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García-Sáez J, Figueroa-Fuentes M, González-Corralejo C, Roncero C, Lazcanoiturburu N, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Vaquero J, González-Sánchez E, Bhutia K, Calero-Pérez S, Maina F, Traba J, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Uncovering a Novel Functional Interaction Between Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells, Inflammation and EGFR Signaling During Bile Acids-Induced Injury. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2339-2355. [PMID: 38725853 PMCID: PMC11077361 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.90645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic damage is associated to both accumulation of cytotoxic levels of bile acids and expansion of adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) as part of the ductular reaction contributing to the regenerative response. Here, we report a bile acid-specific cytotoxic response in mouse HPC, which is partially impaired by EGF signaling. Additionally, we show that EGF synergizes with bile acids to trigger inflammatory signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HPC. Aiming at understanding the impact of this HPC specific response on the liver microenvironment we run a proteomic analysis of HPC secretome. Data show an enrichment in immune and TGF-β regulators, ECM components and remodeling proteins in HPC secretome. Consistently, HPC-derived conditioned medium promotes hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and macrophage M1-like polarization. Strikingly, EGF and bile acids co-treatment leads to profound changes in the secretome composition, illustrated by an abolishment of HSC activating effect and by promoting macrophage M2-like polarization. Collectively, we provide new specific mechanisms behind HPC regulatory action during cholestatic liver injury, with an active role in cellular interactome and inflammatory response regulation. Moreover, findings prove a key contribution for EGFR signaling jointly with bile acids in HPC-mediated actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Sáez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Figueroa-Fuentes
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Corralejo
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester González-Sánchez
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kunzangla Bhutia
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calero-Pérez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Traba
- Dept. for Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Palao N, Sequera C, Cuesta ÁM, Baquero C, Bragado P, Gutierrez-Uzquiza A, Sánchez A, Guerrero C, Porras A. C3G down-regulation enhances pro-migratory and stemness properties of oval cells by promoting an epithelial-mesenchymal-like process. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5873-5884. [PMID: 36263169 PMCID: PMC9576514 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data indicate that C3G (RapGEF1) main isoform is highly expressed in liver progenitor cells (or oval cells) compared to adult mature hepatocytes, suggesting it may play an important role in oval cell biology. Hence, we have explored C3G function in the regulation of oval cell properties by permanent gene silencing using shRNAs. We found that C3G knock-down enhanced migratory and invasive ability of oval cells by promoting a partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This is likely mediated by upregulation of mRNA expression of the EMT-inducing transcription factors, Snail1, Zeb1 and Zeb2, induced in C3G-silenced oval cells. This EMT is associated to a higher expression of the stemness markers, CD133 and CD44. Moreover, C3G down-regulation increased oval cells clonogenic capacity by enhancing cell scattering. However, C3G knock-down did not impair oval cell differentiation into hepatocyte lineage. Mechanistic studies revealed that HGF/MET signaling and its pro-invasive activity was impaired in oval cells with low levels of C3G, while TGF-β signaling was increased. Altogether, these data suggest that C3G might be tightly regulated to ensure liver repair in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hence, reduced C3G levels could facilitate oval cell expansion, after the proliferation peak, by enhancing migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Palao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Sequera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ángel M Cuesta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Baquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,✉ Corresponding authors: A. Porras, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 913941627; E-mail: . Co-correspondence: C. Guerrero, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Tel.: +34 923294801; Fax.: +34 923294795; e-mail:
| | - Almudena Porras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,✉ Corresponding authors: A. Porras, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 913941627; E-mail: . Co-correspondence: C. Guerrero, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Tel.: +34 923294801; Fax.: +34 923294795; e-mail:
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3
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Lazcanoiturburu N, García‐Sáez J, González‐Corralejo C, Roncero C, Sanz J, Martín‐Rodríguez C, Valdecantos MP, Martínez‐Palacián A, Almalé L, Bragado P, Calero‐Pérez S, Fernández A, García‐Bravo M, Guerra C, Montoliu L, Segovia JC, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Lack of
EGFR
catalytic activity in hepatocytes improves liver regeneration following
DDC
‐induced cholestatic injury by promoting a pro‐restorative inflammatory response. J Pathol 2022; 258:312-324. [DOI: 10.1002/path.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Juan García‐Sáez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos González‐Corralejo
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Anatomical Pathology Service of the “Clínica Universidad de Navarra”, Madrid, Spain, and UCM Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Martín‐Rodríguez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - M. Pilar Valdecantos
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Adoración Martínez‐Palacián
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Calero‐Pérez
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - María García‐Bravo
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- National Center for Biotechnology (CNB‐CSIC), Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - José Carlos Segovia
- Cell Technology Division, Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT); Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER‐ISCIII); Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, “Fundación Jiménez Díaz” University Hospital Health Research Institute (CIEMAT/IIS‐FJD) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC‐UAM) Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERDEM‐ISCIII) Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD‐ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid Spain
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4
