santhanakrishnan M, Rao S. Expression of protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 in individuals with healthy gingiva and chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 22:12-17. [PMID: 29568166 PMCID: PMC5855261 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_287_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptors (PAR-1 and PAR-2) are found to be immensely exhibited in the periodontal tissues. These receptors are involved in the inflammatory and repair processes. Activation of PARs is mainly by the bacterial and endogenous enzymes. The aim of the study was to determine the role of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in initiating periodontal inflammation and to immunolocalize these receptors in the gingival tissues of healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals. Materials and Methods A total of 50 patients were selected for this study, of which 25 were healthy controls and 25 were chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival tissues were excised from the marginal gingiva and interdental papilla under local anesthesia (xylocaine with 2% adrenaline) during crown lengthening procedure or during periodontal therapy depending on the respective groups. Immunohistochemical analyses of PARs were done by staining the samples with hematoxylin and eosin and with primary and secondary antibody for PAR-1 and PAR-2. Results The Hematoxylin and Eosin staining showed more inflammatory changes in the periodontitis group compared to healthy gingiva. In chronic periodontitis, PAR-1-positive cells were seen in the basal layer with a weak expression and were showing negative expression in the superficial layer. In consideration of PAR-2, there was a very strong expression up to the superficial layer of the epithelium, compared to PAR-1. On comparing the intensity of staining in the connective tissue of chronic periodontitis sample, there was an increased expression of PAR-2 compared with PAR-1. A low positive expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 was observed in the epithelium and connective tissue of the healthy tissues. Conclusion The results clearly demonstrated the role of PAR-1 and 2 in periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankari Thilagar
- Department of Periodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Suresh Rao
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Oikonomopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Chandran V. Proteinases and their receptors in inflammatory arthritis: an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:170-180. [PMID: 29416136 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases are enzymes with established roles in physiological and pathological processes such as digestion and the homeostasis, destruction and repair of tissues. Over the past few years, the hormone-like properties of circulating proteinases have become increasingly appreciated. Some proteolytic enzymes trigger cell signalling via proteinase-activated receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been implicated in inflammation and pain in inflammatory arthritis. Proteinases can also regulate ion flux owing to the cross-sensitization of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4, which are associated with mechanosensing and pain. In this Review, the idea that proteinases have the potential to orchestrate inflammatory signals by interacting with receptors on cells within the synovial microenvironment of an inflamed joint is revisited in three arthritic diseases: osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unanswered questions are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of modulating this proteinase-receptor axis for the management of disease in patients with these types of arthritis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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A T cell-specific knockout reveals an important role for protease-activated receptor 2 in lymphocyte development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Nakanishi Y, Ni J, Hayashi Y, Takayama F, Zhou Y, Kadowaki T, Nakanishi H. Infection of microglia with Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes cell migration and an inflammatory response through the gingipain-mediated activation of protease-activated receptor-2 in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11759. [PMID: 28924232 PMCID: PMC5603557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a clear correlation between periodontitis and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, the precise mechanism underlying the relationship remains unclear. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a unique class of cysteine proteinases termed gingipains that comprises Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp). Rgp and Kgp are important in the bacterial mediated host cell responses and the subsequent intracellular signaling in infected cells. In the present study, we attempted to clarify the potential effects of Rgp and Kgp on the cellular activation of brain-resident microglia. We provide the first evidence that Rgp and Kgp cooperatively contribute to the P. gingivalis-induced cell migration and expression of proinflammatory mediators through the activation of protease-activated receptor 2. The subsequent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK pathways contributes to cell migration and inflammatory response of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Liu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yurika Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junjun Ni
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takayama
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Division of Frontier Life Science, Department of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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24
