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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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Cell Stress Induces Mislocalization of Transcription Factors with Mitochondrial Enrichment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168853. [PMID: 34445555 PMCID: PMC8396249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence links the formation of extranuclear inclusions of transcription factors, such as ERK, Jun, TDP-43, and REST, with oxidative, endoplasmic-reticulum, proteasomal, and osmotic stress. To further characterize its extranuclear location, we performed a high-content screening based on confocal microscopy and automatized image analyses of an epithelial cell culture treated with hydrogen peroxide, thapsigargin, epoxomicin, or sorbitol at different concentrations and times to recreate the stresses mentioned above. We also performed a subcellular fractionation of the brain from transgenic mice overexpressing the Q331K-mutated TARDBP, and we analyzed the REST-regulated mRNAs. The results show that these nuclear proteins exhibit a mitochondrial location, together with significant nuclear/extranuclear ratio changes, in a protein and stress-specific manner. The presence of these proteins in enriched mitochondrial fractions in vivo confirmed the results of the image analyses. TDP-43 aggregation was associated with alterations in the mRNA levels of the REST target genes involved in calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and metabolism. In conclusion, cell stress increased the mitochondrial translocation of nuclear proteins, increasing the chance of proteostasis alterations. Furthermore, TDP-43 aggregation impacts REST target genes, disclosing an exciting interaction between these two transcription factors in neurodegenerative processes.
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Ferrer I. Sisyphus in Neverland. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1023-1047. [PMID: 29154280 PMCID: PMC5870014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of life and living organisms and the way in which these interact and organize to form social communities have been central to my career. I have been fascinated by biology, neurology, and neuropathology, but also by history, sociology, and art. Certain current historical, political, and social events, some occurring proximally but others affecting people in apparently distant places, have had an impact on me. Epicurus, Seneca, and Camus shared their philosophical positions which I learned from. Many scientists from various disciplines have been exciting sources of knowledge as well. I have created a world of hypothesis and experiments but I have also got carried away by serendipity following unexpected observations. It has not been an easy path; errors and wanderings are not uncommon, and opponents close to home much more abundant than one might imagine. Ambition, imagination, resilience, and endurance have been useful in moving ahead in response to setbacks. In the end, I have enjoyed my dedication to science and I am grateful to have glimpsed beauty in it. These are brief memories of a Spanish neuropathologist born and raised in Barcelona, EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital; CIBERNED; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Vlasschaert C, Cook D, Xia X, Gray DA. The evolution and functional diversification of the deubiquitinating enzyme superfamily. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:558-573. [PMID: 28177072 PMCID: PMC5381560 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules are attached to and removed from cellular proteins in a dynamic and highly regulated manner. Deubiquitinating enzymes are critical to this process, and the genetic catalogue of deubiquitinating enzymes expanded greatly over the course of evolution. Extensive functional redundancy has been noted among the 93 members of the human deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) superfamily. This is especially true of genes that were generated by duplication (termed paralogs) as they often retain considerable sequence similarity. Because complete redundancy in systems should be eliminated by selective pressure, we theorized that many overlapping DUBs must have significant and unique spatiotemporal roles that can be evaluated in an evolutionary context. We have determined the evolutionary history of the entire class of deubiquitinating enzymes, including the sequence and means of duplication for all paralogous pairs. To establish their uniqueness, we have investigated cell-type specificity in developmental and adult contexts, and have investigated the coemergence of substrates from the same duplication events. Our analysis has revealed examples of DUB gene subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization, and nonfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Vlasschaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Cook
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas A. Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Van Acker N, Ragé M, Sluydts E, Knaapen MWM, De Bie M, Timmers M, Fransen E, Duymelinck C, De Schepper S, Anand P, Meert T, Plaghki L, Cras P. Automated PGP9.5 immunofluorescence staining: a valuable tool in the assessment of small fiber neuropathy? BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:280. [PMID: 27215701 PMCID: PMC4878004 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we explored the possibility of automating the PGP9.5 immunofluorescence staining assay for the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy using skin punch biopsies. The laboratory developed test (LDT) was subjected to a validation strategy as required by good laboratory practice guidelines and compared to the well-established gold standard method approved by the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS). To facilitate automation, the use of thinner sections. (16 µm) was evaluated. Biopsies from previously published studies were used. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the LDT compared to the gold standard. We focused on technical aspects to reach high-quality standardization of the PGP9.5 assay and finally evaluate its potential for use in large scale batch testing. RESULTS We first studied linear nerve fiber densities in skin of healthy volunteers to establish reference ranges, and compared our LDT using the modifications to the EFNS counting rule to the gold standard in visualizing and quantifying the epidermal nerve fiber network. As the LDT requires the use of 16 µm tissue sections, a higher incidence of intra-epidermal nerve fiber fragments and a lower incidence of secondary branches were detected. Nevertheless, the LDT showed excellent concordance with the gold standard method. Next, the diagnostic performance and yield of the LDT were explored and challenged to the gold standard using skin punch biopsies of capsaicin treated subjects, and patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. The LDT reached good agreement with the gold standard in identifying small fiber neuropathy. The reduction of section thickness from 50 to 16 µm resulted in a significantly lower visualization of the three-dimensional epidermal nerve fiber network, as expected. However, the diagnostic performance of the LDT was adequate as characterized by a sensitivity and specificity of 80 and 64 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study, designed as a proof of principle, indicated that the LDT is an accurate, robust and automated assay, which adequately and reliably identifies patients presenting with small fiber neuropathy, and therefore has potential for use in large scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Acker
- />Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- />HistoGeneX NV, Pr J Charlottelaan 10, Berchem, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Ragé
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sluydts
- />HistoGeneX NV, Pr J Charlottelaan 10, Berchem, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Martine De Bie
- />HistoGeneX NV, Pr J Charlottelaan 10, Berchem, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- />Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
- />Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- />StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carla Duymelinck
- />HistoGeneX NV, Pr J Charlottelaan 10, Berchem, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- />Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS UK
| | - Theo Meert
- />Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Léon Plaghki
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- />Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Born Bunge Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Inhibition of REST Suppresses Proliferation and Migration in Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050664. [PMID: 27153061 PMCID: PMC4881490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor, with poor prognosis and a lack of effective therapeutic options. The aberrant expression of transcription factor REST (repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor) had been reported in different kinds of tumors. However, the function of REST and its mechanisms in GBM remain elusive. Here, REST expression was inhibited by siRNA silencing in U-87 and U-251 GBM cells. Then CCK-8 assay showed significantly decreased cell proliferation, and the inhibition of migration was verified by scratch wound healing assay and transwell assay. Using cell cycle analysis and Annexin V/PI straining assay, G1 phase cell cycle arrest was found to be a reason for the suppression of cell proliferation and migration upon REST silencing, while apoptosis was not affected by REST silencing. Further, the detection of REST-downstream genes involved in cytostasis and migration inhibition demonstrated that CCND1 and CCNE1 were reduced; CDK5R1, BBC3, EGR1, SLC25A4, PDCD7, MAPK11, MAPK12, FADD and DAXX were enhanced, among which BBC3 and DAXX were direct targets of REST, as verified by ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) and Western blotting. These data suggested that REST is a master regulator that maintains GBM cells proliferation and migration, partly through regulating cell cycle by repressing downstream genes, which might represent a potential target for GBM therapy.
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Suo H, Wang P, Tong J, Cai L, Liu J, Huang D, Huang L, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xu J, Ma Y, Yu M, Fei J, Huang F. NRSF is an essential mediator for the neuroprotection of trichostatin A in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:67-78. [PMID: 26188143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) blocks the expression of many neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells and neural stem cells. There is growing body of evidence that NRSF functions in mature neurons and plays critical roles in various neurological disorders. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of NRSF target genes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is transiently decreased in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. NRSF neuronal deficient mice are more vulnerable to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Here we investigated the effect of epigenetic modulation on the expression of NRSF target genes in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Trichostatin A (TSA) was further used to study the effects of histone deacetylase inhibition on NRSF-mediated repression. We found that the repression of NRSF target genes was relieved by TSA in vitro. A single dose TSA pretreatment also upregulated the expression of TH and BDNF and protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway against MPTP-induced degeneration in wild type mice. However, the protective functions of TSA were fully abolished in NRSF neuronal deficient mice. Our results suggest that NRSF serves as an essential mediator for the neuroprotection of TSA in the MPTP model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Suo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiabin Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zishan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufang Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Guglielmi V, Marini M, Masson ÉF, Malatesta M, Forget D, Tomelleri G, Coulombe B, Vattemi G. Abnormal expression of RNA polymerase II-associated proteins in muscle of patients with myofibrillar myopathies. Histopathology 2015; 67:859-65. [PMID: 25891782 DOI: 10.1111/his.