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Olivera-Salazar R, García-Arranz M, Sánchez A, Olmedillas-López S, Vega-Clemente L, Serrano LJ, Herrera B, García-Olmo D. Oncological transformation in vitro of hepatic progenitor cell lines isolated from adult mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3149. [PMID: 35210455 PMCID: PMC8873244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer cells can transfer the oncogene KRAS to distant cells, predisposing them to malignant transformation (Genometastasis Theory). This process could contribute to liver metastasis; besides, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) have been found to be involved in liver malignant neoplasms. The objective of this study is to determine if mouse HPCs—Oval cells (OCs)—are susceptible to incorporate Kras GAT (G12D) mutation from mouse colorectal cancer cell line CT26.WT and if OCs with the incorporated mutation behave like malignant cells. To achieve this, three lines of OCs in different conditions were exposed to CT26.WT cells through transwell co-culture for a week. The presence of KrasG12D and capacity to form tumors were analyzed in treated samples by droplet digital PCR and colony-forming assays, respectively. The results showed that the KrasG12D mutation was detected in hepatic culture conditions of undifferentiated OCs and these cells were capable of forming tumors in vitro. Therefore, OCs are susceptible to malignant transformation by horizontal transfer of DNA with KrasG12D mutation in an undifferentiated condition associated with the liver microenvironment. This study contributes to a new step in the understanding of the colorectal metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Olivera-Salazar
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Olmedillas-López
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Vega-Clemente
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Serrano
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- New Therapies Laboratory, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (FJD), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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5
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BMP9 Promotes an Epithelial Phenotype and a Hepatocyte-like Gene Expression Profile in Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030365. [PMID: 35159174 PMCID: PMC8834621 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, has emerged as a new player in chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Its levels increase in the fibrotic liver where it promotes fibrogenesis. It also regulates hepatic progenitor cells (oval cells in rodents), a cell population that contributes to repopulate the liver and recover functionality upon severe damage, but it can also be pro-fibrogenic, depending upon the hepatic microenvironment. Here we analyze the effect of chronic exposure to BMP9 in oval cells. We show that cells chronically treated with BMP9 (B9T-OC) display a more epithelial and hepatocyte-like phenotype while acquiring proliferative and survival advantages. Since our previous studies had revealed a functional crosstalk between BMP9 and the HGF/c-Met signaling pathways in oval cells, we analyzed a possible role for HGF/c-Met in BMP9-induced long-term effects. Data evidence that active c-Met signaling is necessary to obtain maximum effects in terms of BMP9-triggered hepatocytic differentiation potential, further supporting functionally relevant cooperation between these pathways. In conclusion, our work reveals a novel action of BMP9 in liver cells and helps elucidate the mechanisms that serve to increase oval cell regenerative potential, which could be therapeutically modulated in CLD.
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6
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Sato H, Imamura R, Suga H, Matsumoto K, Sakai K. Cyclic Peptide-Based Biologics Regulating HGF-MET. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217977. [PMID: 33121208 PMCID: PMC7662982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a random non-standard peptide integrated discovery system, we obtained cyclic peptides that bind to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor. (MET) HGF-inhibitory peptide-8 (HiP-8) selectively bound to two-chain active HGF, but not to single-chain precursor HGF. HGF showed a dynamic change in its molecular shape in atomic force microscopy, but HiP-8 inhibited dynamic change in the molecular shape into a static status. The inhibition of the molecular dynamics of HGF by HiP-8 was associated with the loss of the ability to bind MET. HiP-8 could selectively detect active HGF in cancer tissues, and active HGF probed by HiP-8 showed co-localization with activated MET. Using HiP-8, cancer tissues with active HGF could be detected by positron emission tomography. HiP-8 seems to be applicable for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. In contrast, based on the receptor dimerization as an essential process for activation, the cross-linking of the cyclic peptides that bind to the extracellular region of MET successfully generated an artificial ligand to MET. The synthetic MET agonists activated MET and exhibited biological activities which were indistinguishable from the effects of HGF. MET agonists composed of cyclic peptides can be manufactured by chemical synthesis but not recombinant protein expression, and thus are expected to be new biologics that are applicable to therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamura
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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7
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Addante A, Roncero C, Lazcanoiturburu N, Méndez R, Almalé L, García-Álvaro M, ten Dijke P, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. A Signaling Crosstalk between BMP9 and HGF/c-Met Regulates Mouse Adult Liver Progenitor Cell Survival. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030752. [PMID: 32204446 PMCID: PMC7140668 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver disease, hepatic progenitor cells (HPC, oval cells in rodents) become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into cholangiocytes and/or hepatocytes contributing to the final outcome of the regenerative process in a context-dependent fashion. Here, we analyze the crosstalk between the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling axis, key for liver regeneration, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)9, a BMP family ligand that has emerged as a critical regulator of liver pathology. Our results show that HGF/c-Met signaling blocks BMP9-mediated apoptotic cell death, while it potentiates small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD)1 signaling triggered by BMP9 in oval cells. Interestingly, HGF-induced overactivation of SMAD1, -5, -8 requires the upregulation of TGF-β type receptor activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)1, and both ALK1 and SMAD1 are required for the counteracting effect of HGF on BMP9 apoptotic activity. On the other hand, we also prove that BMP9 triggers the activation of p38MAPK in oval cells, which drives BMP9-apoptotic cell death. Therefore, our data support a model in which BMP9 and HGF/c-Met signaling axes establish a signaling crosstalk via ALK1 that modulates the balance between the two pathways with opposing activities, SMAD1 (pro-survival) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK; pro-apoptotic), which determines oval cell fate. These data help delineate the complex signaling network established during chronic liver injury and its impact on the oval cell regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - Rebeca Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - Laura Almalé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +34 913941855 (A.S.)