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Kryza T, Silva LM, Bock N, Fuhrman-Luck RA, Stephens CR, Gao J, Samaratunga H, Lawrence MG, Hooper JD, Dong Y, Risbridger GP, Clements JA. Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 induces cancer-associated fibroblast features in prostate-derived stromal cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1307-1329. [PMID: 28510269 PMCID: PMC5623815 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment is critical in cancer progression. Although involvement of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF) in cancer progression is long established, the molecular mechanisms leading to differentiation of CAFs from normal fibroblasts are poorly understood. Here, we report that kallikrein‐related peptidase‐4 (KLK4) promotes CAF differentiation. KLK4 is highly expressed in prostate epithelial cells of premalignant (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) and malignant lesions compared to normal prostate epithelia, especially at the peristromal interface. KLK4 induced CAF‐like features in the prostate‐derived WPMY1 normal stromal cell line, including increased expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin, ESR1 and SFRP1. KLK4 activated protease‐activated receptor‐1 in WPMY1 cells increasing expression of several factors (FGF1, TAGLN, LOX, IL8, VEGFA) involved in prostate cancer progression. In addition, KLK4 induced WPMY1 cell proliferation and secretome changes, which in turn stimulated HUVEC cell proliferation that could be blocked by a VEGFA antibody. Importantly, the genes dysregulated by KLK4 treatment of WPMY1 cells were also differentially expressed between patient‐derived CAFs compared to matched nonmalignant fibroblasts and were further increased by KLK4 treatment. Taken together, we propose that epithelial‐derived KLK4 promotes tumour progression by actively promoting CAF differentiation in the prostate stromal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Lakmali M Silva
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Ruth A Fuhrman-Luck
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Carson R Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Jin Gao
- Regenerative Dentistry and Oral Biology, Oral Health Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Hema Samaratunga
- Aquesta Pathology, Toowong, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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- Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, The Prostate Cancer Research Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program - Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Cancer Biology and Care Program, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Cancer Program - Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Woolloongabba, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia
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25
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Isermann B. Homeostatic effects of coagulation protease-dependent signaling and protease activated receptors. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1273-1284. [PMID: 28671351 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic function of the coagulation system in regard to hemostasis is well established. Homeostasis of blood coagulation depends partially on protease activated receptor (PAR)-signaling. Beyond coagulation proteases, numerous other soluble and cell-bound proteases convey cellular effects via PAR signaling. As we learn more about the mechanisms underlying cell-, tissue-, and context-specific PAR signaling, we concurrently gain new insights into physiological and pathophysiological functions of PARs. In this regard, regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis by PAR signaling is an evolving scheme. Akin to the control of blood clotting per se (the fibrin-platelet interaction) coagulation proteases coordinately regulate cell- and tissue-specific functions. This review summarizes recent insights into homeostatic regulation through PAR signaling, focusing on blood coagulation proteases. Considering the common use of drugs altering coagulation protease activity through either broad or targeted inhibitory activities, and the advent of PAR modulating drugs, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms through which coagulation proteases and PAR signaling regulate not only hemostasis, but also cell and tissue homeostasis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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26
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Sochalska M, Potempa J. Manipulation of Neutrophils by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the Development of Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:197. [PMID: 28589098 PMCID: PMC5440471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the chronic periodontal disease is associated with a skewed host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, that accounts for the majority of periodontal tissue damage. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in periodontal pockets and depending on the stage of the disease, also plentiful PMNs are present in the inflamed gingival tissue and the gingival crevice. They are the most efficient phagocytes and eliminate pathogens by a variety of means, which are either oxygen-dependent or -independent. However, these secretory lethal weapons do not strictly discriminate between pathogens and host tissue. Current studies describe conflicting findings about neutrophil involvement in periodontal disease. On one hand literature indicate that hyper-reactive neutrophils are the main immune cell type responsible for this observed tissue damage and disease progression. Deregulation of neutrophil survival and functions, such as chemotaxis, migration, secretion of antimicrobial peptides or enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species, contribute to observed tissue injury and the clinical signs of periodontal disease. On the other hand neutrophils deficiencies in patients and mice also result in periodontal phenotype. Therefore, P. gingivalis represents a periodontal pathogen that manipulates the immune responses of PMNs, employing several virulence factors, such as gingipains, serine proteases, lipid phosphatases, or fimbriae. This review will sum up studies devoted to understanding different strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to manipulate PMNs survival and functions in order to inhibit killing by a granular content, prolong inflammation, and gain access to nutrient resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sochalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
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27
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Rovai ES, Holzhausen M. The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5193572. [PMID: 28503577 PMCID: PMC5414592 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5193572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors 1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) are the most highly expressed members of the PAR family in the periodontium. These receptors regulate periodontal inflammatory and repair processes through their activation by endogenous and bacterial enzymes. PAR1 is expressed by the periodontal cells such as human gingival fibroblasts, gingival epithelial cells, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts, and monocytic cells and can be activated by thrombin, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-13, fibrin, and gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis. PAR2 is expressed by neutrophils, osteoblasts, oral epithelial cells, and human gingival fibroblasts, and its possible activators in the periodontium are gingipains, neutrophil proteinase 3, and mast cell tryptase. The mechanisms through which PARs can respond to periodontal enzymes and result in appropriate immune responses have until recently been poorly understood. This review discusses recent findings that are beginning to identify a cardinal role for PAR1 and PAR2 on periodontal tissue metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells