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are a group of inherited or sporadic neuromuscular disorders characterized morphologically by foci of myofibril dissolution, disintegration of the Z-disk and insoluble protein aggregates within the muscle fibres. The sequential events leading to muscle fibre damage remains largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the expression and the cellular localization of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-associated proteins (RPAPs) in muscle biopsies from patients with genetically proven and sporadic MFMs. Our data demonstrated that RPAP2, and to a lesser extent GPN1/RPAP4, are accumulated focally in the cytoplasm of MFM muscle fibres in which they co-localize with POLR2A/RPB1, the largest subunit of RNAPII, and correspond to αB-cystallin deposits in distribution and staining intensity. No abnormal staining for RPAP2 has been observed in muscle of patients with central cores, minicores and neurogenic target fibres. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings could provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of MFMs and suggest that RPAP2 immunostaining can be a useful diagnostic tool to depict protein aggregates in MFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Marini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Diane Forget
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Giuliano Tomelleri
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gaetano Vattemi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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9
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Iannotti FA, Barrese V, Formisano L, Miceli F, Taglialatela M. Specification of skeletal muscle differentiation by repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST)-regulated Kv7.4 potassium channels. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 24:274-84. [PMID: 23242999 PMCID: PMC3564528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-12-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kv7.4-potassium channel expression plays a permissive role in skeletal muscle differentiation. The transcriptional repressor REST controls the changes in Kv7.4 levels during myogenesis by binding to regulatory regions in the Kv7.4 gene. This mechanism may be a target for intervention against abnormal repair and differentiation of skeletal muscle. Changes in the expression of potassium (K+) channels is a pivotal event during skeletal muscle differentiation. In mouse C2C12 cells, similarly to human skeletal muscle cells, myotube formation increased the expression of Kv7.1, Kv7.3, and Kv7.4, the last showing the highest degree of regulation. In C2C12 cells, Kv7.4 silencing by RNA interference reduced the expression levels of differentiation markers (myogenin, myosin heavy chain, troponinT-1, and Pax3) and impaired myotube formation and multinucleation. In Kv7.4-silenced cells, the differentiation-promoting effect of the Kv7 activator N-(2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-phenyl)-carbamic acid ethyl ester (retigabine) was abrogated. Expression levels for the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) declined during myotube formation. Transcript levels for Kv7.4, as well as for myogenin, troponinT-1, and Pax3, were reduced by REST overexpression and enhanced upon REST suppression by RNA interference. Four regions containing potential REST-binding sites in the 5′ untranslated region and in the first intron of the Kv7.4 gene were identified by bioinformatic analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that REST binds to these regions, exhibiting a higher efficiency in myoblasts than in myotubes. These data suggest that Kv7.4 plays a permissive role in skeletal muscle differentiation and highlight REST as a crucial transcriptional regulator for this K+ channel subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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10
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Analysis of myotilin turnover provides mechanistic insight into the role of myotilinopathy-causing mutations. Biochem J 2011; 436:113-21. [PMID: 21361873 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MFM (myofibrillar myopathies) are caused by mutations in several sarcomeric components, including the Z-disc protein myotilin. The morphological changes typical of MFM include Z-disc alterations and aggregation of dense filamentous sarcomeric material. The causes and mechanisms of protein aggregation in myotilinopathies and other forms of MFM remain unknown, although impaired degradation may explain, in part, the abnormal protein accumulation. In the present paper we have studied the mechanisms regulating myotilin turnover, analysed the consequences of defective myotilin degradation and tested whether disease-causing myotilin mutations result in altered protein turnover. The results indicate that myotilin is a substrate for the Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain and identify two calpain cleavage sites in myotilin by MS. We further show that myotilin is degraded by the proteasome system in transfected COS7 cells and in myotubes, and that disease-causing myotilinopathy mutations result in reduced degradation. Finally, we show that proteolysis-inhibitor-induced reduction in myotilin turnover results in formation of intracellular myotilin and actin-containing aggregates, which resemble those seen in diseased muscle cells. These findings identify for the first time biological differences between wt (wild-type) and mutant myotilin. The present study provides novel information on the pathways controlling myotilin turnover and on the molecular defects associated with MFM.