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (C.R.); (N.L.); (R.M.); (L.A.); (M.G.-Á.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +34 913941855 (A.S.)
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8
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Almalé L, García-Álvaro M, Martínez-Palacián A, García-Bravo M, Lazcanoiturburu N, Addante A, Roncero C, Sanz J, de la O López M, Bragado P, Mikulits W, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Casal JI, Segovia JC, Rial E, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. c-Met Signaling Is Essential for Mouse Adult Liver Progenitor Cells Expansion After Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Regulates Cell Phenotypic Switch. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1108-1118. [PMID: 31108004 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs)/oval cells are bipotential progenitors that participate in liver repair responses upon chronic injury. Recent findings highlight HPCs plasticity and importance of the HPCs niche signals to determine their fate during the regenerative process, favoring either fibrogenesis or damage resolution. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are among the key signals involved in liver regeneration and as component of HPCs niche regulates HPCs biology. Here, we characterize the TGF-β-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) response in oval cells, its effects on cell fate in vivo, and the regulatory effect of the HGF/c-Met signaling. Our data show that chronic treatment with TGF-β triggers a partial EMT in oval cells based on coexpression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. The phenotypic and functional profiling indicates that TGF-β-induced EMT is not associated with stemness but rather represents a step forward along hepatic lineage. This phenotypic transition confers advantageous traits to HPCs including survival, migratory/invasive and metabolic benefit, overall enhancing the regenerative potential of oval cells upon transplantation into a carbon tetrachloride-damaged liver. We further uncover a key contribution of the HGF/c-Met pathway to modulate the TGF-β-mediated EMT response. It allows oval cells expansion after EMT by controlling oxidative stress and apoptosis, likely via Twist regulation, and it counterbalances EMT by maintaining epithelial properties. Our work provides evidence that a coordinated and balanced action of TGF-β and HGF are critical for achievement of the optimal regenerative potential of HPCs, opening new therapeutic perspectives. Stem Cells 2019;37:1108-1118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almalé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adoración Martínez-Palacián
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Bravo
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de la O López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina M Factor
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Snorri S Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Carlos Segovia
- Cell Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, CIEMAT/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rial
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Addante A, Roncero C, Almalé L, Lazcanoiturburu N, García-Álvaro M, Fernández M, Sanz J, Hammad S, Nwosu ZC, Lee SJ, Fabregat I, Dooley S, ten Dijke P, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 as a key regulator of liver progenitor cells in DDC-induced cholestatic liver injury. Liver Int 2018; 38:1664-1675. [PMID: 29751359 PMCID: PMC6693351 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) interferes with liver regeneration upon acute injury, while promoting fibrosis upon carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic injury. We have now addressed the role of BMP9 in 3,5 diethoxicarbonyl-1,4 dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced cholestatic liver injury, a model of liver regeneration mediated by hepatic progenitor cell (known as oval cell), exemplified as ductular reaction and oval cell expansion. METHODS WT and BMP9KO mice were submitted to DDC diet. Livers were examined for liver injury, fibrosis, inflammation and oval cell expansion by serum biochemistry, histology, RT-qPCR and western blot. BMP9 signalling and effects in oval cells were studied in vitro using western blot and transcriptional assays, plus functional assays of DNA synthesis, cell viability and apoptosis. Crosslinking assays and short hairpin RNA approaches were used to identify the receptors mediating BMP9 effects. RESULTS Deletion of BMP9 reduces liver damage and fibrosis, but enhances inflammation upon DDC feeding. Molecularly, absence of BMP9 results in overactivation of PI3K/AKT, ERK-MAPKs and c-Met signalling pathways, which together with an enhanced ductular reaction and oval cell expansion evidence an improved regenerative response and decreased damage in response to DDC feeding. Importantly, BMP9 directly targets oval cells, it activates SMAD1,5,8, decreases cell growth and promotes apoptosis, effects that are mediated by Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 2 (ALK2) type I receptor. CONCLUSIONS We identify BMP9 as a negative regulator of oval cell expansion in cholestatic injury, its deletion enhancing liver regeneration. Likewise, our work further supports BMP9 as an attractive therapeutic target for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Addante
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Almalé
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Sanz
- Department Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Zeribe C. Nwosu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Dooley
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department Medicine II, Heidelberg University, Manhheim, Germany