- Fibroblasts
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Gingiva/cytology
- Gingiva/metabolism
- Humans
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Periodontitis/genetics
- Periodontitis/metabolism
- Periodontitis/physiopathology
- Periodontium/metabolism
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Receptor, PAR-1/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/agonists
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/genetics
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Rovai
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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28
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Fukushima H, Alves VTE, Carvalho VFD, Ambrósio LMB, Eichler RADS, Carvalho MHCD, Saraiva L, Holzhausen M. PAR-2 expression in the gingival crevicular fluid reflects chronic periodontitis severity. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e16. [PMID: 28146220 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies investigating protease-activated receptor type 2 (PAR-2) suggest an association between the receptor and periodontal inflammation. It is known that gingipain, a bacterial protease secreted by the important periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis can activate PAR-2. Previous studies by our group found that PAR-2 is overexpressed in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (MP). The present study aimed at evaluating whether PAR-2 expression is associated with chronic periodontitis severity. GCF samples and clinical parameters, including plaque and bleeding on probing indices, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level, were collected from the control group (n = 19) at baseline, and from MP patients (n = 19) and severe chronic periodontitis (SP) (n = 19) patients before and 6 weeks after periodontal non-surgical treatment. PAR-2 and gingipain messenger RNA (mRNA) in the GCF of 4 periodontal sites per patient were evaluated by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). PAR-2 and gingipain expressions were greater in periodontitis patients than in control group patients. In addition, the SP group presented increased PAR-2 and gingipain mRNA levels, compared with the MP group. Furthermore, periodontal treatment significantly reduced (p <0.05) PAR-2 expression in patients with periodontitis. In conclusion, PAR-2 is associated with chronic periodontitis severity and with gingipain levels in the periodontal pocket, thus suggesting that PAR-2 expression in the GCF reflects the severity of destruction during periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Fukushima
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luciana Saraiva
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Huang CB, Alimova Y, Ebersole JL. Macrophage polarization in response to oral commensals and pathogens. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw011. [PMID: 26884502 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been identified in the periodontium. Data have phenotypically described these cells, demonstrated changes with progressing periodontal disease, and identified their ability to function in antigen-presentation critical for adaptive immune responses to individual oral bacterium. Recent evidence has emphasized an important role for the plasticity of macrophage phenotypes, not only in the resulting function of these cells in various tissues, but also clear differences in the stimulatory signals that result in M1 (classical activation, inflammatory) and M2 (alternative activation/deactivated, immunomodulatory) cells. This investigation hypothesized that the oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induce M1-type cells, while oral commensal bacteria primarily elicit macrophage functions consistent with an M2 phenotype. However, we observed that the M1 output from P. gingivalis challenge, showed exaggerated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a much lower production of chemokines related to T-cell recruitment. This contrasted with A. actinomycetemcomitans infection that increased both the pro-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell chemokines. Thus, it appears that P. gingivalis, as an oral pathogen, may have a unique capacity to alter the programming of the M1 macrophage resulting in a hyperinflammatory environment and minimizing the ability for T-cell immunomodulatory influx into the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifu B Huang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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30
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Abreu IS, Euzebio Alves VT, Benedete APS, Bueno da Silva HA, França BN, Saraiva L, Lima LA, Carvalho MH, Holzhausen M. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of protease-activated receptors type 1 and type 2 in diabetic patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:577-85. [PMID: 26564991 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Protease activated receptor type 1 (PAR1 ) seems to play a role in periodontal repair, while PAR2 is associated with periodontal inflammation. As diabetes is a known risk factor for periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of type 2 diabetes on PAR1 and PAR2 mRNA expression in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid samples and clinical parameters consisting of measuring probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and plaque index were collected from systemically healthy patients and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis, at baseline and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. PAR1 and PAR2 , as well as the presence of the proteases RgpB gingipain and neutrophil proteinase-3 were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the gingival crevicular fluid. RESULTS The periodontal clinical parameters significantly improved after periodontal therapy (p < 0.01). Diabetes led to increased expression of PAR1 in gingival crevicular fluid, and in the presence of chronic periodontitis, it significantly decreased the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05). Moreover, non-surgical periodontal treatment in diabetics resulted in increased expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05), and decreased expression of RgpB gingipain and proteinase-3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present data demonstrated that diabetes was associated with an altered expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in the gingival crevicular fluid cells of subjects with chronic periodontitis. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of PAR1 upregulation in periodontally healthy sites and PAR2 downregulation in chronic periodontitis sites on the increased susceptibility and severity of periodontitis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Abreu