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11
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Selcen D. Myofibrillar myopathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:161-71. [PMID: 21256014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathies represent a group of muscular dystrophies with a similar morphologic phenotype. They are characterized by a distinct pathologic pattern of myofibrillar dissolution associated with disintegration of the Z-disk, accumulation of myofibrillar degradation products, and ectopic expression of multiple proteins and sometimes congophilic material. The clinical features of myofibrillar myopathies are more variable. These include progressive muscle weakness, that often involves or begins in distal muscles but limb-girdle or scapuloperoneal distributions can also occur. Cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy are frequent associated features. EMG of the affected muscles reveals myopathic motor unit potentials and abnormal irritability often with myotonic discharges. Rarely, neurogenic motor unit potentials or slow nerve conductions are present. The generic diagnosis of myofibrillar myopathies is based on muscle biopsy findings in frozen sections. To date, all myofibrillar myopathy mutations have been traced to Z-disk-associated proteins, namely, desmin, αB-crystallin, myotilin, ZASP, filamin C and Bag3. However, in the majority of the myofibrillar myopathy patients the disease gene awaits discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Selcen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) represent a group of muscular dystrophies with a similar morphological phenotype. The diagnosis is established by muscle biopsy. The MFMs are characterized by a distinct pathological pattern of myofibrillar dissolution associated with disintegration of the Z-disk, accumulation of myofibrillar degradation products, and ectopic expression of multiple proteins that include desmin, αB-crystallin, dystrophin, and sometimes congophilic material. The clinical features of MFMs are more variable. These include progressive muscle weakness that often involves or begins in distal muscles, but limb-girdle or scapuloperoneal distributions can also occur. Cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy are frequent associated features. Electromyography of the affected muscles reveals myopathic motor unit potentials and abnormal irritability, often with myotonic discharges. Rarely, neurogenic motor unit potentials or slowing of nerve conduction velocities are present. To date, all MFM mutations have appeared in Z-disk-associated proteins: namely, desmin, αB-crystallin, myotilin, ZASP, filamin C, and Bag3. However, in the majority of patients with MFM, the disease gene awaits discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Selcen
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Regulation of plasma-membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 gene by Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors. Biochem J 2010; 430:107-17. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of the human plasma membrane-associated sialidase (NEU3), a key enzyme for ganglioside degradation, is relatively high in brain and is modulated in response to many cellular processes, including neuronal cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. We demonstrated previously that NEU3 is markedly up-regulated in various human cancers and showed that NEU3 transgenic mice developed a diabetic phenotype and were susceptible to azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in their colon tissues. These results suggest that appropriate control of NEU3 gene expression is required for homoeostasis of cellular functions. To gain insights into regulation mechanisms, we determined the gene structure and assessed transcription factor involvement. Oligo-capping analysis indicated the existence of alternative promoters for the NEU3 gene. Transcription started from two clusters of multiple TSSs (transcription start sites); one cluster is preferentially utilized in brain and another in other tissues and cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed further that the region neighbouring the two clusters has promoter activity in the human cell lines analysed. The promoter lacks TATA, but contains CCAAT and CAAC, elements, whose deletions led to a decrease in promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated binding of transcription factors Sp (specificity protein) 1 and Sp3 to the promoter region. Down-regulation of the factors by siRNAs (short interfering RNAs) increased transcription from brain-type TSSs and decreased transcription from other TSSs, suggesting a role for Sp1 and Sp3 in selection of the TSSs. These results indicate that NEU3 expression is diversely regulated by Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors binding to alternative promoters, which might account for multiple modulation of gene expression.
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Lv H, Pan G, Zheng G, Wu X, Ren H, Liu Y, Wen J. Expression and functions of the repressor element 1 (RE-1)-silencing transcription factor (REST) in breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:968-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Day IN, Thompson RJ. UCHL1 (PGP 9.5): Neuronal biomarker and ubiquitin system protein. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:327-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Izquierdo L, Mengual L, Gazquez C, Ingelmo-Torres M, Alcaraz A. Molecular characterization of upper urinary tract tumours. BJU Int 2009; 106:868-72. [PMID: 20015323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.09135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess gene-expression patterns of BIRC5, FGFR3, IGF2, KRT20, UPK2, EBF1, CDH1, FXYD3, HTERT, TP53, AGR2, HER2 and VEGF, widely known markers of bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) in upper tract UC, and to determine their value as prognostic factors of tumour progression and cancer-specific survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 83 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens (68 and 15 from patients with UTUC and controls, respectively) collected between 1990 and 2004. Thirteen bladder cancer-related genes were selected from previous reports and analysed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in all samples. RESULTS Six genes were over-expressed (BIRC5, FGFR3, KRT20, UPK2, FXYD3 and hTERT) and three under-expressed (AGR2, TP53 and VEGF) in the tumour group (P < 0.05). For four genes (IGF2, EBF1, CDH1 and HER2) there was no statistically significant difference between the tumour and control groups. Overall, 21 patients developed tumour progression and 13 died from UTUC after a mean follow-up of 35.24 months. The 5-year disease-free progression and cancer-specific survival rates were 65.8% and 72.9%, respectively. In a multivariate regression analysis, the independent predictive variable for tumour progression and cancer-specific survival was pathological stage (hazard ratio 3.60, P < 0.001; and 3.73, P < 0.005, respectively), but none of the studied genes were identified as prognostic factors of tumour progression or cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that bladder cancer and UTUC share some characteristics, but have differences in gene expression. None of BIRC5, FGFR3, IGF2, KRT20, UPK2, EBF1, CDH1, FXYD3, HTERT, TP53, AGR2, HER2 and VEGF were correlated either tumour progression or survival.