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Dual role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in the progression and reversion of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Metab 2017; 7:132-146. [PMID: 29126873 PMCID: PMC5784331 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative modulator of insulin and cytokine signaling, is a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and obesity. We investigated the impact of PTP1B deficiency during NAFLD, particularly in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods NASH features were evaluated in livers from wild-type (PTP1BWT) and PTP1B-deficient (PTP1BKO) mice fed methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) for 8 weeks. A recovery model was established by replacing MCD to chow diet (CHD) for 2–7 days. Non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Oval cells markers were measured in human and mouse livers with NASH, and in oval cells from PTP1BWT and PTP1BKO mice. Results PTP1BWT mice fed MCD for 8 weeks exhibited NASH, NPCs infiltration, and elevated Fgf21, Il6 and Il1b mRNAs. These parameters decreased after switching to CHD. PTP1B deficiency accelerated MCD-induced NASH. Conversely, after switching to CHD, PTP1BKO mice rapidly reverted NASH compared to PTP1BWT mice in parallel to the normalization of serum triglycerides (TG) levels. Among NPCs, a drop in cytotoxic natural killer T (NKT) subpopulation was detected in PTP1BKO livers during recovery, and in these conditions M2 macrophage markers were up-regulated. Oval cells markers (EpCAM and cytokeratin 19) significantly increased during NASH only in PTP1B-deficient livers. HGF-mediated signaling and proliferative capacity were enhanced in PTP1BKO oval cells. In NASH patients, oval cells markers were also elevated. Conclusions PTP1B elicits a dual role in NASH progression and reversion. Additionally, our results support a new role for PTP1B in oval cell proliferation during NAFLD. PTP1B deficiency accelerates MCD-induced NASH. The liver inflammatory responses during NASH are enhanced in PTP1B-deficient mice. PTP1B deficiency accelerates the reversion of NASH in a recovery dietary model. In a DCC model PTP1BKO livers increased oval cells markers and proliferative capacity. PTP1B deficiency enhances HGF-mediated signaling and proliferation of oval cells.
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11
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Mahameed M, Tirosh B. Engineering CHO cells with an oncogenic KIT improves cells growth, resilience to stress, and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahameed
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
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12
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Imamura R, Matsumoto K. Hepatocyte growth factor in physiology and infectious diseases. Cytokine 2017; 98:97-106. [PMID: 28094206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine composed of an α-chain and a β-chain, and these chains contain four kringle domains and a serine protease-like structure, respectively. The receptor for HGF was identified as the c-met proto-oncogene product of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. HGF-induced signaling through the receptor Met provokes dynamic biological responses that support morphogenesis, regeneration, and the survival of various cells and tissues, which includes hepatocytes, renal tubular cells, and neurons. Characterization of tissue-specific Met knockout mice has further indicated that the HGF-Met system modulates immune cell functions and also plays an inhibitory role in the progression of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. However, the biological actions that are driven by the HGF-Met pathway all play a role in the acquisition of the malignant characteristics in tumor cells, such as invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in the tumor microenvironment. Even though oncogenic Met signaling remains the major research focus, the HGF-Met axis has also been implicated in infectious diseases. Many pathogens try to utilize host HGF-Met system to establish comfortable environment for infection. Their strategies are not only simply change the expression level of HGF or Met, but also actively hijack HGF-Met system and deregulating Met signaling using their pathogenic factors. Consequently, the monitoring of HGF and Met expression, along with real-time detection of Met activation, can be a beneficial biomarker of these infectious diseases. Preclinical studies designed to address the therapeutic significance of HGF have been performed on injury/disease models, including acute tissue injury, chronic fibrosis, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Likewise, manipulating the HGF-Met system with complete control will lead to a tailor made treatment for those infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Imamura
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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13
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Suárez-Causado A, Caballero-Díaz D, Bertrán E, Roncero C, Addante A, García-Álvaro M, Fernández M, Herrera B, Porras A, Fabregat I, Sánchez A. HGF/c-Met signaling promotes liver progenitor cell migration and invasion by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-independent, phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase-dependent pathway in an in vitro model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2453-63. [PMID: 26001768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oval cells constitute an interesting hepatic cell population. They contribute to sustain liver regeneration during chronic liver damage, but in doing this they can be target of malignant conversion and become tumor-initiating cells and drive hepatocarcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms beneath either their pro-regenerative or pro-tumorigenic potential are still poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of the HGF/c-Met pathway in regulation of oval cell migratory and invasive properties. Our results show that HGF induces c-Met-dependent oval cell migration both in normal culture conditions and after in vitro wounding. HGF-triggered migration involves F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization, which is also evidenced by activation of Rac1. Furthermore, HGF causes ZO-1 translocation from cell-cell contact sites to cytoplasm and its concomitant activation by phosphorylation. However, no loss of expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins, including E-cadherin, ZO-1 and Occludin-1, is observed. Additionally, migration does not lead to cell dispersal but to a characteristic organized pattern in rows, in turn associated with Golgi compaction, providing strong evidence of a morphogenic collective migration. Besides migration, HGF increases oval cell invasion through extracellular matrix, a process that requires PI3K activation and is at least partly mediated by expression and activation of metalloproteases. Altogether, our findings provide novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the essential role of HGF/c-Met signaling during oval cell-mediated mouse liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suárez-Causado
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Caballero-Díaz
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Bertrán
- Laboratori d'Oncologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Roncero
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Addante
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M García-Álvaro
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Fernández
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Herrera