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V T Euzebio Alves
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A P S Benedete
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H A Bueno da Silva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B N França
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L Saraiva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L A Lima
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M H Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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31
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da Silva HAB, Euzebio Alves VT, Spolidório LC, César Neto JB, Eichler RS, de Carvalho MHC, Holzhausen M. Expression of protease activated receptor-1 in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 85:1763-9. [PMID: 25058238 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation by thrombin may play a role in repair and homeostasis of periodontal tissues. The main objective of this study is to investigate PAR1 expression in patients with periodontitis, before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment, and to associate its expression with the presence of inflammatory biomarkers and PAR2 expression. METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples and clinical parameters, including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and gingival and plaque indices, were collected from periodontally healthy individuals and patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (CP) before and 6 weeks after periodontal non-surgical treatment. PAR1 and PAR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) at the GCF were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Flow cytometry analysis identified the GCF PAR1-expressing cells. GCF inflammatory biomarkers were also determined. RESULTS Clinical parameters were significantly improved after therapy (P <0.01). The qPCR analysis showed that, before therapy, PAR1 mRNA levels in CP were similar to controls. Periodontal treatment led to increased PAR1 expression in CP (P <0.05). PAR1 expression was inversely correlated to PAR2 expression and with interleukins 6 and 8, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal treatment results in PAR1 overexpression in the GCF, and PAR1 expression is associated with decreased expression of inflammatory biomarkers and inversely correlated to PAR2 expression in the GCF. Therefore, the data suggest the importance of PAR1 mediating the known anabolic actions of thrombin in the periodontium.
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32
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Chen L. Modulation of protease-activated receptor expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:128. [PMID: 26476532 PMCID: PMC4609475 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors with an active role in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) secretes proteases that activate PARs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by expression analysis of PARs in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs) before and after P. gingivalis supernatants treatment. Methods GECs were isolated from healthy human gingival tissue samples. The expression of PARs in GECs was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. The effect of P. gingivalis proteases was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Results PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-3 were expressed in GECs. PAR-4 was not found by both RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Analysis of gene expression using QRT-PCR showed an up-regulation of PAR-2 mRNA in comparison to the untreated control cells (P < 0.05). In contrast, the mRNA expressions of PAR-1 and PAR-3 were significantly down-regulated (P > 0.05) in response to P. gingivalis supernatant compared to that in unstimulated control cells. This effect was abrogated by the protease inhibitor TLCK (P < 0.05). The results of flow cytometry indicated PARs protein levels consistent with mRNA levels in the results of QRT-PCR. Conclusions Our study shows that PAR-1, PAR-2 and PAR-3 are expressed in GECs. P. gingivalis proteases play a role in the regulation of innate immune responses in GECs. GECs use PARs to recognize P. gingivalis and mediate cell responses involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Castro ML, Franco GCN, Branco-de-Almeida LS, Anbinder AL, Cogo-Müller K, Cortelli SC, Duarte S, Saxena D, Rosalen PL. Downregulation of Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2, Interleukin-17, and Other Proinflammatory Genes by Subantimicrobial Doxycycline Dose in a Rat Periodontitis Model. J Periodontol 2015; 87:203-10. [PMID: 26430924 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) has been used as an adjunct in periodontal treatment because of its matrix metalloproteinase inhibition properties. Although the benefits of SDD therapy, such as improvement in the parameters of periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level, have been proven in multiple clinical studies, the comprehension of other biologic mechanisms of action on periodontitis remains poorly investigated. Therefore, this animal-model study evaluated the effects of SDD monotherapy on the expressions of the following key proinflammatory genes: proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β. METHODS Male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to the following: 1) control group: no ligature-induced periodontitis and no treatment; 2) ligature group: ligature-induced periodontitis and placebo treatment; and 3) ligature + doxycycline group: ligature-induced periodontitis and SDD treatment. After the experimental time, animals were sacrificed, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and PAR2 in gingival tissue samples. Histologic analyses were performed on the furcation region and mesial gingiva of mandibular first molars to measure periodontal bone loss and collagen content. RESULTS SDD administration significantly downregulated PAR2, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expressions (P <0.05). In addition, SDD treatment was accompanied by lower rates of alveolar bone loss (P <0.05) and maintenance of the amount of gingival collagen fibers. CONCLUSION These findings reveal new perspectives regarding SDD efficacy because it can be partially related to proinflammatory gene expression modulation, even considering PAR2 and IL-17, which has not been investigated thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrella L Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L Anbinder