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Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are a group of heterogeneous muscle disorders morphologically defined by the presence of foci of dissolution of the myofibrils, accumulation of the products of myofibrillar degradation and ectopic expression of multiple proteins. MFMs represent the paradigm of conformational protein diseases of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Protein aggregation in MFMs is now considered to be the result of a failure of the extralysosomal proteolytic degradation system. Several factors including mutant proteins, aggresome formation and oxidative stress may compromise the ubiquitin-proteasome system, promoting the accumulation of potentially toxic protein aggregates within muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Olivé
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yu M, Cai L, Liang M, Huang Y, Gao H, Lu S, Fei J, Huang F. Alteration of NRSF expression exacerbating 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion-induced cell death of SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Res 2009; 65:236-44. [PMID: 19631241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF)/neuronal repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and its neuron-specific truncated form REST4 participates in the pathological processes of nervous system diseases, such as global ischemia, epilepsy, Huntington disease and so on. In this paper, we investigated the changes of NRSF and REST4 in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our results showed that neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP(+)) treatment triggered the mRNA and protein expression of NRSF and REST4, and caused both NRSF and REST4 proteins relocalized between the nucleus and cytoplasm in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Redistribution of NRSF and REST4 derepressed the expression of target genes at late time points. Furthermore, alteration of NRSF and REST4 expression by overexpression or RNAi techniques elicited deleterious effects on cell viability of SH-SY5Y treated with toxic MPP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Defective myotilin homodimerization caused by a novel mutation in MYOT exon 9 in the first Japanese limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1A patient. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:701-7. [PMID: 19458539 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a7f703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotilin is a muscle-specific Z disk protein. Several missense mutations in the myotilin gene (MYOT) have been identified in limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), myofibrillar myopathy, and distal myopathy patients. All previously reported pathogenic MYOT mutations have been identified only in Exon 2. We sequenced MYOT in 138 patients diagnosed as having LGMD, myofibrillar myopathy, or distal myopathy, and identified a novel MYOT mutation in Exon 9 encoding the second immunoglobulin-like domain in 1 patient with clinically typical LGMD. By light microscopy, there were scattered fibers with rimmed vacuoles and myofibrillary disorganization in the patient's muscle biopsy; accumulation of Z disk proteins was observed by immunohistochemistry. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the amount of myotilin monomer was increased in the patient muscle, but that the myotilin homodimeric band was decreased. Functional analysis of the myotilin mutation using a yeast 2-hybrid system revealed defective homodimerization of the mutant myotilin and decreased interaction between mutant myotilin and alpha-actinin. The homodimerization defect was further demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. This is the first MYOT mutation outside of Exon 2 in an LGMD type 1A patient and the first MYOT mutation identified in the Japanese population. This mutation in the second immunoglobulin-like domain impairs myotilin dimerization and alters the binding between myotilin and alpha-actinin, which is known to be important for actin bundling.