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Porras
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Fabregat
- Laboratori d'Oncologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Sánchez
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Sakai K, Aoki S, Matsumoto K. Hepatocyte growth factor and Met in drug discovery. J Biochem 2015; 157:271-84. [PMID: 25770121 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-Met pathway evokes dynamic biological responses that support the morphogenesis, regeneration and survival of cells and tissues. A characterization of conditional Met knockout mice indicates that the HGF-Met pathway plays important roles in the regeneration, protection and homeostasis of cells such as hepatocytes, renal tubular cells and neurons. Preclinical studies in disease models have indicated that recombinant HGF protein and expression plasmid for HGF are biological drug candidates for the treatment of patients with diseases or injuries that involve impaired tissue function. The phase-I and phase-I/II clinical trials of the intrathecal administration of HGF protein for the treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury, respectively, are ongoing. Biological actions of HGF that promote the dynamic movement, morphogenesis and survival of cells also closely participate in invasion-metastasis and resistance to the molecular-targeted drugs in tumour cells. Different types of HGF-Met pathway inhibitors are now in clinical trials for treatment of malignant tumours. Basic research on HGF and Met has lead to drug discoveries in regenerative medicine and tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; and Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Aoki
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; and Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; and Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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15
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HGF-Met Pathway in Regeneration and Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2014; 2:275-300. [PMID: 28548072 PMCID: PMC5344275 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is composed of an α-chain and a β-chain, and these chains contain four kringle domains and a serine protease-like structure, respectively. Activation of the HGF–Met pathway evokes dynamic biological responses that support morphogenesis (e.g., epithelial tubulogenesis), regeneration, and the survival of cells and tissues. Characterizations of conditional Met knockout mice have indicated that the HGF–Met pathway plays important roles in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various cells and tissues, which includes hepatocytes, renal tubular cells, and neurons. Preclinical studies designed to address the therapeutic significance of HGF have been performed on injury/disease models, including acute tissue injury, chronic fibrosis, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The promotion of cell growth, survival, migration, and morphogenesis that is associated with extracellular matrix proteolysis are the biological activities that underlie the therapeutic actions of HGF. Recombinant HGF protein and the expression vectors for HGF are biological drug candidates for the treatment of patients with diseases and injuries that are associated with impaired tissue function. The intravenous/systemic administration of recombinant HGF protein has been well tolerated in phase I/II clinical trials. The phase-I and phase-I/II clinical trials of the intrathecal administration of HGF protein for the treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury, respectively, are ongoing.
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16
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Chen L, Zhang W, Liang HF, Zhou QF, Ding ZY, Yang HQ, Liu WB, Wu YH, Man Q, Zhang BX, Chen XP. Activin A induces growth arrest through a SMAD- dependent pathway in hepatic progenitor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:18. [PMID: 24628936 PMCID: PMC3995548 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activin A, an important member of transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is reported to inhibit proliferation of mature hepatocyte. However, the effect of activin A on growth of hepatic progenitor cells is not fully understood. To that end, we attempted to evaluate the potential role of activin A in the regulation of hepatic progenitor cell proliferation. Results Using the 2-acetaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model, activin A expression decreased immediately after partial hepatectomy and then increased from the 9th to 15th day post surgery, which is associated with the attenuation of oval cell proliferation. Activin A inhibited oval cell line LE6 growth via activating the SMAD signaling pathway, which manifested as the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, the inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, the suppression of cyclinD1 and cyclinE, and the promotion of p21WAF1/Cip1 and p15INK4B expression. Treatment with activin A antagonist follistatin or blocking SMAD signaling could diminish the anti-proliferative effect of activin A. By contrast, inhibition of the MAPK pathway did not contribute to this effect. Antagonizing activin A activity by follistatin administration enhanced oval cell proliferation in the 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model. Conclusion Activin A, acting through the SMAD pathway, negatively regulates the proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-ping Chen
- Hepatic surgery centre, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Kitade M, Factor VM, Andersen JB, Tomokuni A, Kaji K, Akita H, Holczbauer A, Seo D, Marquardt JU, Conner EA, Lee SB, Lee YH, Thorgeirsson SS. Specific fate decisions in adult hepatic progenitor cells driven by MET and EGFR signaling. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1706-17. [PMID: 23913923 DOI: 10.1101/gad.214601.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET and epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF receptor (EGFR), two key signal transduction systems in the normal and diseased liver, to fate decisions of adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) has not been resolved. Here, we developed a robust culture system that permitted expansion and genetic manipulation of cells capable of multilineage differentiation in vitro and in vivo to examine the individual roles of HGF/MET and EGF/EGFR in HPC self-renewal and binary cell fate decision. By employing loss-of-function and rescue experiments in vitro, we showed that both receptors collaborate to increase the self-renewal of HPCs through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. MET was a strong inducer of hepatocyte differentiation by activating AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3). Conversely, EGFR selectively induced NOTCH1 to promote cholangiocyte specification and branching morphogenesis while concomitantly suppressing hepatocyte commitment. Furthermore, unlike the deleterious effects of MET deletion, the liver-specific conditional loss of Egfr facilitated rather than suppressed progenitor-mediated liver regeneration by switching progenitor cell differentiation toward hepatocyte lineage. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms regulating the stemness properties of adult HPCs and reveal a previously unrecognized link between EGFR and NOTCH1 in directing cholangiocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Kitade