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology-São José dos Campos, Paulista State University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Department of Dentistry, Implantology Area, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Cortelli
- Nucleus of Periodontal Research, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Duarte
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Pedro L Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:96-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tripathi T, Alizadeh H. Role of protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in ocular infections and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 26078987 DOI: 10.14800/rci.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a unique family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are cleaved at an activation site within the N-terminal exodomain by a variety of proteinases, essentially of the serine (Ser) proteinase family. After cleavage, the new N-terminal sequence functions as a tethered ligand, which binds intramolecularly to activate the receptor and initiate signaling. Cell signals induced through the activation of PARs appear to play a significant role in innate and adoptive immune responses of the cornea, which is constantly exposed to proteinases under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. Activation of PARs interferes with all aspects of the corneal physiology such as barrier function, transports, innate and adoptive immune responses, and functions of corneal nerves. It is not known whether the proteinase released from the microorganism can activate PARs and triggers the inflammatory responses. The role of PAR2 expressed by the corneal epithelial cells and activation by serine protease released from microorganism is discussed here. Recent evidences suggest that activation of PAR2, by the serine proteinases, play an important role in innate and inflammatory responses of the corneal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivendra Tripathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Hassan Alizadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
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Tripathi T, Abdi M, Alizadeh H. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is upregulated by Acanthamoeba plasminogen activator (aPA) and induces proinflammatory cytokine in human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3912-21. [PMID: 24876278 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acanthamoeba plasminogen activator (aPA) is a serine protease elaborated by Acanthamoeba trophozoites that facilitates the invasion of trophozoites to the host and contributes to the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). The aim of this study was to explore if aPA stimulates proinflammatory cytokine in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells via the protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway. METHODS Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites were grown in peptone-yeast extract glucose for 7 days, and the supernatants were collected and centrifuged. The aPA was purified using the fast protein liquid chromatography system, and aPA activity was determined by zymography assays. Human corneal epithelial cells were incubated with or without aPA (100 μg/mL), PAR1 agonists (thrombin, 10 μM; TRAP-6, 10 μM), and PAR2 agonists (SLIGRL-NH2, 100 μM; AC 55541, 10 μM) for 24 and 48 hours. Inhibition of PAR1 and PAR2 involved preincubating the HCE cells for 1 hour with the antagonist of PAR1 (SCH 79797, 60 μM) and PAR2 (FSLLRY-NH2, 100 μM) with or without aPA. Human corneal epithelial cells also were preincubated with PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists and then incubated with or without PAR1 agonists (thrombin and TRAP-6) and PAR2 agonists (SLIGRL-NH2 and AC 55541). Expression of PAR1 and PAR2 was examined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry. Interleukin-8 expression was quantified by qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Human corneal epithelial cells constitutively expressed PAR1 and PAR2 mRNA. Acanthamoeba plasminogen activator and PAR2 agonists significantly upregulated PAR2 mRNA expression (1- and 2-fold, respectively) (P < 0.05). Protease-activated receptor 2 antagonist significantly inhibited aPA, and PAR2 agonists induced PAR2 mRNA expression in HCE cells (P < 0.05). Protease-activated receptor 1 agonists, but not aPA, significantly upregulated PAR1 mRNA expression, which was significantly inhibited by PAR1 antagonist in HCE cells. Acanthamoeba plasminogen activator and PAR2 agonists stimulated IL-8 mRNA expression and protein production, which is significantly diminished by PAR2 antagonist (P < 0.05). Protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist did not alter aPA-stimulated IL-8 mRNA expression and protein production in HCE cells. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry showed that aPA and SLIGRL-NH2 (PAR2 agonist) upregulated PAR2 surface protein as compared to that in unstimulated HCE cells. Thrombin, but not aPA, stimulated PAR1 surface protein in HCE cells. CONCLUSIONS Acanthamoeba plasminogen activator specifically induces expression and production of IL-8 in HCE cells via PAR2 pathway, and PAR2 antagonists may be used as a therapeutic target in AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivendra Tripathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Mahshid Abdi
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Hassan Alizadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Maeda S, Ohno K, Uchida K, Igarashi H, Goto-Koshino Y, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. Intestinal protease-activated receptor-2 and fecal serine protease activity are increased in canine inflammatory bowel disease and may contribute to intestinal cytokine expression. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1119-27. [PMID: 24829081 PMCID: PMC4155192 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases elicit