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Abstract
Since its original discovery as a negative regulator of neuronal differentiation, the repressor element (RE)-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as the neuron-restrictive silencer factor, has been implicated in novel processes such as maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal and regulation of mitotic fidelity in non-neural cells. REST expression and activity is tightly controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in a cell and developmental stage-specific manner and perturbations in its levels or function are associated with various pathological states. REST differentially influences target-gene expression through interaction with a wide variety of cellular cofactors in a context-dependent manner. However, the influence of the microenvironment on REST-mediated regulation of gene expression is poorly understood. This review will present our current understanding of REST signaling with a greater focus on its emerging ties with noncoding RNAs and novel interacting partners, as well as its roles in embryonic stem cell self-renewal, cellular plasticity and oncogenesis/tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 843, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 Accumulation in Protein Aggregate Myopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:262-73. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181996d8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this communication is to provide an up-to-date overview of myofibrillar myopathies. RECENT FINDINGS The most important recent advance in the myofibrillar myopathies has been the discovery that mutations in Z band alternatively spliced PDZ-containing protein and filamin C, as well as in desmin, alphaB-crystallin and myotilin, result in similar pathologic alterations in skeletal muscle that are typical of myofibrillar myopathy. Despite the increasing genetic heterogeneity, the clinical and morphologic phenotypes are remarkably homogeneous. The typical clinical manifestation is slowly progressive proximal, distal or both proximal and distal limb muscle weakness. Cardiomyopathy can be associated and is sometimes the presenting finding. Peripheral neuropathy also occurs in some patients. In every myofibrillar myopathy, there is abnormal accumulation of an array of proteins at ectopic sites as well as accumulation of degraded myofibrillar proteins forming large aggregates. The key issue now is to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the cascade of events that destroy the myofibrillar architecture and trigger the aberrant expression of multiple proteins. SUMMARY Several disease genes have recently been recognized in myofibrillar myopathies. So far, the disease proteins identified are components of or chaperone for the Z-disk. In each case, the molecular defect leads to a stereotyped cascade of structural events in the muscle fiber.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21:615-24. [PMID: 18769258 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32830fb782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous muscle disorders that are defined morphologically by the presence of foci of myofibril dissolution, accumulation of myofibrillar degradation products, and ectopic expression of multiple proteins. MFMs are the paradigm of conformational protein diseases of the skeletal (and cardiac) muscles characterised by intracellular protein accumulation in muscle cells. Understanding of this group of disorders has advanced in recent years through the identification of causative mutations in various genes, most of which encode proteins of the sarcomeric Z-disc, including desmin, alphaB-crystallin, myotilin, ZASP and filamin C. This review focuses on the MFMs arising from defects in these proteins, summarising genetic and clinical features of the disorders and then discussing emerging understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanisms leading to muscle fibre degeneration. Defective extralysosomal degradation of proteins is now recognised as an important element in this process. Several factors--including mutant proteins, a defective ubiquitin-proteasome system, aggresome formation, mutant ubiquitin, p62, oxidative stress and abnormal regulation of some transcription factors--are thought to participate in the cascade of events occurring in muscle fibres in MFMs.
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Goebel HH, Fardeau M, Olivé M, Schröder R. 156th ENMC International Workshop: desmin and protein aggregate myopathies, 9-11 November 2007, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:583-92. [PMID: 18595698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Goebel
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Mengual L, Burset M, Marín-Aguilera M, Ribal MJ, Alcaraz A. Multiplex preamplification of specific cDNA targets prior to gene expression analysis by TaqMan Arrays. BMC Res Notes 2008; 1:21. [PMID: 18710479 PMCID: PMC2518557 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accurate gene expression quantification using TaqMan Arrays (TA) could be limited by the low RNA quantity obtained from some clinical samples. The novel cDNA preamplification system, the TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix kit (TPAMMK), enables a multiplex preamplification of cDNA targets and therefore, could provide a sufficient amount of specific amplicons for their posterior analysis on TA. FINDINGS A multiplex preamplification of 47 genes was performed in 22 samples prior to their analysis by TA, and relative gene expression levels of non-preamplified (NPA) and preamplified (PA) samples were compared. Overall, the mean cycle threshold (CT) decrement in the PA genes was 3.85 (ranging from 2.07 to 5.01). A high correlation (r) between the gene expression measurements of NPA and PA samples was found (mean r = 0.970, ranging from 0.937 to 0.994; p < 0.001 in all selected cases). High correlation coefficients between NPA and PA samples were also obtained in the analysis of genes from degraded RNA samples and/or low abundance expressed genes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that cDNA preamplification using the TPAMMK before TA analysis is a reliable approach to simultaneously measure gene expression of multiple targets in a single sample. Moreover, this procedure was validated in genes from degraded RNA samples and low abundance expressed genes. This combined methodology could have wide applications in clinical research, where scarce amounts of degraded RNA are usually obtained and several genes need to be quantified in each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mengual
- Lab. and Dept. of Urology, Institut Clínic de Nefrologia i Urologia (ICNU), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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