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Martínez-Palacián A, del Castillo G, Suárez-Causado A, García-Álvaro M, de la Morena-Frutos D, Fernández M, Roncero C, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Mouse hepatic oval cells require Met-dependent PI3K to impair TGF-β-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53108. [PMID: 23301029 PMCID: PMC3534654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that oval cells harboring a genetically inactivated Met tyrosine kinase (Met−/− oval cells) are more sensitive to TGF-β-induced apoptosis than cells expressing a functional Met (Metflx/flx), demonstrating that the HGF/Met axis plays a pivotal role in oval cell survival. Here, we have examined the mechanism behind this effect and have found that TGF-β induced a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic cell death in Metflx/flx and Met−/− oval cells, associated with a marked increase in levels of the BH3-only proteins Bim and Bmf. Bmf plays a key role during TGF-β-mediated apoptosis since knocking down of BMF significantly diminished the apoptotic response in Met−/− oval cells. TGF-β also induced oxidative stress accompanied by NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) mRNA up-regulation and decreased protein levels of antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidants inhibit both TGF-β-induced caspase 3 activity and Bmf up-regulation, revealing an oxidative stress-dependent Bmf regulation by TGF-β. Notably, oxidative stress-related events were strongly amplified in Met−/− oval cells, emphasizing the critical role of Met in promoting survival. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K did impair HGF-driven protection from TGF-β-induced apoptosis and increased sensitivity of Metflx/flx oval cells to TGF-ß by enhancing oxidative stress, reaching apoptotic indices similar to those obtained in Met−/− oval cells. Interestingly, both PI3K inhibition and/or knockdown itself resulted in caspase-3 activation and loss of viability in Metflx/flx oval cells, whereas no effect was observed in Met−/− oval cells. Altogether, results presented here provide solid evidences that both paracrine and autocrine HGF/Met signaling requires PI3K to promote mouse hepatic oval cell survival against TGF-β-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoración Martínez-Palacián
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaelle del Castillo
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amileth Suárez-Causado
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Álvaro
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego de la Morena-Frutos
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Laboratori d´Oncologia Molecular and Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, ĹHospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Zhang W, Zhou QD, Yang HQ, Liang HF, Zhang BX, Long X, Chen XP. HSCs play a distinct role in different phases of oval cell-mediated liver regeneration. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:588-96. [PMID: 22535704 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Qiao-dan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | | | - Hui-fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Bi-xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Xin Long
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Xiao-ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
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Martínez-Palacián A, del Castillo G, Herrera B, Fernández M, Roncero C, Fabregat I, Sánchez A. EGFR is dispensable for c-Met-mediated proliferation and survival activities in mouse adult liver oval cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:505-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Participation of liver progenitor cells in liver regeneration: lack of evidence in the AAF/PH rat model. J Transl Med 2012; 92:72-81. [PMID: 21912377 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
When hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, liver progenitor cells (LPC) are activated to participate in liver regeneration. We used the 2-acetaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) model to evaluate the contribution of LPC to liver cell replacement and function restoration. Fischer rats subjected to AAF/PH (or PH alone) were investigated 7, 10 and 14 days post-hepatectomy. Liver mass recovery (LMR) was estimated, and the liver mass to body weight ratio calculated. We used serum albumin and bilirubin levels, and liver albumin mRNA levels to assess the liver function. LPC expansion was analyzed by cytokeratin 19 (CK19), glutathione S-transferase protein (GSTp) immunohistochemistry and by CK19, CD133, transforming growth factor-β1 and hepatocyte growth factor mRNA expression in livers. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Ki67 and BrdU immunostaining. Compared with PH alone where LMR was ∼100% 14 days post-PH, LMR was defective in AAF/PH rats (64.1±15.5%, P=0.0004). LPC expansion was scarce in PH livers (0.5±0.4% of CK19(+) area), but significant in AAF/PH livers (8.5±7.2% of CK19(+)), and inversely correlated to LMR (r(2)=0.63, P<0.0001). A quarter of AAF/PH animals presented liver failure (low serum albumin and high serum bilirubin) 14 days post-PH. Compared with animals with preserved function, this was associated with a lower LMR (50±6.8 vs 74.6±9.4%, P=0.0005), a decreased liver to body weight ratio (2±0.3 vs 3.5±0.6%, P=0.001), and a larger LPC expansion such as proliferating Ki67(+) LPC covered 17.4±4.2% of the liver parenchyma vs 3.1±1.5%, (P<0.0001). Amongst those, rare LPC with an intermediate hepatocyte-like phenotype were seen. Also, less than 2% of hepatocytes were engaged into the cell cycle (Ki67(+)), while more numerous (∼25% of hepatocytes) in the livers with preserved function. These observations suggest that, in this model, the efficient recovery of the liver function was ensured rather by the proliferation of mature hepatocytes than by the LPC expansion and differentiation into hepatocytes.