cellular responses via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) which is known to regulate
inflammation and the immune response. Although the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to
large amounts of proteolytic enzymes, the role of PAR-2 in canine inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects
of PAR-2 activation on inflammatory cytokine/chemokine gene expression in canine intestine
and the expression of intestinal PAR-2 and fecal serine protease activity in dogs with
IBD. Duodenal biopsies from healthy dogs were cultured and treated ex
vivo with trypsin or PAR-2 agonist peptide, and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine
gene expression in the tissues was then quantified by real-time PCR. PAR-2 mRNA and
protein expression levels in the duodenal mucosa were examined by real-time PCR and
immunohistochemistry, respectively. Fecal serine protease activity was determined by
azocasein assay. In ex vivo-cultured duodenum, trypsin and PAR-2 agonist
peptide induced significant up-regulation of mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1 β
(IL-1β), IL-8, mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC) and fractalkine, and this
up-regulation was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor. Duodenal PAR-2 mRNA and
protein expression levels were higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy control dogs. Fecal
serine protease activity was significantly elevated in dogs with IBD, and the level of
activity correlated positively with the clinical severity score. These results suggest
that PAR-2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine IBD by inducing expression of
inflammatory mediators in response to luminal serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Cao Z, Wu Y, Chen L. Protease-activated receptors expression in gingiva in periodontal health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:393-9. [PMID: 24509446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of receptors which are implicated in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by differential expression analysis of PARs in the gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients compared with those of healthy control individuals. DESIGN Gingival tissue specimens were collected from chronic periodontitis patients (n=20) and control individuals (n=20). The expression of PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 was determined in these tissues by immunohistochemistry and differential expression between the two groups was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 were expressed in all gingival tissues. A significant overexpression of PAR-3 was detected in chronic periodontitis-affected tissues compared to healthy gingival tissues. However, expression of PAR-2 was decreased in periodontal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 are expressed in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissues. Furthermore, PAR-2 and PAR-3 may contribute to the inflammatory responses associated with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Carroll IM, Maharshak N. Enteric bacterial proteases in inflammatory bowel disease- pathophysiology and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7531-7543. [PMID: 24431894 PMCID: PMC3837251 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have identified a dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), yet the mechanism(s) in which this complex microbial community initiates or perpetuates inflammation remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to present evidence for one such mechanism that implicates enteric microbial derived proteases in the pathogenesis of IBD. We highlight and discuss studies demonstrating that proteases and protease receptors are abundant in the digestive system. Additionally, we investigate studies demonstrating an association between increased luminal protease activity and activation of protease receptors, ultimately resulting in increased intestinal permeability and exacerbation of colitis in animal models as well as in human IBD. Proteases are essential for the normal functioning of bacteria and in some cases can serve as virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria. Although not classified as traditional virulence factors, proteases originating from commensal enteric bacteria also have a potential association with intestinal inflammation via increased enteric permeability. Reports of increased protease activity in stools from IBD patients support a possible mechanism for a dysbiotic enteric microbiota in IBD. A better understanding of these pathways and characterization of the enteric bacteria involved, their proteases, and protease receptors may pave the way for new therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Periodontal treatment downregulates protease-activated receptor 2 in human gingival crevicular fluid cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4399-407. [PMID: 24042113 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01107-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis; it can be activated by gingipain and produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and by neutrophil protease 3 (P3). PAR2 activation plays a relevant role in inflammatory processes by inducing the release of important inflammatory mediators associated with periodontal breakdown. The effects of periodontal treatment on PAR2 expression and its association with levels of proinflammatory mediators and activating proteases were investigated in chronic periodontitis patients. Positive staining for PAR2 was observed in gingival crevicular fluid cells and was reflective of tissue destruction. Overexpression of PAR2 was positively associated with inflammatory clinical parameters and with the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2), MMP-8, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Elevated levels of gingipain and P3 and decreased levels of dentilisin and the protease inhibitors secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and elafin were also associated with PAR2 overexpression. Healthy periodontal sites from individuals with chronic periodontitis showed diminished expression of PAR2 mRNA and the PAR2 protein (P < 0.05). Furthermore, periodontal treatment resulted in decreased PAR2 expression and correlated with decreased expression of inflammatory mediators and activating proteases. We concluded that periodontal treatment resulted in decreased levels of proteases and that proinflammatory mediators are associated with decreased PAR2 expression, suggesting that PAR2 expression is influenced by the presence of periodontal infection and is not a constitutive characteristic favoring periodontal inflammation.