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Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Arechederra M, Bragado P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Porras A. p38α mediates cell survival in response to oxidative stress via induction of antioxidant genes: effect on the p70S6K pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2632-42. [PMID: 22139847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.323709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We reveal a novel pro-survival role for mammalian p38α in response to H(2)O(2), which involves an up-regulation of antioxidant defenses. The presence of p38α increases basal and H(2)O(2)-induced expression of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide-dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, and catalase through different mechanisms, which protects from reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and prevents cell death. p38α was found to regulate (i) H(2)O(2)-induced SOD-2 expression through a direct regulation of transcription mediated by activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) and (ii) H(2)O(2)-induced catalase expression through regulation of protein stability and mRNA expression and/or stabilization. As a consequence, SOD and catalase activities are higher in WT MEFs. We also found that this p38α-dependent antioxidant response allows WT cells to maintain an efficient activation of the mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Accordingly, the loss of p38α leads to ROS accumulation in response to H(2)O(2), which causes cell death and inactivation of mTOR/p70S6K signaling. This can be rescued by either p38α re-expression or treatment with the antioxidants, N-acetyl cysteine, or exogenously added catalase. Therefore, our results reveal a novel homeostatic role for p38α in response to oxidative stress, where ROS removal is favored by antioxidant enzymes up-regulation, allowing cell survival and mTOR/p70S6K activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez A, Fabregat I. Growth factor- and cytokine-driven pathways governing liver stemness and differentiation. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5148-61. [PMID: 21049549 PMCID: PMC2975086 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i41.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is unique in its capacity to regenerate in response to injury or tissue loss. Hepatocytes and other liver cells are able to proliferate and repopulate the liver. However, when this response is impaired, the contribution of hepatic progenitors becomes very relevant. Here, we present an update of recent studies on growth factors and cytokine-driven intracellular pathways that govern liver stem/progenitor cell expansion and differentiation, and the relevance of these signals in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. Tyrosine kinase receptor signaling, in particular, c-Met, epidermal growth factor receptors or fibroblast growth factor receptors, contribute to proliferation, survival and differentiation of liver stem/progenitor cells. Different evidence suggests a dual role for the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway in liver stemness and differentiation. On the one hand, TGF-β mediates progression of differentiation from a progenitor stage, but on the other hand, it contributes to the expansion of liver stem cells. Hedgehog family ligands are necessary to promote hepatoblast proliferation but need to be shut off to permit subsequent hepatoblast differentiation. In the same line, the Wnt family and β-catenin/T-cell factor pathway is clearly involved in the maintenance of liver stemness phenotype, and its repression is necessary for liver differentiation during development. Collectively, data indicate that liver stem/progenitor cells follow their own rules and regulations. The same signals that are essential for their activation, expansion and differentiation are good candidates to contribute, under adequate conditions, to the paradigm of transformation from a pro-regenerative to a pro-tumorigenic role. From a clinical perspective, this is a fundamental issue for liver stem/progenitor cell-based therapies.
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Ding W, You H, Dang H, LeBlanc F, Galicia V, Lu SC, Stiles B, Rountree CB. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of murine liver tumor cells promotes invasion. Hepatology 2010; 52:945-53. [PMID: 20564331 PMCID: PMC3032356 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is predicted to play a critical role in metastatic disease in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we used a novel murine model of EMT to elucidate a mechanism of tumor progression and metastasis. A total of 2 x 10(6) liver cells isolated from Pten(loxp/loxp)/Alb-Cre(+) mice, expanded from a single CD133(+)CD45(-) cell clone, passage 0 (P0), were sequentially transplanted to obtain two passages of tumor cells, P1 and P2. Cells were analyzed for gene expression using microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional analysis included cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and orthotopic tumor metastasis assays in vivo. Although P0, P1, and P2 each formed tumors consistent with mixed liver epithelium, within the P2 cells, two distinct cell types were clearly visible: cells with epithelial morphology similar to P0 cells and cells with fibroblastoid morphology. These P2 mesenchymal cells demonstrated increased locomotion on wound healing; increased cell invasion on Matrigel basement membrane; increased EMT-associated gene expression of Snail1, Zeb1, and Zeb2; and down-regulated E-cadherin. P2 mesenchymal cells demonstrated significantly faster tumor growth in vivo compared with P2 epithelial counterparts, with invasion of intestine, pancreas, spleen, and lymph nodes. Furthermore, P2 mesenchymal cells secreted high levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which we propose acts in a paracrine fashion to drive epithelial cells to undergo EMT. In addition, a second murine liver cancer stem cell line with methionine adenosyltransferase 1a deficiency acquired EMT after sequential transplantations, indicating that EMT was not restricted to Pten-deleted tumors. CONCLUSION EMT is associated with a high rate of liver tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in vivo, which is driven by HGF secreted from mesenchymal tumor cells in a feed-forward mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Hanning You
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Hien Dang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Francis LeBlanc
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Vivian Galicia
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Disease, The Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bangyan Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - C. Bart Rountree
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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The Hippo-Salvador pathway restrains hepatic oval cell proliferation, liver size, and liver tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8248-53. [PMID: 20404163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912203107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Hippo signaling in Drosophila leads to tissue overgrowth as a result of increased cell proliferation and decreased cell death. YAP (a homolog of Drosophila Yorkie and target of the Hippo pathway) was recently implicated in control of organ size, epithelial tissue development, and tumorigenesis in mammals. However, the role of the mammalian Hippo pathway in such regulation has remained unclear. We now show that mice with liver-specific ablation of WW45 (a homolog of Drosophila Salvador and adaptor for the Hippo kinase) manifest increased liver size and expansion of hepatic progenitor cells (oval cells) and eventually develop hepatomas. Moreover, ablation of WW45 increased the abundance of YAP and induced its localization to the nucleus in oval cells, likely accounting for their increased proliferative capacity, but not in hepatocytes. Liver tumors that developed in mice heterozygous for WW45 deletion or with liver-specific WW45 ablation showed a mixed pathology combining characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and seemed to originate from oval cells. Together, our results suggest that the mammalian Hippo-Salvador pathway restricts the proliferation of hepatic oval cells and thereby controls liver size and prevents the development of oval cell-derived tumors.
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Gutiérrez-Uzquiza A, Arechederra M, Molina I, Baños R, Maia V, Benito M, Guerrero C, Porras A. C3G down-regulates p38 MAPK activity in response to stress by Rap-1 independent mechanisms: involvement in cell death. Cell Signal 2010; 22:533-42. [PMID: 19925863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present here evidences supporting a negative regulation of p38alpha MAPK activity by C3G in MEFs triggered by stress, which can mediate cell death or survival depending on the stimuli. Upon serum deprivation, C3G induces survival through inhibition of p38alpha activation, which mediates apoptosis. In contrast, in response to H2O2, C3G behaves as a pro-apoptotic molecule, as its knock-down or knock-out enhances survival through up-regulation of p38alpha activation, which plays an anti-apoptotic role under these conditions. Moreover, the C3G target, Rap-1, plays an opposite role, also through regulation of p38alpha MAPK activity. Our data also suggest that changes in the protein levels of some members of the Bcl-2 family could account for the regulation of cell death by C3G and/or Rap-1 through p38alpha MAPK. Bim/Bcl-xL ratio appears to be important in the regulation of cell survival, both upon serum deprivation and in response to H2O2. In addition, the increase in BNIP-3 levels induced by C3G knock-down in wt cells treated with H2O2 might play a role preventing cell death. Therefore, we can conclude that C3G is a negative regulator of p38alpha MAPK in MEFs, while Rap-1 is a positive regulator, but both, through the regulation of p38alpha activity, can promote cell survival or cell death depending on the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Piscaglia AC, Shupe TD, Pani G, Tesori V, Gasbarrini A, Petersen BE. Establishment of cancer cell lines from rat hepatocholangiocarcinoma and assessment of the role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and hepatocyte growth factor in their growth, motility and survival. J Hepatol 2009; 51:77-92. [PMID: 19446912 PMCID: PMC2694236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Oval cells (OCs), putative hepatic stem cells, may give rise to liver cancers. We developed a carcinogenesis regimen, based upon induction of OC proliferation prior to carcinogen exposure. In our model, rats subjected to 2-acetylaminofluorene/ partial-hepatectomy followed by aflatoxin injection (APA regimen) developed well-differentiated hepatocholangiocarcinomas. The aim of this study was to establish and characterize cancer cell lines from this animal model. METHODS Cancer cells were cultured from animals sacrificed eight months after treatment, and single clones were selected. The established cell lines, named LCSCs, were characterized, and their tumorigenicity was assessed in vivo. The roles of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in LCSC growth, survival and motility were also investigated. RESULTS From primary tumors, six cell lines were developed. LCSCs shared with the primary tumors the expression of various OC-associated markers, including cMet and G-CSF receptor. In vitro, HGF conferred protection from death by serum withdrawal. Stimulation with G-CSF increased LCSC growth and motility, while the blockage of its receptor inhibited LCSC proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Six cancer cell lines were established from our model of hepatocholangiocarcinoma. HGF modulated LCSC resistance to apoptosis, while G-CSF acted on LCSCs as a proliferative and chemotactic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Piscaglia
- Department of Internal Medicine, “GI & Liver Stem Cell Research Group” (GILSteR), Catholic University of Rome, Italy, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas D. Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Valentina Tesori
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Internal Medicine, “GI & Liver Stem Cell Research Group” (GILSteR), Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bryon E. Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Program for Stem Cell Biology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Drozdowski L, Thomson ABR. Intestinal hormones and growth factors: effects on the small intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:385-406. [PMID: 19152442 PMCID: PMC2653359 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are various hormones and growth factors which may modify the intestinal absorption of nutrients, and which might thereby be useful in a therapeutic setting, such as in persons with short bowel syndrome. In part I, we focus first on insulin-like growth factors, epidermal and transferring growth factors, thyroid hormones and glucocorticosteroids. Part II will detail the effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 on intestinal absorption and adaptation, and the potential for an additive effect of GLP2 plus steroids.
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