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Bucci M, Vellecco V, Harrington L, Brancaleone V, Roviezzo F, Mattace Raso G, Ianaro A, Lungarella G, De Palma R, Meli R, Cirino G. Cross-talk between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2) ) is involved in vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:411-20. [PMID: 22957757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in innate immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible cross-talk between PAR(2) and TLR4 in vessels in physiological condition and how it varies following stimulation of TLR4 by using in vivo and ex vivo models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thoracic aortas were harvested from both naïve and endotoxaemic rats for in vitro studies. Arterial blood pressure was monitored in anaesthetized rats in vivo. LPS was used as a TLR4 agonist while PAR(2) activating peptide (AP) was used as a PAR(2) agonist. Aortas harvested from TLR4(-/-) mice were also used to characterize the PAR(2) response. KEY RESULTS PAR(2) , but not TLR4, expression was enhanced in aortas of endotoxaemic rats. PAR(2) AP-induced vasorelaxation was increased in aortic rings of LPS-treated rats. TLR4 inhibitors, curcumine and resveratrol, reduced PAR(2) AP-induced vasorelaxation and PAR(2) AP-induced hypotension in both naïve and endotoxaemic rats. Finally, in aortic rings from TLR4(-/-) mice, the expression of PAR(2) was reduced and the PAR(2) AP-induced vasodilatation impaired compared with those from wild-type mice and both resveratrol and curcumine were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cross-talk between PAR(2) and TLR4 contributes to vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bucci
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
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Chatter R, Cenac N, Roussis V, Kharrat R, Vergnolle N. Inhibition of sensory afferents activation and visceral pain by a brominated algal diterpene. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e336-43. [PMID: 22709240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search of new therapeutic options for the treatment of pain, isolation, and testing of secondary metabolites from plant extracts has raised significant attention. We have investigated the effects of the brominated diterpene O(11) 15- cyclo-14-bromo-14,15-dihydrorogiol-3,11-diol (that we have named VLC5), extracted from the Mediterranean red algae Laurencia glandulifera. METHODS The pure extract was tested on primary afferent calcium signals induced by high concentration of KCl, transcient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 (capsaicin) or TRPV4 agonists, histamine, or protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2) ) agonist. It was also tested in mice in a model of mustard oil-induced colonic hypersensitivity. KEY RESULTS VLC5 was inhibited PAR(2) agonist or histamine-induced calcium mobilization in mouse primary afferents, but did not modify calcium signals induced by high concentrations of KCl, TRPV1 or TRPV4 agonists. The effect of VLC5 on histamine-induced calcium signal in primary afferent was inhibited by pertussis toxin pretreatment and was dependent on the activation of mu- or kappa-opioid receptor agonists, as it was inhibited by selective antagonists of those two receptors, but not by selective antagonist of the delta-opioid receptor. Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with VLC5 (10 mg kg(-1)) significantly reduced visceral pain behaviors induced by the intracolonic administration of mustard oil, in an opioid receptor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We have demonstrated significant analgesic properties for the algal metabolite VLC5, which is able to signal directly to primary afferents, through a mechanism dependent on the activation of opioid receptors. This identifies a new natural compound capable of activating peripheral opioidergic systems, exerting analgesic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chatter
- Unit of Biotoxins, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Georgy SR, Pagel CN, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Zebaze RMD, Pike RN, Sims NA, Mackie EJ. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 is required for normal osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation during skeletal growth and repair. Bone 2012; 50:704-12. [PMID: 22173052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed by osteoblasts and monocytes. PAR(2) is activated by a number of proteinases including coagulation factors and proteinases released by inflammatory cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of PAR(2) in skeletal growth and repair using wild type (WT) and PAR(2) knockout (KO) mice. Micro computed tomography and histomorphometry were used to examine the structure of tibias isolated from uninjured mice at 50 and 90 days of age, and from 98-day-old mice in a bone repair model in which a hole had been drilled through the tibias. Bone marrow was cultured and investigated for the presence of osteoblast precursors (alkaline phosphatase-positive fibroblastic colonies), and osteoclasts were counted in cultures treated with M-CSF and RANKL. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine which proteinases that activate PAR(2) are expressed in bone marrow. Regulation of PAR(2) expression in primary calvarial osteoblasts from WT mice was investigated by quantitative PCR. Cortical and trabecular bone volumes were significantly greater in the tibias of PAR(2) KO mice than in those of WT mice at 50 days of age. In trabecular bone, osteoclast surface, osteoblast surface and osteoid volume were significantly lower in KO than in WT mice. Bone marrow cultures from KO mice showed significantly fewer alkaline phosphatase-positive colony-forming units and osteoclasts compared to cultures from WT mice. Significantly less new bone and significantly fewer osteoclasts were observed in the drill sites of PAR(2) KO mice compared to WT mice 7 days post-surgery. A number of activators of PAR(2), including matriptase and kallikrein 4, were found to be expressed by normal bone marrow. Parathyroid hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3), or interleukin-6 in combination with its soluble receptor down-regulated PAR(2) mRNA expression, and fibroblast growth factor-2 or thrombin stimulated PAR(2) expression. These results suggest that PAR(2) activation contributes to determination of cells of both osteoblast and osteoclast lineages within bone marrow, and thereby participates in the regulation of skeletal growth and bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Georgy
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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45
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Fagundes JAG, Monoo LD, Euzébio Alves VT, Pannuti CM, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Holzhausen M. Porphyromonas Gingivalisis Associated With Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Upregulation in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1596-601. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cleavage and activation of a Toll-like receptor by microbial proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4968-73. [PMID: 21383168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018135108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate receptors that show high conservation throughout the animal kingdom. Most TLRs can be clustered into phylogenetic groups that respond to similar types of ligands. One exception is avian TLR15. This receptor does not categorize into one of the existing groups of TLRs and its ligand is still unknown. Here we report that TLR15 is a sensor for secreted virulence-associated fungal and bacterial proteases. Activation of TLR15 involves proteolytic cleavage of the receptor ectodomain and stimulation of NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. Receptor activation can be mimicked by the expression of a truncated TLR15 of which the entire ectodomain is removed, suggesting that receptor cleavage alleviates receptor inhibition by the leucine-rich repeat domain. Our results indicate TLR15 as a unique type of innate immune receptor that combines TLR characteristics with an activation mechanism typical for the evolutionary distinct protease-activated receptors.
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Porphyromonas gingivalis-host interactions in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Infect Immun 2010; 79:449-58. [PMID: 21041486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00785-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe that has been implicated in the etiology of adult periodontitis. We recently introduced a Drosophila melanogaster killing model for examination of P. gingivalis-host interactions. In the current study, the Drosophila killing model was used to characterize the host response to P. gingivalis infection by identifying host components that play a role during infection. Drosophila immune response gene mutants were screened for altered susceptibility to killing by P. gingivalis. The Imd signaling pathway was shown to be important for the survival of Drosophila infected by nonencapsulated P. gingivalis strains but was dispensable for the survival of Drosophila infected by encapsulated P. gingivalis strains. The P. gingivalis capsule was shown to mediate resistance to killing by Drosophila antimicrobial peptides (Imd pathway-regulated cecropinA and drosocin) and human beta-defensin 3. Drosophila thiol-ester protein II (Tep II) and Tep IV and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) homolog Eiger were also involved in the immune response against P. gingivalis infection, while the scavenger receptors Eater and Croquemort played no roles in the response to P. gingivalis infection. This study demonstrates that the Drosophila killing model is a useful high-throughput model for characterizing the host response to P. gingivalis infection and uncovering novel interactions between the bacterium and the host.
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated in the etiology of adult periodontitis. In this study, we examined the viability of Drosophila melanogaster as a new model for examining P. gingivalis-host interactions. P. gingivalis (W83) infection of Drosophila resulted in a systemic infection that killed in a dose-dependent manner. Differences in the virulence of several clinically prevalent P. gingivalis strains were observed in the Drosophila killing model, and the results correlated well with studies in mammalian infection models and human epidemiologic studies. P. gingivalis pathobiology in Drosophila did not result from uncontrolled growth of the bacterium in the Drosophila hemolymph (blood) or overt damage to Drosophila tissues. P. gingivalis killing of Drosophila was multifactorial, involving several bacterial factors that are also involved in virulence in mammals. The results from this study suggest that many aspects of P. gingivalis pathogenesis in mammals are conserved in Drosophila, and thus the Drosophila killing model should be useful for characterizing P. gingivalis-host interactions and, potentially, polymicrobe-host interactions.
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